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The recent advances in high‐throughput next‐generation sequencing technologies have heralded the arrival of the Big Data era. As a result, the use of pharmacogenetics in drug discovery and individualized drug therapy has transformed the field of precision medicine. This paradigm shift in drug development programs has effectively reshaped the old drug development practices, which were primarily concerned with the physiological status of patients for drug development. Pharmacogenomics bridges the gap between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, advancing current diagnostic and treatment strategies and enabling personalized and targeted drug therapy. The primary goals of pharmacogenetic studies are to improve drug efficacy and minimize toxicities, to identify novel drug targets, to estimate drug dosage for personalized medicine, and to incorporate it as a routine diagnostic for disease susceptibility. Although pharmacogenetics has numerous applications in individualized drug therapy and drug development, it is in its infancy in veterinary medicine. The objective of this review is to present an overview of historical landmarks, current developments in various animal species, challenges and future perspectives of genomics in drug development and dosage optimization for individualized medicine in veterinary subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riverine Buffaloes, especially the Murrah breed because of their adaptability to harsh climatic conditions, is farmed in many countries to convert low-quality feed into valuable dairy products and meat. Here, we investigated the copy number variations (CNVs) in 296 Murrah buffalo using the Axiom® Buffalo Genotyping Array 90K (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The CNVs were detected on the autosomes, using the Copy Number Analysis Module (CNAM) using the univariate analysis. 7937 CNVs were detected in 279 Buffaloes, the average length of the CNVs was 119,048.87 bp that ranged between 7800 and 4,561,030 bp. These CNVs were accounting for 10.33% of the buffalo genome, which was comparable to cattle, sheep, and goat CNV analyses. Further, CNVs were merged and 1541 CNVRs were detected using the Bedtools-mergeBed command. 485 genes were annotated within 196 CNVRs that were identified in at least 10 animals of Murrah population. Out of these, 40 CNVRs contained 59 different genes that were associated with 69 different traits. Overall, the study identified a significant number of CNVs and CNVRs in the Murrah breed of buffalo, with a wide range of lengths and frequencies across the autosomes. The identified CNVRs contained genes associated with important traits related to production and reproduction, making them potentially important targets for future breeding and genetic improvement efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of building a model or copy of a real-world system and assessing its behaviour under various scenarios is referred to as simulation. Simulation in population genetics is the process of simulating a population's genetic makeup and evolutionary history using mathematical models and computer algorithms. It is important in population genetics for a better understanding of the impact of various evolutionary and demographic scenarios on sequence variation and patterns, it allows investigators to better assess and design analytical methods in the study of disease-associated genetic factors. This is an important tool for studying population genetic diversity and how natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, migration, and other evolutionary forces have influenced the genetic makeup of the population. There are three fundamental frameworks for simulation: coalescent, forward, and resampling methods. Numerous simulators that fit under these frameworks can be compared in terms of their evolutionary and demographic scenarios, computing complexity, and particular applications. Population simulation is becoming increasingly important in evolutionary biology, enabling researchers to explore the effects of various genetic models on genetic diversity and DNA sequence patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibers derived from diverse animal species have gained increased attention in recent years due to their favorable environmental effects, long‐term sustainability benefits, and remarkable physical and mechanical properties that make them valuable raw materials used for textile and non‐textile production. Domestication and selective breeding for the economically significant fiber traits play an imperative role in shaping the genomes and, thus, positively impact the overall productivity of the various fiber‐producing species. These selection pressures leave unique footprints on the genome due to alteration in the allelic frequencies at specific loci, characterizing selective sweeps. Recent advances in genomics have enabled the discovery of selection signatures across the genome using a variety of methods. The increased demand for 'green products' manufactured from natural fibers necessitates a detailed investigation of the genomes of the various fiber‐producing plant and animal species to identify the candidate genes associated with important fiber attributes such as fiber diameter/fineness, color, length, and strength, among others. The objective of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the concept of selection signature and selective sweeps, discuss the main methods used for its detection, and address the selection signature studies conducted so far in the diverse fiber‐producing animal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The review highlights the potential applications of genomic techniques in conservation purposes as well as discusses few case studies regarding the applications of conservation genomics in livestock and wildlife species. • Advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has generated a massive amount of data that is more fine-scaled and accurate and has thus resulted in more and more species becoming "genome enabled" • The conservation genetics-based "one gene, many individuals" strategy has given way to a conservation genomics-based "few individuals, several genes" approach. Due to environmental change and anthropogenic activities, global biodiversity has suffered an unprecedented loss, and the world is now heading toward the sixth mass extinction event. This urges the need to step up our efforts to promote the sustainable use of animal genetic resources and plan effective strategies for their conservation. Although habitat preservation and restoration are the primary means of conserving biodiversity, genomic technologies offer a variety of novel tools for identifying biodiversity hotspots and thus, support conservation efforts. Conservation genomics is a broad area of science that encompasses the application of genomic data from thousands or tens of thousands of genome-wide markers to address important conservation biology concerns. Genomic approaches have revolutionized the way we understand and manage animal populations, providing tools to identify and preserve unique genetic variants and alleles responsible for adaptive genetic variation, reducing the deleterious consequences of inbreeding, and increasing the adaptive potential of threatened species. The advancement of genomic technologies, particularly comparative genomic approaches, and the increased accessibility of genomic resources in the form of genome-enabled taxa for non-model organisms, provides a distinct advantage in defining conservation units over traditional genetics approaches. The objective of this review is to provide an exhaustive overview of the concept of conservation genomics, discuss the rationale behind the transition from conservation genetics to genomic approaches, and emphasize the potential applications of genomic techniques for conservation purposes. We also highlight interesting case studies in both livestock and wildlife species where genomic techniques have been used to accomplish conservation goals. Finally, we address some challenges and future perspectives in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]