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Introduction: Tenofovir is integral to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pre‑exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV; however, neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPAEs) associated with its use have not been systematically investigated., Objectives: This systematic review aimed to characterize common NPAEs occurring during tenofovir‑based ART and PrEP, and to assess the specific role of tenofovir in their emergence., Patients and Methods: Four literature databases and 3 trial registries were searched up to December 31, 2023 for randomized controlled trials reporting NPAEs in treatment‑naive adults receiving tenofovir‑based ART or PrEP. Meta‑analyses were conducted to compare tenofovir (with / without emtricitabine) with placebo and tenofovir alafenamide-based with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based regimens., Results: A total of 69 trials (62 on ART, 7 on PrEP) including 29 340 patients on tenofovir‑based therapies identified headache, dizziness, insomnia, and depression as common NPAEs, especially in HIV studies. Meta‑analyses of tenofovir (with / without emtricitabine) vs placebo only indicated an increased risk of dizziness (odds ratio [OR], 1.32; 95% CI, 1.09-1.59; P = 0.004). Comparisons between tenofovir alafenamide and disoproxil fumarate did not show significant differences in NPAE risks, although sensitivity analyses suggested a higher risk of headache with tenofovir alafenamide in HIV studies (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.01-1.52; P = 0.04)., Conclusions: Common occurrence of NPAEs in tenofovir‑based HIV multidrug regimens highlights the need to screen HIV patients for neuropsychiatric complications. The lack of effect of tenofovir, as compared with placebo, for most analyzable NPAEs suggests its favorable safety profile. However, a possible increase in the dizziness risk on tenofovir, and a potentially elevated risk of headache on tenofovir alafenamide- as compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based regimens in HIV therapy merit further investigation.

We present an experimental implementation of a polarization-entangled photon-pair source based on beam displacers. The down-converted photons are emitted via spontaneous parametric downconversion in a non-degenerate and type-0 process. We obtain a state fidelity of F = 0.975 ± 0.004 and violate a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality with $\mathcal {S}=2.75\pm 0.01$. Our source also uses thin crystals for applications in quantum imaging, taking advantage of the large number of spatial modes. We estimate that our source could produce 550 ± 12 spatial modes.

Imaging based on the induced coherence effect makes use of photon pairs to obtain information of an object without detecting the light that probes it. While one photon illuminates the object, only its partner is detected, so no measurement of coincidence events is needed. The sought-after object's information is revealed, observing a certain interference pattern on the detected photon. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that this imaging technique can be made resilient to noise. We introduce an imaging distillation approach based on the interferometric modulation of the signal of interest. We show that our scheme can generate a high-quality image of an object even against noise levels up to 250 times the actual signal of interest. We also include a detailed theoretical explanation of our findings.

The distribution of entanglement via satellite links will drastically extend the reach of quantum networks. Highly efficient entangled photon sources are an essential requirement towards overcoming high channel loss and achieving practical transmission rates in long-distance satellite downlinks. Here we report on an ultrabright entangled photon source that is optimized for long-distance free-space transmission. It operates in a wavelength range that is efficiently detected with space-ready single photon avalanche diodes (Si-SPADs), and readily provides pair emission rates that exceed the detector bandwidth (i.e., the temporal resolution). To overcome this limitation, we demultiplex the photon flux into wavelength channels that can be handled by current single photon detector technology. This is achieved efficiently by using the spectral correlations due to hyper-entanglement in polarization and frequency as an auxiliary resource. Combined with recent demonstrations of space-proof source prototypes, these results pave the way to a broadband long-distance entanglement distribution network based on satellites.

Quantum resources can provide supersensitive performance in optical imaging. Detecting entangled photon pairs from spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) with single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensor arrays (ISAs) enables practical wide-field quantum-enhanced imaging. However, matching the SPDC wavelength to the peak detection efficiency range of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible mass-producible SPAD-ISAs has remained technologically elusive, resulting in low imaging speeds to date. Here, we show that a recently developed visible-wavelength entangled photon source enables high-speed quantum imaging. By operating at high detection efficiency of a SPAD-ISA, we increase acquisition speed by more than an order of magnitude compared to previous similar quantum imaging demonstrations. Besides being fast, the quantum-enhanced phase imager operating at short wavelengths retrieves nanometer scale height differences, tested by imaging evaporated silica and protein microarray spots on glass samples, with sensitivity improved by a factor of 1.351 ± 0.004 over equivalent ideal classical imaging. This work represents an important stepping stone towards scalable real-world quantum imaging advantage, and may find use in biomedical and industrial applications as well as fundamental research.

Background: Misuse of prescription stimulants (PS) has been reported among students to enhance academic performance in Flanders (Belgium). However, PS misuse among students in the French-speaking community is unknown. The main purpose of the study was to estimate the prevalence of medical use and misuse of PS by university students in the French-speaking community (Belgium), and to investigate the reasons and sources associated with PS misuse., Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was performed in 2018. All university students 18 years and older were invited to participate and asked about PS use, including medical (i.e., used for therapeutic purposes) and nonmedical reasons and sources of PS., Results: In total, 12 144 students participated in the survey (median age = 21 years, 65.5% female). The estimated prevalence of PS use was 6.9% (ever use) and 5.5% (past-year). Among ever users, 34.7% were classified as medical users and 65.3% as misusers. Lifetime prevalence of misuse was estimated at 4.5%. The most common reason for medical use was treatment of attention disorder (85.9%). Reasons for misuse were mainly to improve concentration (76.1%) or to stay awake and study longer (50.7%). Friends or acquaintances inside the student community and general practitioners were the main sources of PS for misuse (41.5% and 23.5%, respectively)., Conclusions: This study found that rates of misuse of PS in French-speaking universities in Belgium were in line with studies conducted in Flanders and Europe. Academic institutions can use these results to tailor their drug prevention campaigns., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Holography exploits the interference of a light field reflected/transmitted from an object with a reference beam to obtain a reconstruction of the spatial shape of the object. Classical holography techniques have been very successful in diverse areas such as microscopy, manufacturing technology, and basic science. However, detection constraints for wavelengths outside the visible range restrict the applications for imaging and sensing in general. For overcoming these detection limitations, we implement phase-shifting holography with nonclassical states of light, where we exploit quantum interference between two-photon probability amplitudes in a nonlinear interferometer. We demonstrate that it allows retrieving the spatial shape (amplitude and phase) of the photons transmitted/reflected from the object and thus obtaining an image of the object despite those photons are never detected. Moreover, there is no need to use a well-characterized reference beam, since the two-photon scheme already makes use of one of the photons as reference for holography.