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Bread is the most consumed food and one of the most wasted foods in the world. Every year, millions of tonnes of bread are wasted worldwide. The reason for this is the rapid spoilage of bakery products. This results in a large amount of unused bread in supermarkets and households. However, waste bread could be used as a renewable raw material. The most discussed strategy for recycling bakery waste is fermentation. But there are other methods to utilise bread waste, which will be discussed in the present review. In this review, we examine the latest trends in bread waste recycling; explore the possibilities for producing new chemicals, foods and other products and materials; and determine the efficiency of using bread waste to produce sugar used to make a new product through fermentation and other technologies. Bread waste is a good feedstock for microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and yeasts. These microorganisms produce glucose from bread waste. After glucose extraction, the hydrolysate can be further fermented by microorganisms to produce lactic acid, hydrogen, ethanol, 2,3-butanediol, paramylon and syngas. Bread waste is also used to produce textiles and graphene. Already now, the processing of stale bread by extrusion to make a new product is used in manufacturing. In the last decade, craft breweries have learnt to use leftover bread to brew beer, saving millions of slices of bread each year. • Creation of new products from waste bread. • Possibilities of glucose obtaining from waste bread. • Bread waste is a potential feedstock for bacteria, fungi and yeasts. • Bread waste is a promising raw material for chemicals production. • Bread waste fermentation technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High quality graphene is obtained by atmospheric pressure TIAGO torch plasma. • Microwave-plasma reaction chamber is modified to add an electromagnetic shielding. • The modified reaction chamber increases graphene production rate by 22.8 % • Electromagnetic shielding keeps the excellent quality and properties of graphene. • The improved reaction chamber reduces energy costs for graphene production. Microwave-induced plasmas (MIPs), and specifically the TIAGO device (Torche à Injection Axiale sur Guide d'Ondes), offer a streamlined, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technique for producing high-quality graphene powder in a reaction chamber by a single-step process through ethanol decomposition. To optimize graphene synthesis process, a pivotal move involves minimizing energy dissipation through radiation to maximize the available microwave energy input. Including a metallic shielding around the reaction chamber, essentially creating a Faraday cage, is proposed. The shielding strategy prevents radiation losses and results in a remarkable increase in solid material formation up to 22.8 %. This value, along with the emitted gases proportions and plasma volume increase, shows a correlation with conditions associated with higher input power. Crucially, the shielding of the reaction chamber does not modify graphene growth kinetics in the plasma, as confirmed by Optical Emission Spectroscopy. The synthesized material undergoes a thorough examination, employing diverse techniques like Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. These analyses underscore a consistent quality of graphene, unaffected by the shielding implementation. Therefore, electromagnetic shielding of the TIAGO torch discharge not only leads to a remarkable increase in solid material formation, thus energy yield, but does so without compromising the intrinsic properties and quality of the synthesized graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]