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Theoretical developments on affordances have proliferated, resulting in a lack of conceptual stability and a potential compromise in scientific validity. However, affordances should not be discarded, given their centrality in postcognitive theories and their widespread reuse across various research domains. Empirical research on affordances remains sparse, out of sync with theoretical advancements, and thus unable to contribute effectively to scientific progress due to its disarticulation with theoretical work. That is why re-articulating theoretical and empirical investigations on affordances is needed to pave a more fruitful path for the concept's advancement. To accomplish this objective, emphasis must be placed on empirical research, leveraging recent theoretical propositions and devising corresponding empirical methodologies. The proposed requirements and framework represent a step in this endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers are increasingly acknowledging that psychopathological conditions usually grouped together under the generic label "depression" are highly diverse. However, no differential therapeutic approach currently exists that is sensitive to the varieties of depression afflicting young people. In fact, the discussion is missing something much more fundamental: a specification of the types of adolescent depression. Recent research that has aimed to classify different kinds of depression has mainly studied adult populations and predominantly used technically complicated measurements of biological markers. The neglect of the potential particularities of dysphoric disorders affecting youths is unfortunate, and the exclusive focus on biological parameters unnecessarily restrictive. Moreover, this one-sidedness obfuscates more directly available sources of clinically relevant data that could orient conceptualization efforts in child and adolescent psychiatry. Particularly, clues for discriminating different types of adolescent depression may be obtained by analyzing personally articulated accounts of how affected young people experience changes in their relation to the world and to themselves. Thus, here we present and discuss the findings of a study that explored the possibility of specifying types of adolescent depression in a phenomenological way. The study investigated the association between these types and the vicissitudes of personality development. In accounts given by youths diagnosed with depression during semi-structured interviews, we identified themes and examined their phenomenological centrality. Specifically, our qualitative analyses aimed to determine the relative importance of certain themes with respect to the overall intelligibility of the described changes to the relational space. Based on the findings of these analyses, we differentiate three specifiers of adolescent depression and suggest an association between particular types of experiences and the trajectory of affected adolescents' personality development. To our knowledge, this is the first phenomenologically grounded specification of types of adolescent depression with potential therapeutic significance. Thus, based on this contribution, we propose that modes of scientific exploration that are close to phenomenological philosophy--which have been ignored in the context of developmental psychopathology--could offer a foundation to theories developed in the field of child and adolescent psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]