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25 results on '"Graff Zivin, Joshua"'

1. The Human Health Benefits of Improving Forest Health in California: Investigating the Links Between Forest Management, Wildfire Smoke, and the Health Sector

Author

Feo, Teresa J., Quesnel Seipp, Kimberly, Stroming, Signe, Montgomery, Jennifer, Graff Zivin, Joshua, Huber-Stearns, Heidi, Kochanski, Adam, Tompkins, Ryan, Wu, Jun, Mace, Amber J, Brady, Sarah e., Lindsey, Brie, Knight, Zach, Saksa, Phil, Wobbrock, Nick, Hodgson, Kirsten, and Loughlin, Clare

Subjects
Wildfire, Smoke, Public health, Human health, California Policy, Forest Management
Abstract

Our report examines the connections between forest management, wildfire smoke, and human health through interviews with health sector organizations in California and a review of the scientific literature. We highlight the knowledge gaps and the data, research, and collaborations needed to effectively fill them, as well as steps the State of California, the federal government, and others can take to ensure the improved health of all who live under frequently smoky skies. Broadly, we find: 1.  Wildfire smoke impacts human health and health sector organizations’ workforces, operations, and ability to provide services, yet the costs are largely unquantified. Quantifying these costs would enable state and local health sector organizations to make more informed decisions regarding budgeting, resource allocation, and response.2.  Many interviewed health sector organizations see value in future engagement with forest management to mitigate adverse outcomes and costs associated with wildfire smoke, but require avenues for collaboration and more information on the potential benefits of forest management to human health and the health sector.3.  Comprehensive statewide and/or locally specific information on the adverse human health impacts of wildfire smoke are not readily available but could be generated from additional analysis of existing data resources. The data and methodologies to support the above understanding require thoughtful, forward-looking, collaborative, coordinated research design that is informed by use cases appropriate for California.4.  A small but growing body of research suggests that management to improve forest health can be tailored to reduce total smoke impacts and benefit human health. Informed prioritization of management strategies that promote forest resilience and human health across California’s many landscapes will benefit from filling data gaps relating the costs and efficacy of various treatments under different conditions.

Published
2023

2. Regional Research-Practice-Policy Partnerships in Response to Climate-Related Disparities: Promoting Health Equity in the Pacific.

Author

Palinkas, Lawrence A, O'Donnell, Meaghan, Kemp, Susan, Tiatia, Jemaima, Duque, Yvonette, Spencer, Michael, Basu, Rupa, Del Rosario, Kristine Idda, Diemer, Kristin, Doma, Bonifacio, Forbes, David, Gibson, Kari, Graff-Zivin, Joshua, Harris, Bruce M, Hawley, Nicola, Johnston, Jill, Lauraya, Fay, Maniquiz, Nora Elizabeth F, Marlowe, Jay, McCord, Gordon C, Nicholls, Imogen, Rao, Smitha, Saunders, Angela Kim, Sortino, Salvatore, Springgate, Benjamin, Takeuchi, David, Ugsang, Janette, Villaverde, Vivien, Wells, Kenneth B, and Wong, Marleen

Subjects
Humans, Mental Health, Income, Climate Change, Policy, Health Equity, Pacific region, Small Island Developing States, climate change, disasters, health equity, low- and middle-income countries, social determinants of health, Behavioral and Social Science, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Generic health relevance, Climate Action, Toxicology
Abstract

Although climate change poses a threat to health and well-being globally, a regional approach to addressing climate-related health equity may be more suitable, appropriate, and appealing to under-resourced communities and countries. In support of this argument, this commentary describes an approach by a network of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers dedicated to promoting climate-related health equity in Small Island Developing States and low- and middle-income countries in the Pacific. We identify three primary sets of needs related to developing a regional capacity to address physical and mental health disparities through research, training, and assistance in policy and practice implementation: (1) limited healthcare facilities and qualified medical and mental health providers; (2) addressing the social impacts related to the cooccurrence of natural hazards, disease outbreaks, and complex emergencies; and (3) building the response capacity and resilience to climate-related extreme weather events and natural hazards.

Published
2022

4. Naturally occurring combinations of receptors from single cell transcriptomics in endothelial cells.

Author

Domanskyi, Sergii, Hakansson, Alex, Meng, Michelle, Pham, Benjamin K, Graff Zivin, Joshua S, Piermarocchi, Carlo, Paternostro, Giovanni, and Ferrara, Napoleone

Subjects
Endothelial Cells, Animals, Humans, Mice, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Reproducibility of Results, Transcriptome, Biotechnology, Genetics, Underpinning research, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Generic health relevance
Abstract

VEGF inhibitor drugs are part of standard care in oncology and ophthalmology, but not all patients respond to them. Combinations of drugs are likely to be needed for more effective therapies of angiogenesis-related diseases. In this paper we describe naturally occurring combinations of receptors in endothelial cells that might help to understand how cells communicate and to identify targets for drug combinations. We also develop and share a new software tool called DECNEO to identify them. Single-cell gene expression data are used to identify a set of co-expressed endothelial cell receptors, conserved among species (mice and humans) and enriched, within a network, of connections to up-regulated genes. This set includes several receptors previously shown to play a role in angiogenesis. Multiple statistical tests from large datasets, including an independent validation set, support the reproducibility, evolutionary conservation and role in angiogenesis of these naturally occurring combinations of receptors. We also show tissue-specific combinations and, in the case of choroid endothelial cells, consistency with both well-established and recent experimental findings, presented in a separate paper. The results and methods presented here advance the understanding of signaling to endothelial cells. The methods are generally applicable to the decoding of intercellular combinations of signals.

Published
2022

12. Regulating Health Care Markets: Impacts on Innovation, Market Structure, and Product Quality

Author

Rogers, Parker, Clemens, Jeffrey1, Graff Zivin, Joshua, Rogers, Parker, Rogers, Parker, Clemens, Jeffrey1, Graff Zivin, Joshua, and Rogers, Parker

Abstract

Chapter One examines how FDA regulation affects innovation and market concentration. I examine this question by exploiting FDA deregulation events that affected certain medical device types but not others. I collect comprehensive data on medical device innovation, device safety, firm entry, prices, and regulatory changes and enhance these data using text analysis methods. My analysis of these data reveals three key findings. First, deregulation events significantly increased the quantity and quality of new technologies in affected medical device types relative to controls. These increases are particularly strong among small and inexperienced firms. Second, these events increased firm entry and reduced prices for medical procedures that utilize affected medical device types. Finally, rates of serious injuries and deaths attributable to defective devices did not significantly increase following these events. Interestingly, deregulating certain device types was associated with reduced adverse event rates, possibly due to firms increasing their emphasis on product safety in response to increased litigation risk. In Chapter Two, we analyze wartime prosthetic device patents to investigate how demand shocks and procurement environments can shape medical innovation. We use machine learning tools to develop new data describing the aspects of medical and mechanical innovations that are emphasized in patent documents. Our analysis of historical patents yields three primary facts. First, we find that the U.S. Civil War and World War I led to substantial increases in the quantity of prosthetic device patenting relative to patenting in other medical and mechanical technology classes. Second, we find that the Civil War led inventors to increase their focus on reducing cost, while World War I did not. The Civil War era emphasis on cost is consistent with a role for that period's cost-conscious procurement model. Third, we find that inventors emphasized dimensions of product quality

Published
2023

18. Human Capital and Climate Change

Author

Angrist, Noam, Winseck, Kevin, Patrinos, Harry A., and Graff Zivin, Joshua

Subjects
education, D72, I28, climate change, compulsory schooling laws, voting, ddc:330, H41, P16, Q5, human capital, I20, Q01
Abstract

Addressing climate change requires individual behavior change and voter support for pro-climate policies, yet surprisingly little is known about how to achieve these outcomes. In this paper, we estimate causal effects of additional education on pro-climate outcomes using new compulsory schooling law data across 16 European countries. We analyze effects on pro-climate beliefs, behaviors, policy preferences, and novel data on voting for green parties – a particularly consequential outcome to combat climate change. Results show a year of education increases pro-climate beliefs, behaviors, most policy preferences, and green voting, with voting gains equivalent to a substantial 35% increase.

Published
2023

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