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Abstract The commissioning of multi-petawatt class laser facilities around the world is gathering pace. One of the primary motivations for these investments is the acceleration of high-quality, low-emittance electron bunches. Here we explore the interaction of a high-intensity femtosecond laser pulse with a mass-limited dense target to produce MeV attosecond electron bunches in transmission and confirm with three-dimensional simulation that such bunches have low emittance and nano-Coulomb charge. We then perform a large parameter scan from non-relativistic laser intensities to the laser-QED regime and from the critical plasma density to beyond solid density to demonstrate that the electron bunch energies and the laser pulse energy absorption into the plasma can be quantitatively described via the Zero Vector Potential mechanism. These results have wide-ranging implications for future particle accelerator science and associated technologies.

Abstract In this study, we investigate detailed electron dynamics in strong guide‐field reconnection (the normalized guide field is ∼1.5). This reconnection event is observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft at the center of a flux rope in the magnetotail. With the presence of a large parallel electric field (E‖) in the electron current sheet, electrons are accelerated when streaming into this E‖ region from one direction, and decelerated from the other direction. Some decelerated electrons can reduce the parallel speed to ∼0 to form relatively isotropic electron distributions at one side of the electron current sheet, as the estimated acceleration potential satisfies the relation eΦ‖ ≥ kTe,‖, where Te,‖ is the electron temperature parallel to the magnetic field. Therefore, a large E‖ is generated to balance the parallel electron pressure gradient across the electron current sheet, since electrons at the other side of the current sheet are still anisotropic. Based on these observations, we further show that the electron beta is an important parameter in guide‐field reconnection, providing a new perspective to solve the large parallel electric field puzzle in guide‐field reconnection.

SUMMARYWithin weeks of the first report of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, it was observed that these patients often had Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a hitherto rarely seen skin tumor in the USA. It soon became apparent that AIDS was also associated with an increased incidence of high-grade lymphomas caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The association of AIDS with KS remained a mystery for more than a decade until Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) was discovered and found to be the cause of KS. KSHV was subsequently found to cause several other diseases associated with AIDS and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. People living with HIV/AIDS continue to have an increased incidence of certain cancers, and many of these cancers are caused by EBV and/or KSHV. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of cancers caused by EBV and KSHV in persons living with HIV., Competing Interests: K.A.L., R.Y., and R.R. report receiving research support from Celgene (now Bristol Myers Squibb), PDS Biotech, Dren Bio, CTI Biopharma/SOBI, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals through Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) with the NCI and receiving drugs for clinical trials from Merck, PDS, EMD-Serono, Eli Lilly, CTI/SOBI through CRADAs with the NCI. K.A.L. and R.Y. report receiving pre-clinical materials from Lentigen through a CRADA. R.Y. is a co-inventor on U.S. patent 10,001,483 entitled "Methods for the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma or KSHV-induced lymphoma using immunomodulatory compounds and uses of biomarkers." An immediate family member of R.Y. is a co-inventor on patents or patent applications related to internalization of target receptors, epigenetic analysis, and ephrin tyrosine kinase inhibitors. All rights, title, and interest to these patents have been assigned to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; the government conveys a portion of the royalties it receives to its employee inventors under the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-502).