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Oregano essential oil was encapsulated in poly-ϵ-caprolactone nanoparticles by a nanoprecipitation method using glycerin as a moisturizer. Nanocapsule characterization was performed by measuring the particle size, colloidal stability and encapsulation efficiency using dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles had a mean particle size of 235 nm with a monomodal distribution. In addition, a low polydispersity index was obtained, as well as a negative zeta potential of -36.3 mV and an encapsulation efficiency of 75.54%. Nanocapsules were applied to polyester textiles through bath exhaustion and foulard processing. Citric acid and a resin were applied as crosslinking agents to improve the nanocapsules' adhesion to the fabric. The adsorption, desorption, moisture content and essential oil extraction were evaluated to determine the affinity between the nanocapsules and the polyester. The adsorption was higher when the citric acid and the resin were applied. When standard oregano nanocapsules were used, almost all of the impregnated nanoparticles were removed when washed with water. The moisture content was evaluated for treated and non-treated textiles. There was a significant increase in the moisture content of the treated polyester compared to the non-treated polyester, which indicates that the polyester hydrophilicity increased with an important absorption of the essential oil nanocapsules; this can improve fabric comfort and probably promote antibacterial properties., This research was funded by the the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain (RTI2018-094014-B-100 Project, TEXBICO).

Large amounts of oil are trapped in the wells after primary extraction. To solve this problem, advanced oil extraction methods were developed. The present study mapped the use of glycerin and soapstock, biodiesel by-products, as injection fluids to increase the recovery factor of mature wells. Questel Orbit was the database used in prospecting, where combinations of key words with international classification codes were used associated with the use of surfactants as EOR fluids, in particular crude glycerin and soapstock. The search for articles was carried out using the advanced search for keywords on the Elsevier platform. The results were thirty-one patentes and 107 articles related, where observed a diffusion of Technologies from 2015 and trends in development in China, the United States and Brazil. Greater dissemination of the theme was noted in countries that are major oil and biodiesel producers, in addition to observing the need for greater investments in the area, in order to provide economic, social and sustainable development. Grandes quantidades de petróleo ficam retidas nos poços após recuperação primária. Para resolver esse problema, métodos avançados de extração de óleo foram desenvolvidos. O presente estudo mapeou o uso de glicerina e soapstock, subprodutos do biodiesel, como fluidos de injeção para aumentar o fator de recuperação de poços maduros. Utilizou-se o Quest Orbit na busca de patentes, fazendo uso de combinações de palavras com código de classificação internacional associados ao uso de surfactantes como fluídos EOR, em especial a glicerina bruta e o soapstock. As buscas de artigos foram feitas na plataforma Elsevier. Os resultados foram 31 patentes e 107 artigos relacionados, nos quais se observou a difusão das tecnologias a partir de 2015 e as tendências ao desenvolvimento na China, Estados Unidos e Brasil. Notou-se maior difusão do tema em países produtores de petróleo e biodiesel, além de observar a necessidade de maiores investimentos na área, a fim de proporcionar desenvolvimento econômico, social e sustentável.

[ES] El ser humano, desde sus inicios y hasta la actualidad, se encuentra ligado con el uso del textil ya sea por uso cotidiano, como elemento funcional o como la creación de una obra de arte. El patrimonio textil es un ámbito pendiente de investigación, por ello algunos de los investigadores de la conservación y restauración tienen la misión de hallar los medios y materiales idóneos para el empleo de los mismos y, así, garantizar la salvaguarda de este patrimonio. El Trabajo Fin de Máster, titulado como Evaluación del tratamiento con glicerina como alternativa para la mejora de las propiedades fisicoquímicas del algodón, versa sobre la investigación teórico-práctica de los efectos que pudiera causar la glicerina, empleándola como tratamiento en probetas de algodón. Éste es un tejido que encontramos muy a menudo en nuestras colecciones de tejidos de valor cultural, con graves problemas de rigidez y desecamiento que impiden hasta la más mínima manipulación, es por ello que el tratamiento con glicerina ha sido de uso común para mejorar las propiedades mecánicas de piezas realizadas con fibras de celulosa, ya que es un producto humectante que actúa como regenerador de ciertos materiales y, por ello, se estudia su efecto en algodón de algodón. El procedimiento experimental se centró en la observación de los efectos causados por la aplicación de la glicerina en dos proporciones, 1% y 2%, sobre probetas de algodón donde una de las series fue sometida a envejecimiento artificial acelerado por radiación UV., [EN] From the beginning of mankind to the present day, is linked to the use of textiles either for everyday use, as a functional element or as the creation of a work of art. Textile heritage is a pending area of research, which is why some conservation and restoration researchers have the mission of finding the ideal means and materials for their occupation and thus guaranteeing the safeguarding of this heritage. The Master's Degree Final Project, entitled As Evaluation of the treatment with glycerin as an alternative for the improvement of the physicochemical properties of cotton, deals with theoretical and practical research on the effects that glycerin could cause, using it as a treatment in cotton tests. This is a fabric that we often find in our collections of fabrics of cultural value, with serious problems of rigidity and desiccation that prevent even the slightest manipulation, that is why glycerin treatment has been commonly used to improve the mechanical properties of pieces made with cellulose fibres, since it is a moisturizing product that acts as a regenerator of certain materials and, therefore, its effect in cotton cotton is studied. The experimental procedure focused on observing the effects caused by the application of glycerin in two proportions, 1% and 2%, on cotton supplies where one of the series was subjected to artificial aging accelerated by UV radiation.

El análisis técnico del aceite vegetal usado en el cantón Cuenca, se dio mediante la caracterización, georreferenciación de generadores, aplicación de encuestas y recolección de muestras para realizar como aprovechamiento, biodiesel que se obtuvo con la transesterificación. Con la glicerina sobrante del proceso, se produjo jabón sólido y líquido. The technical analysis of used vegetable oil in the canton of Cuenca was carried out through characterization, georeferencing of generators, application of surveys and collection of samples to make use of the biodiesel obtained from transesterification. With the glycerin left over from the process, solid and liquid soap was produced.

Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of enzymatic allosteric regulation requires the structural characterization of functional states and also their time evolution toward the formation of the allosterically activated ternary complex. The transient nature and usually slow millisecond time scale interconversion between these functional states hamper their experimental and computational characterization. Here, we combine extensive molecular dynamics simulations, enhanced sampling techniques, and dynamical networks to describe the allosteric activation of imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) from the substrate-free form to the active ternary complex. IGPS is a heterodimeric bienzyme complex whose HisH subunit is responsible for hydrolyzing glutamine and delivering ammonia for the cyclase activity in HisF. Despite significant advances in understanding the underlying allosteric mechanism, essential molecular details of the long-range millisecond allosteric activation of IGPS remain hidden. Without using a priori information of the active state, our simulations uncover how IGPS, with the allosteric effector bound in HisF, spontaneously captures glutamine in a catalytically inactive HisH conformation, subsequently attains a closed HisF:HisH interface, and finally forms the oxyanion hole in HisH for efficient glutamine hydrolysis. We show that the combined effector and substrate binding dramatically decreases the conformational barrier associated with oxyanion hole formation, in line with the experimentally observed 4500-fold activity increase in glutamine hydrolysis. The allosteric activation is controlled by correlated time-evolving dynamic networks connecting the effector and substrate binding sites. This computational strategy tailored to describe millisecond events can be used to rationalize the effect of mutations on the allosteric regulation and guide IGPS engineering efforts The authors thank the Generalitat de Catalunya for the emerging group CompBioLab (2017 SGR-1707) and Spanish MINECO for projects PGC2018-102192-B-I00 (S.O), RTI2018-101032-J100 (F.F), and RYC2020-029552-I (F.F.). S.O. is grateful for the funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (ERC-2015-StG-679001) and the Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP) for Project Grant RGP0054/2020. F.F. thanks the Spanish Supercomputing Network (RES) for access to supercomputing resources (Project BCV-2021-1-0015). M.A.M.-S. was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) under the Brain Pool Program (NRF2021H1D3A2A02038434). Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with ACS.

Fil: Maquirriain, Maira Alejandra. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. En la industria aceitera, se procesan las semillas oleaginosas, principalmente soja, separando el aceite de las harinas. Dentro de las etapas de purificación del aceite, se realiza la operación de desgomado con el fin de eliminar la mayor cantidad posible de fosfolípidos del aceite. Esta operación genera un residuo que representa un 5% del aceite tratado, que está formado por una fuerte emulsión de fosfolípidos, agua y aceite. Tradicionalmente, se reinyectaban en las harinas de soja. Pero dado que el poroto de soja, y por ende las harinas, han reducido su contenido proteico, ya no admiten diluciones. Por lo que, el residuo del desgomado constituye en algunos casos un problema debido a la falta de mercado, por lo que surge la oportunidad de desarrollar nuevas aplicaciones y fundamentalmente para dar valor a este subproducto, recuperando la fracción oleosa, tanto el aceite ocluido como la contenida en el fosfolípido. En esta tesis se planteó desarrollar procesos para el aprovechamiento de la fracción lipídica presente en los fosfolípidos y el aceite ocluido en la emulsión del residuo del desgomado, transformándolos en productos de mayor valor, mejorando la eficiencia de los complejos aceiteros y aumentando la disponibilidad de materia prima para la producción de biodiesel. Para ello se estudió la hidrólisis de los fosfolípidos utilizando dos rutas: la enzimática y la alcalina. En una segunda parte se estudió la reacción de esterificación de glicerol con ácidos grasos, utilizando catalizadores líquidos y sólidos a fin de desarrollar procesos competitivos y aplicables industrialmente. In the oil industry, oilseeds, mainly soybeans, are processed, separating the oil from the flour. Within the oil purification stages, the degumming operation is carried out in order to remove as much phospholipid as possible from the oil. This operation generates a residue that represents 5% of the treated oil, which is made up of a strong emulsion of phospholipids, water and oil. Traditionally, they were reinjected into soybean meal. But since the soybean, and therefore the flours, have reduced their protein content, they no longer allow dilutions. Therefore, the degumming residue is in some cases a problem due to the lack of a market, which is why the opportunity arises to develop new applications and fundamentally to add value to this by-product, recovering the oily fraction, both the occluded oil and the that contained in the phospholipid. In this thesis, it was proposed to develop processes for the use of the lipid fraction present in the phospholipids and the oil occluded in the emulsion of the degumming residue, transforming them into higher value products, improving the efficiency of the oil complexes and increasing the availability of raw material. raw material for biodiesel production. For this, the hydrolysis of phospholipids was studied using two routes: enzymatic and alkaline. In a second part, the esterification reaction of glycerol with fatty acids was studied, using liquid and solid catalysts in order to develop competitive and industrially applicable processes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica Universidad Nacional del Litoral

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Diante das previsões de esgotamento dos recursos fósseis e os problemas ambientais causados pela queima de combustíveis, é cada vez mais urgente substituir esses materiais por matérias- primas de fonte renovável. Diante disso, a biomassa é apresentada como a melhor solução, uma vez que ela é uma fonte sustentável, limpa e abundante para obtenção de energia e de carbono orgânico. Para isso, foi estabelecida a biorrefinaria, que é uma unidade industrial com finalidade de transformar biomassa renovável, e materiais advindos dela, em biocombustíveis, plataformas, insumos químicos e energia. Essa alternativa, tem movido inúmeras pesquisas na área acadêmica e industrial. Porém, para isso é fundamental desenvolver metodologias envolvendo catálise, uma vez que os catalisadores tornam as transformações mais seletivas, rápidas e eficazes. Nesse contexto, os organocatalisadores derivados dos calix[n]arenos chamam atenção, uma vez que foram pouco explorados e tem inúmeras qualidades, como ser reciclável, não ser corrosivo, ser de baixa volatilidade e apresentar baixa toxicidade. Dessa forma, este trabalho objetivou produzir a plataforma química 5-hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), potenciais biocombustíveis, aditivos de combustíveis e insumos químicos a partir de moléculas modelos derivadas da biomassa, empregando o ácido p-sulfônico calix[4]areno como catalisador em todas transformações químicas. Foi possível converter a frutose em HMF empregando dois sistemas distintos – um sistema bifásico constituído por solução aquosa saturada com NaCl e acetato de etila, e outro constituído por solvente eutético profundo e acetato de etila – com 74% e 90% de rendimento, respectivamente. Outra vertente do trabalho foi a conversão em tandem da frutose em 5-etoximetilfurfural, com 88% de rendimento. Além disso, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia verde para a síntese de dez ésteres levulínicos, obtidos em rendimentos que variaram de 13 a 99%. Por fim, foram sintetizados acetais derivados do glicerol, como potenciais aditivos de combustíveis, com rendimentos totais entre 6 e 99%. Em suma, foi possível desenvolver metodologias verdes, sustentáveis e rápidas, para síntese de produtos para química fina, com bons rendimentos e que trazem oportunidades para biorrefinaria. Palavras-chave: Organocatálise. 5-hidroximetilfurfural. Calixarenos. Frutose. Ácido levulínico. Glicerol. Química verde. In view of the predictions of depletion of fossil resources and the environmental problems caused by the burning of fuels, it is increasingly urgent to replace these materials with raw materials from renewable sources. Therefore, biomass has been shown to be the best solution, since it is a sustainable, clean and abundant source of energy and organic carbon. For this, the biorefinery was established, which is an industrial unit with the purpose of transforming renewable biomass, and materials derived from it, into biofuels, platforms, chemical inputs and energy. This alternative has driven numerous researches in the academic and industrial areas. However, for this it is essential to develop methodologies involving catalysis, since the catalysts make the transformations more selective, fast and effective. In this context, the organocatalysts derived from calix[n]arenes draw attention, since they have been little explored and have numerous qualities, such as being recyclable, non-corrosive, low volatility and low toxicity. Thus, this work aimed to produce the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) chemical platform, potential biofuels, fuel additives and chemical inputs from model molecules derived from biomass, using calix[4]arene p-sulfonic acid as a catalyst in all chemical transformations. It was possible to convert fructose into HMF using two different systems – a two-phase system consisting of an aqueous solution saturated with NaCl and ethyl acetate, and another consisting of a deep eutectic solvent and ethyl acetate – with 74% and 90% yield, respectively. Another aspect of the work was the tandem conversion of fructose into 5-ethoxymethylfurfural, with 88% yield. In addition, a green methodology was developed for the synthesis of ten levulinic esters, obtained in yields ranging from 13 to 99%. Finally, glycerol-derived acetals were synthesized as potential fuel additives, with total yields between 6 and 99%. In short, it was possible to develop green, sustainable and fast methodologies for the synthesis of products for fine chemicals, with good yields and that bring opportunities for biorefinery. Keywords: Organocatalysis. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Calixarenes. Fructose. Levulinic acid. Glycerol. Green chemistry.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Cheese whey and glycerol are by-products of the dairy and biodiesel industry, respectively. Both by-products are highly produced and can be used in the anaerobic digestion process for energy generation due to their high organic content. The adoption of two-stage anaerobic digestion associated with the application of co-substrates brings several advantages, such as increases in COD removal and production of H2 and CH4. In this context, the objective of this research was to evaluate the co-digestion of cheese whey and glycerol in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) using a two-stage process, and to verify the effect of organic loading rate (OLR) and temperature on the production of H2 and CH4. Thus, the co-digestion was performed in a thermophilic methanogenic reactor (RU-T) by increasing the OLR from 2 to 20 gCOD.L-1.d-1, with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. After the optimal concentration determination, the HRT was decrease from 24 to 20 and 16 h. For the two-stage process, the OLR of the acidogenic reactor (RA-T) was increased from 60 to 120 gCOD.L-1.d-1 (HRT 4 h) and of the methanogenic reactor from 2 to 20 gCOD.L-1.d-1 (HRT 24 h). Besides, the effect of temperature was investigated in the second stage using a thermophilic (RS-T) and a mesophilic (RS-M) methanogenic reactor. RU-T showed the best performance in the OLR of 10 gCOD.L-1.d-1, with methane yield (MY) of 253.0 NmL CH4.gCOD-1rem and methane production rate (MPR) of 3.2 L CH4.L-1.d-1. In the HRT evaluation, the HRT of 20 h provided the maximum MY of 292.5 NmL CH4.gCOD-1rem, while the maximum MPR was observed in the HRT of 16 h (5.1 L CH4.L-1.d-1). Acetic and propionic acid were the dominant metabolites. Regarding the two-stage process, the RA-T provided a yield of 1.7 mmol H2.gCOD-1app and hydrogen production rate of 3.9 L H2.L-1.d-1, both in the OLR of 90 gCOD.L-1.d-1, with butyric and acetic acid as main metabolites. RS-M produced the highest MY and MPR, equal to 273.2 NmL CH4.gCOD-1rem and 5.8 L CH4.L-1.d-1 in the OLR of 20 gCOD.L-1.d-1. The RS-T showed MY of 269.9 NmL CH4.gCOD-1rem in OLR 10 gCOD.L-1.d-1 and MPR of 4.4 L CH4.L-1.d-1 in 20 gCOD.L-1.d-1. Acetic and isobutyric acid were the main metabolites. Through sequencing analysis, was identified as dominant genus in RA-T Themoanaerobacterium. Archaeas of the genus Methanobacterium was the most abundant in RS-M and RU-T, while the genus Methanothermobacter was in RS-T. In general, it is verified that OLR above 10 gCOD.L-1.d-1 was harmful to RU-T and RS-T, while RS-M showed stability at 20 gCOD.L-1.d-1. The two-stage process showed better performance, however, considering the results of the HRT evaluation in the RU-T, there is the possibility of applying smaller HRT in the second stage for higher CH4 production. O soro de queijo e o glicerol são subprodutos da indústria de laticínios e do biodiesel gerados abundantemente e, podem ser utilizados no processo de digestão anaeróbia para geração de energia devido ao elevado teor orgânico que apresentam. A adoção da digestão anaeróbia em dois estágios associada à aplicação de co-substratos traz diversas vantagens, como incrementos nas remoções de DQO e produções de H2 e CH4. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a co-digestão de soro de queijo e glicerol em reator anaeróbio de leito fluidizado (RALF) utilizando processo dois estágios, e verificar como a taxa de carregamento orgânico (TCO) e temperatura afetaram a produção de H2 e CH4. Assim, a co-digestão foi realizada em reator metanogênico termofílico de estágio único (RU-T) com TCO de 2 a 20 gDQO.L-1.d-1 aplicando tempo de detenção hidráulico (TDH) de 24 h. Após determinada a concentração ótima, o efeito do TDH foi avaliado em 24, 20 e 16 h. No processo em dois estágios, a TCO do reator acidogênico do primeiro estágio (RA-T) foi aumentada de 60 a 120 gDQO.L-1.d-1 (TDH 4 h). No reator metanogênico do segundo estágio além do aumento da TCO de 2 a 20 gDQO.L-1.d-1 (TDH de 24 h), foi investigado o efeito da temperatura utilizando um reator termofílico (RS-T) e um mesofílico (RS-M). No RU-T, a TCO de 10 gDQO.L-1.d-1 apresentou o melhor desempenho, com rendimento de metano (MY) de 253,0 NmL CH4.gDQO-1cons e produção volumétrica de metano (PVM) de 3,2 L CH4.L-1.d-1. Na avaliação do TDH, o TDH de 20 h forneceu o MY máximo de 292,5 NmL CH4.gDQO-1cons, enquanto a PVM máxima foi observada no TDH de 16 h (5,1 L CH4.L-1.d-1). Ácido acético e propiônico foram os metabólitos dominantes. No processo em dois estágios, o RA-T forneceu rendimento e produção volumétrica de hidrogênio de 1,7 mmol H2.gDQO-1apli e 3,9 L H2.L-1.d-1, ambos na TCO de 90 gDQO.L-1.d-1, tendo como principais metabólitos ácido butírico e acético. O RS-M produziu os maiores MY e PVM, iguais a 273,2 NmL CH4.gDQO-1cons e 5,8 L CH4.L-1.d-1 na TCO de 20 gDQO.L-1.d-1. Já o RS-T exibiu MY de 269,9 NmL CH4.gDQO-1cons na TCO 10 gDQO.L-1.d-1 e PVM de 4,4 L CH4.L-1.d-1 em 20 gDQO.L-1.d-1. Ácido acético e isobutírico foram os principais metabólitos. Por meio de análise de sequenciamento, identificou-se como gênero dominante no RA-T Themoanaerobacterium. No RS-M e RU-T as archaeas mais abundantes foram do gênero Methanobacterium e no RS-T Methanothermobacter. De forma geral, atesta-se que TCO acima de 10 gDQO.L-1.d-1 foi prejudicial ao RU-T e RS-T, enquanto o RS-M demonstrou estabilidade em 20 gDQO.L-1.d-1. O processo em dois estágios exibiu melhor desempenho, entretanto, considerando os resultados da avaliação do TDH no RU-T, verifica-se a possibilidade de aplicar menores TDH no segundo estágio para maiores produções de CH4. Processo nº 88882.332804/2019-01

La producción del polímero poli (3 hidroxibutirato) se realizó a partir de la fermentación del glicerol residuo del proceso de transesterificación de los aceites usados de palma empleándolo como fuente de carbono en conjunto con la capa bacteriana Bacillus megaterium para la obtención del biopolímero. The production of the poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) polymer was carried out from the fermentation of the glycerol residue from the transesterification process of used palm oils, using it as a carbon source in conjunction with the Bacillus megaterium bacterial layer to obtain the biopolymer.

High-pure crude glycerol, obtained from the transesterification of coconut oil with ethanol using lipase enzyme- type as biocatalyst, has been used for the acetalization of furfural with several SAPO 5 and SAPO 34 catalysts. SAPOs were prepared using microwaves and conventional heating for comparison, and were characterized by X- ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, elemental analysis, thermogravimetry of adsorbed cyclohexylamine and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The use of microwaves allowed us the incorporation of slightly higher amounts of silicon into the aluminophosphate structure, and the preparation of the materials in much shorter preparation times, with the subsequent energy saving. Additionally, the SAPOs prepared with microwaves showed lower crystallinity but higher surface area than those prepared by conventional heating. Comparable catalytic results were obtained when these catalysts were tested for the acetalization of furfural with commercial or with the crude glycerol obtained by biocatalytic transesterification of coconut oil, leading to very high selectivity values to the desired mixture dioxane +dioxolane (93–100 %), which can be used as biofuel additives, for conversion values between 60 and 73 %, as determined by gas chromatography. This confirmed the high purity of the glycerol obtained by the biocatalytical process, as previously observed by 1H NMR. SAPO 34 cat-alysts showed higher conversion than SAPO 5 catalysts due to their higher amount of more accessible Brønsted acid sites, related to their structure. Interestingly, catalysts prepared with microwaves resulted in slightly higher conversion values than those prepared by conventional heating. This can be explained by the incorporation of higher amounts of silicon in the framework, probably due to the higher homogeneity of the microwaves heating, which results in a higher amount of protons, as confirmed by TGA of adsorbed cyclohexylamine, responsible for the catalysis. 1. Introduction Valorization strategies of wastes from agri-food processes must necessarily be intertwined with clean technological approaches and eco- industrial management within a sustainable biorefinery concept. Bio- refineries might integrate processes developing cascade approaches, which often require the application of biotechnological and chemical processes in order to obtain high-added value products. Glycerol (1, 2, 3-propanetriol) is obtained in significant amounts as by-product in a great variety of industrial processes, such as trans-esterification of triglycerides to produce fatty acid methyl esters, e.g. biodiesel (about 10% w/w) or through saponification processes [1]. Although glycerol has many applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food products [2–3], it is necessary to develop new processes to transform this surplus into high-added value products [2,4–8]. For most of these applications, and independently of the origin (synthetic, animal or vegetable fat), crude glycerol should be refined to obtain glycerol with high purity degree [9,10]. Crude glycerol is initially produced in a raw form that contains water and other residues as im-purities depending on the production process. It is usually treated and refined by filtration, adding chemical additives, by fractioned distilla-tion in vacuum or using lower-energy intensive filtration by a series of ion exchanges in resins [11]. Another alternative is to develop cleaner processes to obtain more pure glycerol, for example, by applying enzy-matic technologies.