130 results on '"HTLV-I Infections"'
Search Results
2. Testing the Addition of an Anti-cancer Drug, Lenalidomide, to the Usual Combination Chemotherapy Treatment ("EPOCH") for Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATL)
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- 2024
3. Clinico-biological Characterization and Survival of Patients With Adult T-cell Leukemia / Lymphoma (ATL) and Patients Chronically Infected With the HTLV-1 Virus (HTLV-OBS) (HTLV-OBS)
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- 2024
4. Nivolumab in Treating Patients With HTLV-Associated T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
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- 2023
5. Systemic cytokines and GlycA discriminate disease status and predict corticosteroid response in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammation.
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Assone, Tatiane, Menezes, Soraya Maria, de Toledo Gonçalves, Fernanda, Folgosi, Victor Angelo, da Silva Prates, Gabriela, Dierckx, Tim, Braz, Marcos, Smid, Jerusa, Haziot, Michel E, Marcusso, Rosa MN, Dahy, Flávia E, Vanderlinden, Evelien, Claes, Sandra, Schols, Dominique, Bruhn, Roberta, Murphy, Edward L, Penalva de Oliveira, Augusto César, Daelemans, Dirk, Vercauteren, Jurgen, Casseb, Jorge, and Van Weyenbergh, Johan
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Leukocytes ,Mononuclear ,Humans ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,HTLV-I Infections ,Interleukin-6 ,Interleukin-17 ,Cytokines ,Bayes Theorem ,Female ,Motor Disorders ,Neuroinflammatory Diseases ,Corticosteroids ,HAM/TSP ,HTLV-1 ,Inflammation ,Clinical Research ,Neurosciences ,Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions ,6.1 Pharmaceuticals ,Inflammatory and immune system ,Good Health and Well Being ,HAM ,TSP ,Clinical Sciences ,Immunology ,Neurology & Neurosurgery - Abstract
BackgroundHTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is an incapacitating neuroinflammatory disorder for which no disease-modifying therapy is available, but corticosteroids provide some clinical benefit. Although HAM/TSP pathogenesis is not fully elucidated, older age, female sex and higher proviral load are established risk factors. We investigated systemic cytokines and a novel chronic inflammatory marker, GlycA, as possible biomarkers of immunopathogenesis and therapeutic response in HAM/TSP, and examined their interaction with established risk factors.Patients and methodsWe recruited 110 People living with HTLV-1 (PLHTLV-1, 67 asymptomatic individuals and 43 HAM/TSP patients) with a total of 946 person-years of clinical follow-up. Plasma cytokine levels (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF) and GlycA were quantified by Cytometric Bead Array and 1NMR, respectively. Cytokine signaling and prednisolone response were validated in an independent cohort by nCounter digital transcriptomics. We used multivariable regression, machine learning algorithms and Bayesian network learning for biomarker identification.ResultsWe found that systemic IL-6 was positively correlated with both age (r = 0.50, p
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- 2022
6. Raltegravir for HAM/TSP
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- 2023
7. Potential role of HTLV-1 Tax-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes expressing a unique t-cell receptor to promote inflammation of the central nervous system in myelopathy associated with HTLV-1.
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Tanaka, Yukie, Sato, Tomoo, Yagishita, Naoko, Yamauchi, Junji, Araya, Natsumi, Aratani, Satoko, Takahashi, Katsunori, Kunitomo, Yasuo, Nagasaka, Misako, Kanda, Yoshinobu, Uchimaru, Kaoru, Morio, Tomohiro, and Yamano, Yoshihisa
- Subjects
CSF ,Cytotoxic T-cell ,HAM ,T-cell receptor repertoire ,tax ,Adult ,Central Nervous System ,Gene Products ,tax ,HTLV-I Infections ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Humans ,Inflammation ,Receptors ,Antigen ,T-Cell ,Spinal Cord Diseases ,T-Lymphocytes ,Cytotoxic - Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection causes two serious diseases: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM). Immunological studies have revealed that HTLV-1 Tax-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells (Tax-CTLs) in asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and ATL patients play an important role in the elimination of HTLV-1-infected host cells, whereas Tax-CTLs in HAM patients trigger an excessive immune response against HTLV-1-infected host cells infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS), leading to local inflammation. Our previous evaluation of HTLV-1 Tax301-309 (SFHSLHLLF)-specific Tax-CTLs (Tax301-309-CTLs) revealed that a unique T-cell receptor (TCR) containing amino acid (AA)-sequence motif PDR, was shared among HLA-A*24:02+ ACs and ATL patients and behaved as an eliminator by strong activity against HTLV-1. However, it remains unclear whether PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs also exist in HLA-A*24:02+ HAM patients and are involved in the pathogenesis of HAM. In the present study, by high-throughput TCR repertoire analysis technology, we revealed TCR repertoires of Tax301-309-CTLs in peripheral blood (PB) of HLA-A*24:02+ HAM patients were skewed, and a unique TCR-motif PDR was conserved in HAM patients (10 of 11 cases). The remaining case dominantly expressed (-DR, P-R, and PD-), which differed by one AA from PDR. Overall, TCRs with unique AA-sequence motifs PDR, or (-DR, P-R, and PD-) accounted for a total of 0.3-98.1% of Tax301-309-CTLs repertoires of HLA-A*24:02+ HAM patients. Moreover, TCR repertoire analysis of T-cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from four HAM patients demonstrated the possibility that PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs and (-DR, P-R, and PD-)+Tax301-309-CTLs efficiently migrated and accumulated in the CSF of HAM patients fostering increased inflammation, although we observed no clear significant correlation between the frequencies of them in PB and the levels of CSF neopterin, a known disease activity biomarker of HAM. Furthermore, to better understand the potential function of PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs, we performed immune profiling by single-cell RNA-sequencing of Tax301-309-CTLs, and the result showed that PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs up-regulated the gene expression of natural killer cell marker KLRB1 (CD161), which may be associated with T-cell activation and highly cytotoxic potential of memory T-cells. These findings indicated that unique and shared PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs have a potential role in promoting local inflammation within the CNS of HAM patients.
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- 2022
8. Linfoma gástrico primario de células T, no asociado a HTLV-1, con metástasis cutánea y neumoperitoneo.
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Meregildo-Rodriguez, Edinson Dante, Ramos-Saavedra, Vanessa April, Giovanny Espino-Saavedra, Walter, Cecilia Delgado-Sánchez, Marcela, and Christian Sánchez-Carrillo, Halbert
- Abstract
Background: Primary gastric lymphomas account for less than 5% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). The vast majority of primary gastric lymphomas are high-grade Bcell lymphomas. Primary gastric T-cell lymphomas are very rare and are usually associated with HTLV-1 infection in endemic regions. Material and methods. We describe the case of a middle-aged female patient who presented with pneumoperitoneum due to a perforated gastric ulcer, wasting syndrome, and skin and oral lesions. Results. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed primary gastric T-cell lymphoma with skin involvement. The serology for HTLV-1, Epstein-Barr virus and HIV were negative. Conclusion. The aim of this report is to present this extremely rare presentation of primary gastric lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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9. Spasticity distribution and severity in individuals with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.
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Sales, Matheus, de Almeida Scaldaferri, Giselle Bárbara, Barbosa dos Santos, Juliana Iris, Melo, Ailton, and da Silva Ribeiro, Nildo Manoel
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- *
SPASTICITY , *PARAPARESIS , *FAMILIAL spastic paraplegia , *SPINAL cord diseases , *EXTENSOR muscles , *NEUROLOGICAL disorders - Abstract
In individuals with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), spasticity is one of the main symptoms. The neurological signs of the disease are well defined, but details of how spasticity appears in these individuals have not been well explored. To describe spasticity location and severity of HAM/TSP individuals. Cross-sectional study with individuals older than 18 years, diagnosed with HAM/TSP and with lower limb spasticity. Pregnant women, individuals with other associated neurological diseases, and those using antispastic drugs were not included. Spasticity was assessed by the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), applied to the abductor, adductor, flexor, and extensor muscles of the hips, flexors, and extensors of the knees, dorsiflexors, plantiflexors, evertors, and inverters of the foot. Thirty participants were included. The plantiflexor muscles (90%), knee extensors (80%), knee flexors (63,3%), and adductors (50%) were most frequently affected by spasticity. Twenty-three (76.7%) individuals had mixed spasticity, 5 (16.7%) with distal spasticity and 2 (6.7%) with proximal spasticity. MAS was similar between the lower limbs in at least 6 of the 10 muscle groups of each individual. Spasticity was mostly mixed in the lower limbs, with more frequently mild severity. The individuals were partially symmetrical between the lower limbs. The most affected muscle groups were the plantiflexors, knee extensors and flexors and the hip adductors, consecutively, being predominantly symmetrical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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10. International HTLV Conference, London, June 3-5, 2024.
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de Mendoza C and Soriano V
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- Humans, London, Congresses as Topic, HTLV-I Infections
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- 2024
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11. Making HTLV-1 and those affected visible.
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Rosadas C
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- Humans, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 genetics, HTLV-I Infections
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- 2024
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12. Can Persistent Infections with Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Be Eradicated?
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Vieira Teixeira S, Prates G, Marcondes Fonseca LA, and Casseb J
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- Humans, HIV, Hepatitis B virus, Hepacivirus, Persistent Infection, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, Hepatitis B epidemiology, Hepatitis B prevention & control, HTLV-I Infections, HIV Infections complications, HIV Infections epidemiology, Hepatitis C
- Abstract
Persistent viruses are hard to be eradicated, even using effective medications, and can persist for a long time in humans, sometimes regardless of treatment. Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and human T cell lymphotropic virus infections, the most common in our era, are still a challenge despite the increased knowledge about their biology. Most of them are highly pathogenic, some causing acute disease or, more often, leading to chronic persistent infections, and some of the occult, carrying a high risk of morbidity and mortality. However, if such infections were discovered early, they might be eradicated in the near future with effective medications and/or vaccines. This perspective review points out some specific characteristics of the most important chronic persistent viruses. It seems that in the next few years, these persistent viruses may have control by vaccination, epidemiological strategies, and/or treatment.
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- 2024
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13. Diversity of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Cosmopolitan Subtype (HTLV-1a) Circulating in Infected Residents in Portugal.
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Quina M, Ramos D, Silva C, and Pádua E
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- Humans, Adult, Middle Aged, Portugal epidemiology, Phylogeny, Senegal, Human T-lymphotropic virus 2, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 genetics, HTLV-I Infections, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, HIV Infections complications, HIV Infections epidemiology
- Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) prevalence in Portugal is low and mainly affects immigrants from endemic areas where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection represents a public health problem. Despite the majority of HTLV-1-infected individuals remains asymptomatic, severe pathologies may develop after prolonged viral persistence, namely an aggressive form of leukemia. An increased mortality rate and faster progression to death is often related to HTLV-1/HIV coinfection. Nevertheless, studies showed that some antiretrovirals used in HIV treatment lead to a positive immune response against HTLV-1. This study aimed to analyze epidemiological and clinical data, and to assess the diversity of HTLV-1 strains circulating in infected residents diagnosed in the Portuguese national reference laboratory between 2010 and 2021. Long terminal repeat and env proviral sequences derived from 20 individuals were used to generate phylogenetic trees along with multiples reference sequences from different geographic origins retrieved from the database. Three samples belong to Portuguese natives and 17 belong to immigrants: 15 from several countries of Africa, 1 from South America, and 1 from Europe; 6 patients (30%, mean age 40.3 years) showed HTLV-1-related diseases, and 6 (30%, mean age 45.2 years) were coinfected with HIV/AIDS. The results show that the Cosmopolitan subtype is circulating in Portugal, with 10 sequences being classified as subgroup A, that include Portuguese and natives from S. Tomé and Príncipe with a mean age of 39.4 years, and 10 sequences that segregated into the Senegal cluster derived from natives born in Guinea-Bissau with a mean age of 43.5 years. A high proportion of HTLV-1-related diseases and HIV/AIDS coinfection was observed. Risk behavior practices and the absence of specific control measures, including diagnostic and treatment, may contribute to a silent dissemination of a broad diversity of HTLV-1 strains and, therefore, the increased rate of progression to debilitating diseases. In this manner, an early diagnostic and a molecular surveillance of HTLV-1 transmission remains necessary in Portugal.
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- 2024
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14. Evaluation of the New Multi-HTLV Serological Assay: Improvement for HTLV-2 Detection.
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Folgosi VÂ, Konminakis SV, Silva FDD, Leite Junior PD, Haziot MEJ, Oliveira ACP, Smid J, Zrein M, Salvador F, and Casseb J
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- Humans, Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 genetics, Reproducibility of Results, Blotting, Western, HIV Infections, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 genetics, HTLV-I Infections, HTLV-II Infections diagnosis
- Abstract
Despite the accuracy of confirmatory tests for the diagnosis of human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), inconclusive or false-negative results still occur when diagnosing human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2)-positive patients. The goal of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and accuracy of a confirmatory immunoassay, the Multi-HTLV assay. A total of 246 plasma samples were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and used to calculate the sensitivity and typing accuracy of the Multi-HTLV assay. Of the 246 plasma samples, 127 were positive for human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), 112 were positive for HTLV-2, and 7 were positive for both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. Thereafter, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to calculate the concordance between the qPCR test and Multi-HTLV assay in 12 samples with discrepant and inconclusive qPCR results. The Multi-HTLV assay showed high performance in identifying HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 with sensitivities of 97% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92-0.98] and 94% (0.87-0.96), respectively. However, due to typing performance (98% for HTLV-1 and 94% for HTLV-2), it had 95% agreement with positive HTLV-1 qPCR results (95% CI: 90.07-97.81) and 86% (78.04-91.01) of HTLV-2 qPCR results were positive. Moreover, this test was able to recognize 80% of indeterminate samples and all HTLV-2 positive samples that showed false-negative qPCR results. Our findings, derived from a substantial number of HTLV-positive samples, underscore the inherent reliability and feasibility of the Multi-HTLV assay, regardless of the molecular testing facilities. Furthermore, the distinctive multiparametric nature of this assay, combined with its straightforward procedural execution, introduces novel perspectives for analyzing specific serological profiles in each patient, as well as the potential for immunological monitoring of disease progression.
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- 2024
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15. The importance of confirmatory assays in testing blood donors for human T-cell lymphotropic virus.
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Martins ML, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, da Silva-Malta MCF, and Nunes SM
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- Humans, Blood Donors, Retrospective Studies, Human T-lymphotropic virus 2, Blotting, Western, T-Lymphocytes, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, HTLV-I Infections
- Abstract
Background and Objectives: Serological HTLV-1/2 screening is mandatory for blood donor candidates in Brazil. Our objective was to analyse HTLV test results in blood donors submitted for screening and confirmatory assays in a Brazilian blood bank., Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis (2017-2022) results of chemiluminescence immunoassays and confirmatory tests for HTLV-1/2 in reactive donors were performed. During the analysed period, three sets of assays were used: (1) Architect rHTLV-I/II + HTLV Blot 2.4 (Western blot [WB]); (2) Alinity s HTLV I/II Reagent Kit + INNO-line immunoassay (LIA) HTLV I/II Score (LIA); (3) Alinity + WB., Results: The analysed period comprised a total of 1,557,333 donations. The mean percentage of HTLV reactive donors using the Architect assay was 0.14%. With the change to the Alinity assay, that percentage dropped 2.3-fold (0.06%). The reactivity rate in the confirmatory tests (1064 samples) ranged from 13.5% to 30.2%, whereas 58.3%-85.9% of samples were non-reactive. The highest rates of positive (30.2%) and indeterminate (11.5%) results were seen using LIA. Considering all analysed samples, those with signal/cut-off ratio (S/CO) >50 were positive in confirmatory tests (positive predictive value, PPV = 100%), whereas samples with S/CO ≤6 are very unlikely to be truly positive (PPV = 0)., Conclusion: The use of the Alinity assay reduced the frequency of false-positive results. Confirmatory tests are important to identify true HTLV infection in blood donors, because more than 58% of initially reactive individuals are confirmed as seronegative. Categorizing S/CO values is useful for assessing the likelihood of true HTLV-1/2 infection., (© 2024 International Society of Blood Transfusion.)
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- 2024
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16. Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers.
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Kameda T, Utsunomiya A, Otsuka N, Kubuki Y, Uchida T, Shide K, Kamiunten A, Nakano N, Tokunaga M, Miyazono T, Ito Y, Yonekura K, Kawakita T, Akizuki K, Tahira Y, Karasawa M, Hidaka T, Konagata A, Taniguchi N, Nagatomo Y, Kogo F, Shimizu K, Ueno H, Ishizaki J, Takahashi N, Ikei Y, Hidaka M, Yamaguchi H, and Shimoda K
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- Humans, Aged, COVID-19 Vaccines, Immunity, Humoral, Prospective Studies, Vaccination, Immunoglobulin G, Antibodies, Viral, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, COVID-19 prevention & control, HTLV-I Infections, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidemias
- Abstract
Background: Whether human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers can develop sufficient humoral immunity after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is unknown., Methods: To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors., Results: We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. HTLV-1 carriers were older (median age 67.0 vs. 45.0 years, p < 0.001) and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than did HTLV-1-negative controls (60.0% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). After the third dose, the IgG-S titers decreased over time in both carriers and controls. Multivariate linear regression in the entire cohort showed that time since the third dose, age, and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. After adjusting for confounders such as age, or presence of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia between carriers and controls using the overlap weighting propensity score method, and performing weighted regression analysis in the entire cohort, both time since the third dose and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers., Conclusions: The humoral immunity after the third vaccination dose is impaired in HTLV-1 carriers; thus, customized vaccination schedules may be necessary for them., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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17. HTLV-1 and blood donation.
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Murphy EL
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- Adult, Humans, Blood Donation, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell, HTLV-I Infections
- Abstract
Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus that causes adult T-cell lymphoma and HTLV-associated myelopathy. In this issue, Rosadas et al. use data from a recent WHO report to describe how blood banks test for HTLV-1 and how this testing contributes to public health surveillance for the virus. Commentary on: Rosadas et al. HTLV-1 screening of blood donations: we are systematically missing opportunities. Br J Haematol 2023;202:1220-1223., (© 2023 British Society for Haematology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2024
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18. Intravenous immunoglobulin infusion contributes to a high incidence of false reactive screen results for human T-lymphotropic virus
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Irene, Luo, Peter, Bradhurst, and Renfen, Chen
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Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Incidence ,Blotting, Western ,Humans ,Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,HTLV-I Infections ,Retrospective Studies ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine - Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been increasingly used to treat immunodeficiencies and inflammatory disorders. However, IVIg has also been shown to affect a wide range of laboratory testing, including human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) screening. Our laboratory frequently observes false reactive HTLV screens from patients receiving IVIg infusions, however the extent of IVIg contribution to the false reactivity has not been extensively investigated. The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection in patients from the Sydney metropolitan area and evaluate the positive predictive value for HTLV screening test in sera from patients with or without IVIg infusions. HTLV screening test results from sera of 3843 patients referred to Central Sydney Immunology Laboratory between June 2006 and May 2021 were retrospectively analysed. Among 72 (1.9%) sera reactive on screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 62 (86.1%) were from patients receiving IVIg infusions, including 60 collected post-IVIg and two collected pre-IVIg infusions. Only two (3.3%) of the 60 post-IVIg sera were positive on confirmatory western blot. In contrast, in non-IVIg sera, five (50.0%) from the 10 screen-reactive sera were positive on western blot. If positive western blot is used as the reference for determining 'true' HTLV infection, we found the positive predictive value of HTLV screening ELISA in sera collected post-IVIg (3.3%) is considerably lower than that in non-IVIg and pre-IVIg sera (41.7%). The vast majority of false reactive screen results (89.2%) in our study cohort were from sera collected post-IVIg infusion. Our study suggests that the high incidence of falsely reactive results in HTLV screening ELISA could be attributed to IVIg infusion. Hence, collection of sera from patients on IVIg should be avoided and screen-reactive results should be interpreted with greater caution, particularly for patients from non-endemic areas.
- Published
- 2022
19. Decline in human T‐cell lymphotropic virus seroprevalence in blood donors from Minas Gerais, Brazil over a 12‐year period (2006–2017)
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Maria Clara Fernandes da Silva Malta, Sônia Mara Nunes Silva, Milena Batista de Oliveira, Maisa Aparecida Ribeiro, and Marina Lobato Martins
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Male ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,T-Lymphocytes ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 ,Blood Donors ,HTLV-I Infections ,Infectious Diseases ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Virology ,HTLV-II Infections ,Humans ,Female ,Brazil ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
To investigate a 12-year historical series (2006-2017) of human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-positive blood donations from Fundação Hemominas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, an observational retrospective study was performed to evaluate data of blood donor candidates who were screened for HTLV-1/2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or chemiluminescence assays and confirmed by Western blot. We analyzed 3 309 716 blood donations covering 2006-2017 that were extracted from the institutional database. In a total of 3 308 738 donations that have complete algorithm tests, the global frequency of HTLV-positive donations was 0.012%. The seroprevalence in first-time blood donors was 28.82/100 000 donors; 0.95/100 000 donations were HTLV-positive in repeat blood donors. The frequency of HTLV-seropositive females was significantly higher than males (odds ratio = 1.85, p 0.001) in first-time donors. The median age of HTLV-positive first-time and repeat donors was similar (36 and 32 years, respectively). First-time donors ≥41 years had higher odds to be infected. There was a clear tendency of decline in the HTLV-positive donations in the period analyzed, going from 19.26/100 000 donations to 8.50/100 000 donations. The increase in the proportion of repeat donors over the period analyzed (from 23% in 2006 to 67% in 2017) must be the principal factor that contributed to this drop. Our results showed a continuous decline in the frequency of HTLV-positive donations from Minas Gerais, Brazil throughout 12 years and emphasize the importance of having a high rate of repeat donors in blood centers to reduce the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted infections.
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- 2022
20. Human T‐lymphotropic virus in Irish blood donors: Impact on future testing strategy
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Pádraig Williams, Niamh O'Flaherty, Stephen Field, and Allison Waters
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Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,HTLV-II Infections ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 ,Immunology ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Blood Donors ,Hematology ,HTLV-I Infections ,Donor Selection - Abstract
A risk-based approach to the testing of blood donations for Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) should include an assessment of blood donation seroepidemiology. The objectives of the present study were to determine the proportion of HTLV positive units in Irish blood donations, and subsequently, to estimate the current risk of transfusion transmitted HTLV (TT-HTLV).Over 3 million donations screened between 1996 and 2020, were included in the study (n = 3,666,253). Factors considered in the assessment of TT-HTLV risk included: (I) HTLV seropositivity, (ii) probability of a leucodepletion failure, and (iii) the HTLV testing strategy.Six HTLV positive donations were detected throughout the study period, all of them in previously unscreened blood donors (0.000164%; n = 6/3,666,253), 3 of whom had donated prior to the introduction of HLTV antibody testing. On average 0.11% of manufactured blood components assessed, failed to satisfy the leucodepletion quality assurance criteria of less than 1 × 10This is the first report on the proportion of HTLV positive in Irish blood donations (1996-2020) and will be used to inform blood donation screening policy in Ireland. Evidence is provided for recommending a selective HTLV donor screening algorithm in Ireland that is accompanied by a robust framework for continued surveillance of leucodepletion failure rate.
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- 2022
21. Seronegative human T‐cell lymphotropic virus 1 carriers in blood banks: A potential viral source for silent transmission?
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María C. Frutos, Sebastián Blanco, Marcos Balangero, Luis Horacio Carrizo, Anderson Santos Rocha, Edel Figueiredo Barbosa‐Stancioli, Silvia Nates, and Sandra Gallego
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Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,T-Lymphocytes ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 ,Blood Banks ,Humans ,Hematology ,General Medicine ,HTLV-I Infections - Abstract
Transfusion-transmitted viruses count among the greatest threats to blood safety. In Argentina, current laws oblige testing all donated blood for the presence of antibodies against human T-cell lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2). In endemic zones of the country, a high rate of seronegative HTLV-1 individuals with clear evidence of infection because of symptoms and/or presence of tax sequences of HTLV-1 and/or IgG anti-Tax antibodies has been recently described. Migration from endemic to nonendemic zones of Argentina is very frequent.During a 1-year period, in the blood bank of Córdoba city, we performed molecular screening of all donors who were born in or arose from endemic zones for HTLV-1/2 in Argentina and neighbouring countries.By screening 219 bp of HTLV-1/2 tax gene, 0.6% (2/317) of the blood donors proved to be positive for HTLV-1 tax sequence. One of the donors presented anti-Tax antibodies, demonstrating the transcriptional activity of the tax gene, and the other donor was also positive for LTR and pol gene sequences. The HTLV-1 genetic analysis of the LTR sequence determined that it belonged to the Cosmopolitan subtype HTLV-1aA.These findings suggest potential limitations of some currently approved screening assays for HTLV-1 detection applied in some donor populations and the possibility of an HTLV-1 seronegative carrier state with the potential for silent transmission by blood.
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- 2022
22. High Prevalence of HTLV-1 Carriers Among the Elderly Population in Kagoshima, a Highly Endemic Area in Japan
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Yuichi Tashiro, Eiji Matsuura, Yasuko Sagara, Satoshi Nozuma, Daisuke Kodama, Masakazu Tanaka, Chihaya Koriyama, Ryuji Kubota, and Hiroshi Takashima
- Subjects
Male ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Immunology ,Infant ,HIV Infections ,HTLV-I Infections ,Infectious Diseases ,Japan ,Virology ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Female ,Child ,Aged - Abstract
Japan is one of the world's highly endemic areas for human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and it is known that the infection rate of HTLV-1 increases with age. The infection rate among the elderly has been estimated based on data from blood donors under the age of 65, and the actual number and rate of infection among the elderly are unknown. Data of 26,090 preoperative HTLV-1 screening tests conducted at Kagoshima University Hospital from 2001 to 2020, including 2726 HTLV-1-positive patients, were used for calculating the decadal infection rates for the year of birth. Estimated infection rates by birth year and demographic tables were used to estimate the current number of infected people in Kagoshima. The estimated total numbers of people infected with HTLV-1 in Kagoshima prefecture were 139,436 in 2005 and 80,975 in 2019. The infection rate increased with age for both men and women, reaching 17.3% for women born before the 1920s. Next, we tried to clarify whether the increase in infection rates with age was due to post-school age infections. The age of birth with the greatest increase in infection rate after 10 years was women born in the 1970s, and the increase in infection rate was only 0.98%, which is not a statistically significant increase. The number of infected people in Kagoshima was80,000 in 2019. No data were available in this study to point to the involvement of horizontal transmission after school age in the high infection rate among the elderly. The high infection rate among the elderly is thought to have been high even when they were infants.
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- 2022
23. Diagnostic accuracy of Abbott Architect Assay as a screening tool for human T‐cell leukaemia virus type‐1 and type‐2 infection in a London teaching hospital with a large solid organ transplant centre
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Nathaniel Lee, Jamie Murphy, Rasheed Al‐Khudairi, Ann Sturdy, Tabitha Mahungu, Tanzina Haque, Paul Griffiths, Jennifer Tosswill, and Dianne Irish
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Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Deltaretrovirus Infections ,Leukemia, T-Cell ,HTLV-II Infections ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 ,London ,Humans ,Blood Donors ,Organ Transplantation ,Hematology ,Hospitals, Teaching ,HTLV-I Infections ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
In the United Kingdom, organ donors/recipients are screened for evidence of human T-cell leukaemia virus type-1 and type-2 (HTLV-1/2) infections. Since the United Kingdom is a low prevalence country for HTLV infections, a screening assay with high sensitivity and specificity is required. Samples with repeat reactivity on antibody testing are sent to a reference lab for confirmatory serological and molecular testing. In the case of donor screen, this leads to delays in the release of organs and can result in wastage. We aim to assess whether a signal/cut-off (S/CO) ratio higher than the manufacturer's recommendation of 1.0 in the Abbott Architect antibody assay is a reliable measure of HTLV-1/2 infection.We conducted a 5 year retrospective analysis of 7245 patients from which 11 766 samples were tested on the Abbott Architect rHTLV I/II assay. Reactive samples (S/CO 1) were referred for confirmatory serological and molecular detection (Western Blot and proviral DNA) at UK Health Security Agency, (formerly PHE, Colindale), the national reference laboratory. Electronic, protected laboratory and hospital patient databases were employed to collate data.A total of 45 patients had initially reactive samples. 42.2% (n = 19/45) had an S/CO ratio 20, with HTLV infection confirmed in n = 18/19 and indeterminate confirmatory results in n = 1/19. No samples with an S/CO ratio4 (48.9%, n = 22/45) or 4-20 (8.9%, n = 4/45) had positive confirmatory results on subsequent confirmatory testing.Samples with an S/CO20 likely represent a true HTLV-1/2 infection. Reactive samples with an S/CO 4 were unlikely to confirm for HTLV infections. Interpretation of these ratios can assist clinicians in the assessment of low reactive samples and reiterates the need for faster access to confirmatory testing.
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- 2022
24. Association of the rs4143815 polymorphism of PDL1 gene with HTLV‐1 infection and proviral load in asymptomatic blood donors in northeast Iran
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Yalda Amiri Hezave, Zohreh Sharifi, Fahime Ranjbar Kermani, and Majide Shahabi
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Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Proviruses ,Case-Control Studies ,Virology ,Immunology ,Humans ,Blood Donors ,Iran ,Viral Load ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,HTLV-I Infections ,Microbiology ,B7-H1 Antigen - Abstract
It is obvious that genetic differences, including mutations and polymorphisms, can play an important role in viral infections. In this case-control study, which included 81 human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) asymptomatic carriers (AC) and 162 healthy controls (HC), the rs4143815 polymorphism of PDL1 gene was investigated. This polymorphism is the site of miR-570 binding and it can influence immune system responses. The rs4143815 polymorphism was evaluated by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) and the proviral load levels by quantitative real-time PCR (q PCR). The results demonstrated that the C allele (P = 0.027) and the CC genotype (P = 0.031) of rs4143815 polymorphism was significantly higher in the AC group than in the HC group, also the proviral load in the AC group with the C allele (P = 0.020) was significantly higher. Thus, the rs4143815 polymorphism can play a vital role in HTLV-1 infection.
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- 2022
25. ORP4L is a prerequisite for the induction of T-cell leukemogenesis associated with human T-cell leukemia virus 1
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Daoguang Yan, Yu Huang, Wenbin Zhong, Xiuye Cao, Guoping Pan, Meng-Yang Xu, Qun Niu, Qing Yi, Xiaoqin Feng, and Mingchuan Li
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Receptors, Steroid ,Carcinogenesis ,T-Lymphocytes ,T cell ,Immunology ,Apoptosis ,Biochemistry ,Virus ,Mice ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Tumor Cells, Cultured ,medicine ,Pi ,Animals ,Humans ,Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell ,Protein kinase B ,Cell Proliferation ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Hyperactivation ,Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic ,Chemistry ,Mechanism (biology) ,Gene Products, tax ,Cell Biology ,Hematology ,Prognosis ,medicine.disease ,HTLV-I Infections ,Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ,Human T cell leukemia virus ,Leukemia ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cancer research - Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), but the mechanism underlying its initiation remains elusive. In this study, ORP4L was expressed in ATL cells but not in normal T-cells. ORP4L ablation completely blocked T-cell leukemogenesis induced by the HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax in mice, whereas engineering ORP4L expression in T-cells resulted in T-cell leukemia in mice, suggesting the oncogenic properties and prerequisite of ORP4L promote the initiation of T-cell leukemogenesis. For molecular insight, we found that loss of miR-31 caused by HTLV-1 induced ORP4L expression in T-cells. ORP4L interacts with PI3Kδ to promote PI(3,4,5)P3 generation, contributing to AKT hyperactivation; NF-κB–dependent, p53 inactivation-induced pro-oncogene expression; and T-cell leukemogenesis. Consistently, ORP4L ablation eliminates human ATL cells in patient-derived xenograft ATL models. These results reveal a plausible mechanism of T-cell deterioration by HTLV-1 that can be therapeutically targeted.
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- 2022
26. Cognitive screening in HTLV-1–infected people using a self-perceived memory score and auditory P300
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Denise Utsch Gonçalves, Marjore Rhaissa de Sousa, Rafael Teixeira Scoralick Dias, Aline Rejane Rosa de Castro, Luciana Macedo de Resende, Júlia Fonseca de Morais Caporali, and Ludimila Labanca
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Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,business.industry ,virus diseases ,HTLV-I Infections ,Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Cognition ,Text mining ,Neurology ,immune system diseases ,Virology ,Carrier State ,Cognitive screening ,Humans ,Self perceived ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Neurology (clinical) ,Psychology ,business ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Background: The HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is the most common neurological manifestation associated with Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection. Although cognitive impairment has been highlighted in the spectrum of HTLV-1 neurological manifestations, it may go unnoticed in those who do not spontaneously report it. We aimed at evaluating the applicability of a self-perceived memory score (SMS) and the cognitive event-related potential (P300) for the early detection of cognitive impairment in HTLV-1-infected people. Methods: The SMS was measured by a 0-10 visual analog scale combined with a sad-happy faces rating scale. The higher the number, the better was the SMS. The P300 was obtained through an oddball paradigm with a mental counting task. The participants were 15(21,4%) individuals with HAM/TSP, 20(28,6%) HTLV-1-asymptomatic carriers, and 35(50%) seronegative controls. Results: SMS (p369.0 milliseconds were considered as altered result and indicated cognitive impairment. The HAM/TSP group showed the highest prevalence of altered P300 (80%) and SMS (87%). Interestingly, the asymptomatic group also presented significant higher prevalence of altered SMS (60%) and P300 (35%) when compared to controls (Conclusion: The use of SMS in the medical consultation was a useful and easy-to-apply method to screen HTLV-1 infected subjects for everyday memory complaints.
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- 2022
27. Monitoring of HTLV-1-associated diseases by proviral load quantification using multiplex real-time PCR
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Evandra Strazza Rodrigues, Suellen Salustiano, Elaine Vieira Santos, Svetoslav Nanev Slavov, Virgínia Picanço-Castro, Juliana Matos Maçonetto, Tissiana Marques de Haes, Osvaldo Massaiti Takayanagui, Dimas Tadeu Covas, and Simone Kashima
- Subjects
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,beta-Globins ,Viral Load ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,HTLV-I Infections ,Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Proviruses ,Neurology ,Virology ,DNA, Viral ,Leukocytes, Mononuclear ,Humans ,Neurology (clinical) - Abstract
Proviral load (PVL) is one of the determining factors for the pathogenesis and clinical progression of the human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) infection. In the present study, we optimized a sensitive multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection and quantification of HTLV-1 proviral load and beta-globin gene as endogenous control. The values obtained for HTLV-1 PVL were used to monitor the clinical evolution in HTLV-1-infected individuals. A vector containing cloned DNA targets of the real-time PCR for the beta-globin gene and the HTLV-1pol region was constructed. For the reaction validation, we compared the amplification efficiency of the constructed vector and MT-2 cell line containing HTLV-1. The analytical sensitivity of the reaction was evaluated by the application of a standard curve with a high order of magnitude. PVL assay was evaluated on DNA samples of HTLV-1 seropositive individuals. The construct showed adequate amplification for the beta-globin and HTLV-1 pol genes when evaluated as multiplex real-time PCR (slope = 3.23/3.26, Y-intercept = 40.18/40.73, correlation coefficient r
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- 2022
28. Prevalence and risk factor analysis for HIV/HTLV 1/2 coinfection in Paraíba state, Brazil
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Juliana Prado Gonçales, José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior, Joanne Elizabeth Ferraz da Costa, Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte Coêlho, Marcela Souza, Thaísa Regina Rocha Lopes, and Viviane Martha Santos deMorais
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Male ,viruses ,HIV Infections ,Microbiology ,Virus ,Serology ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Risk Factors ,immune system diseases ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Virology ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Medicine ,Risk factor ,biology ,Coinfection ,business.industry ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,HTLV-I Infections ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Infectious Diseases ,biology.protein ,Female ,Parasitology ,HTLV-1 Infection ,Antibody ,business ,Viral load ,Brazil - Abstract
Introduction: Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) 1 and 2 infections can lead to neurological diseases, mainly in HIV/HTLV 1 coinfected. Furthermore, HTLV 1 infection in HIV/AIDS patients has also been associated with AIDS progression. Despite this, HTLV 1/2 infections are not of mandatory notification in Brazil. Here, we describe the prevalence of HTLV 1/2 in HIV/AIDS patients from Paraíba state, Brazil, as well as the sociodemographic characteristics of the coinfected individuals. Methodology: Information about HIV viral load and TCD4 lymphocyte count were obtained from patients’ records. Data on the patients’ sociodemographic characteristics were obtained by interview conducted after signing the informed consent form. The serological diagnosis for HTLV 1/2 was performed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Western Blot (WB). Results: A total of 401 HIV/AIDS patients participated in the study, of whom about 1.5% (6/401) were positive for antibodies against HTLV, specifically for HTLV 1, evaluated by both ELISA and WB. No risk factors were found associated with HIV/HTLV 1/2 coinfection. Conclusions: We report a 1.5% prevalence of HTLV 1 infection in HIV/AIDS patients from Paraíba state. Although we have not identified risk factors associated with HTLV 1, we describe the most observed sociodemographic characteristics in HIV/HTLV 1 coinfection.
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- 2021
29. Involvement of EZH2 inhibition in lenalidomide and pomalidomide-mediated growth suppression in HTLV-1-infected cells
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Kuniko Katagiri, Miku Ishizawa, Mari Kannagi, Yoshiko Nagano, Nobuyo Kondo, Atsuhiko Hasegawa, Takeru Yoneda, and Takao Masuda
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Biophysics ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,macromolecular substances ,Antiviral Agents ,Biochemistry ,Cell Line ,immune system diseases ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein ,Lenalidomide ,Molecular Biology ,Multiple myeloma ,Cell Proliferation ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Chemistry ,EZH2 ,Cell Biology ,Protein Cereblon ,Pomalidomide ,medicine.disease ,HTLV-I Infections ,Thalidomide ,Leukemia ,Apoptosis ,Cell culture ,Cancer research ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs), such as lenalidomide and pomalidomide, exert pleiotropic effects, e.g., antitumor effects in multiple myeloma, by binding the protein Cereblon and altering its substrate specificity. Lenalidomide is approved for the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), although the precise mechanisms responsible for its effectiveness have not been fully elucidated. Here, we used HTLV-1-infected cell lines to investigate how IMiDs exert anti-ATL effects. In three of four tested HTLV-1-infected cell lines, the cells treated with lenalidomide or pomalidomide exhibited mild growth suppression without apoptosis, which was associated with decreased IRF4, c-Myc, and phosphorylated STAT3 levels as well as enhanced SOCS3 expression. Additionally, the levels of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and trimethyl histone 3 Lys27 (H3K27me3) were decreased following IMiD treatment in all three susceptible cell lines. An IMiD-mediated reduction of EZH2 and H3K27me3 levels was also observed in a multiple myeloma cell line. Furthermore, treatment with an EZH2-inhibitor reproduced the IMiD-mediated effects in HTLV-1-infected cells and multiple myeloma cells. These findings strongly suggest that a reduction of EZH2 expression is involved in the mechanism underlying the antitumor effects of IMiD.
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- 2021
30. Comparison of Profiles of First Nations and Non-First Nations Children With Bronchiectasis Over Two 5-Year Periods in the Northern Territory, Australia
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Lesley A. Versteegh, Brian Spain, Paul A Bauert, C. Wilson, Anne B. Chang, Victor M. Oguoma, and Gabrielle B. McCallum
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Male ,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Haemophilus Infections ,Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander ,Time Factors ,Moraxellaceae Infections ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,Azithromycin ,Bronchoalveolar Lavage ,Severity of Illness Index ,vitamin D deficiency ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Interquartile range ,Statistical significance ,Northern Territory ,Vitamin D and neurology ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 ,Indigenous Peoples ,Bronchiectasis ,business.industry ,Infant ,Vitamin D Deficiency ,medicine.disease ,HTLV-I Infections ,Chronic cough ,030228 respiratory system ,Case-Control Studies ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background: Although the burden of bronchiectasis is recognized globally, pediatric data are limited, particularly on trends over the years. Also, no published data exists regarding whether vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection, both found to be related to severe bronchiectasis in First Nations adults, also are important in children with bronchiectasis. Research Question: Among children with bronchiectasis, (1) have the clinical and BAL profiles changed between two 5-year periods (period 1, 2007-2011; period 2, 2012-2016) and (b) are vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency, HTLV-1 infection, or both associated with radiologic severity of bronchiectasis? Study Design and Methods: We analyzed the data from children with bronchiectasis prospectively enrolled at Royal Darwin Hospital, Australia, at the first diagnosis; that is, no child was included in both periods. Data collected include demographics, BAL, routine investigation bloods, and high-resolution CT scan of the chest evaluated using the Bhalla and modified Bhalla scores. Results: The median age of the 299 children was 2.2 years (interquartile range, 1.5-3.7 years). One hundred sixty-eight (56%) were male and most were First Nations (92%). Overall, bronchiectasis was high over time, particularly among First Nations children. In the later period, numbers of non-First Nations children more than tripled, but did not reach statistical significance. In period 2 compared with period 1, fewer First Nations children demonstrated chronic cough (period 1, 61%; period 2, 47%; P =.03), and were younger, First Nations children were less likely to have received azithromycin (period 1, 42%; period 2, 21%; P
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- 2021
31. Systemic cytokines and GlycA discriminate disease status and predict corticosteroid response in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammation
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Tatiane Assone, Soraya Maria Menezes, Fernanda de Toledo Gonçalves, Victor Angelo Folgosi, Gabriela da Silva Prates, Tim Dierckx, Marcos Braz, Jerusa Smid, Michel E. Haziot, Rosa M. N. Marcusso, Flávia E. Dahy, Evelien Vanderlinden, Sandra Claes, Dominique Schols, Roberta Bruhn, Edward L. Murphy, Augusto César Penalva de Oliveira, Dirk Daelemans, Jurgen Vercauteren, Jorge Casseb, and Johan Van Weyenbergh
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Mononuclear ,Clinical Sciences ,Immunology ,Motor Disorders ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Clinical Research ,Leukocytes ,Humans ,Corticosteroids ,Inflammation ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Neurology & Neurosurgery ,Interleukin-6 ,General Neuroscience ,Inflammatory and immune system ,Interleukin-17 ,Neurosciences ,Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions ,Bayes Theorem ,TSP ,HTLV-I Infections ,HAM ,Good Health and Well Being ,Neurology ,HTLV-1 ,6.1 Pharmaceuticals ,Neuroinflammatory Diseases ,Leukocytes, Mononuclear ,Cytokines ,Female ,HAM/TSP - Abstract
Background HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is an incapacitating neuroinflammatory disorder for which no disease-modifying therapy is available, but corticosteroids provide some clinical benefit. Although HAM/TSP pathogenesis is not fully elucidated, older age, female sex and higher proviral load are established risk factors. We investigated systemic cytokines and a novel chronic inflammatory marker, GlycA, as possible biomarkers of immunopathogenesis and therapeutic response in HAM/TSP, and examined their interaction with established risk factors. Patients and methods We recruited 110 People living with HTLV-1 (PLHTLV-1, 67 asymptomatic individuals and 43 HAM/TSP patients) with a total of 946 person-years of clinical follow-up. Plasma cytokine levels (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF) and GlycA were quantified by Cytometric Bead Array and 1NMR, respectively. Cytokine signaling and prednisolone response were validated in an independent cohort by nCounter digital transcriptomics. We used multivariable regression, machine learning algorithms and Bayesian network learning for biomarker identification. Results We found that systemic IL-6 was positively correlated with both age (r = 0.50, p r = 0.45, p = 0.00049) in asymptomatics, revealing an ‘inflammaging” signature which was absent in HAM/TSP. GlycA levels were higher in women (p = 0.0069), but cytokine levels did not differ between the sexes. IFN-γ (p = 0.007) and IL-17A (p = 0.0001) levels were increased in untreated HAM/TSP Multivariable logistic regression identified IL-17A and proviral load as independent determinants of clinical status, resulting in modest accuracy of predicting HAM/TSP status (64.1%), while a machine learning-derived decision tree classified HAM/TSP patients with 90.7% accuracy. Pre-treatment GlycA and TNF levels significantly predicted clinical worsening (measured by Osame Motor Disability Scale), independent of proviral load. In addition, a poor prednisolone response was significantly correlated with higher post-treatment IFN-γ levels. Likewise, a transcriptomic IFN signaling score, significantly correlated with previously proposed HAM/TSP biomarkers (CASP5/CXCL10/FCGR1A/STAT1), was efficiently blunted by in vitro prednisolone treatment of PBMC from PLHTLV-1 and incident HAM/TSP. Conclusions An age-related increase in systemic IL-6/GlycA levels reveals inflammaging in PLHTLV-1, in the absence of neurological disease. IFN-γ and IL-17A are biomarkers of untreated HAM/TSP, while pre-treatment GlycA and TNF predict therapeutic response to prednisolone pulse therapy, paving the way for a precision medicine approach in HAM/TSP.
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- 2022
32. Lymphocyte-depleted classic Hodgkin lymphoma with primary extranodal disease: Two cases that highlight the combination of immunodeficiency and immune escape in the pathogenesis
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Ayako Sakakibara, Yu Sakai, Emiko Takahashi, Hiroshi Kosugi, Yuka Suzuki, Satoko Shimada, Akira Satou, Kei Kohno, Yoshie Shimoyama, Shigeo Nakamura, Seiichi Kato, Taishi Takahara, Yuichiro Inagaki, Naoko Asano, and Yuta Tsuyuki
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Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,fragile elderly ,CD30 ,Lymphocyte ,Biopsy ,Case Report ,CD15 ,Extranodal Disease ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Fatal Outcome ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Lymphocytes ,Reed-Sternberg Cells ,lymphocyte-depleted classic Hodgkin lymphoma ,Immunodeficiency ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes ,programmed cell death ligand 1 ,General Medicine ,Swollen lymph nodes ,medicine.disease ,HTLV-I Infections ,Hodgkin Disease ,Immunohistochemistry ,Leukemia ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,primary extranodal disease ,Female ,Tumor Escape ,Bone marrow ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Neoplastic programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, activated by PD-L1 gene alterations, is strongly associated with classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL). This association enabled a diagnostic consensus for lymphocyte-depleted CHL (LD-CHL), a previously enigmatic disease. We describe two patients with LD-CHL and primary extranodal disease. One patient was a 92-year-old female (Case #1) with a large mass that involved the uterus combined with swollen lymph nodes in the pelvic cavity. The second patient was a 76-year-old female (Case #2) with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) who initially exhibited massive bone marrow involvement without peripheral lymphadenopathies. Biopsies of these tumors from the cervix uteri and bone marrow, respectively, revealed lesions rich in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) cells and diminished populations of other cell populations. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that these H-RS cells expressed CD30, BOB1, and fascin, but not CD15, CD20, PAX5, or OCT2. They also expressed PD-L1, which led to our preferred diagnosis of LD-CHL in both patients. Epstein-Barr virus was associated with LD-CHL in Case #1, but not in Case #2. Both patients were deemed too frail for treatment. They died of disease at 1 (Case #1) and 15 months (Case #2) after the diagnosis. These findings highlight the abnormal biological behavior of this immune-escape-related lymphoid neoplasm in patients with immunodeficiency due to immune senescence and HTLV1 infection.
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- 2021
33. HTLV-1 Presenting as an Incidental Finding after a Cosmetic Procedure.
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Levine J, Liu S, Alexander M, and Phelps R
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- Adult, Child, Female, Humans, Incidental Findings, Skin, Skin Diseases, Lipectomy adverse effects, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, HTLV-I Infections
- Abstract
A 44-year-old woman presented to a plastic surgeon for liposuction of the abdomen, back, and flanks, a gluteal fat transfer, and a vertical pattern breast lift and small reduction. The patient had a medical history of significantly well-controlled hypertension for 4 years treated with hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine. She had been pregnant four times and delivered six children with two sets of twins. She was allergic to latex and denied a history of smoking. Her physical examination was unremarkable and her body mass index (BMI) was 26.1. No skin lesions were evident (Figure 1). Her preoperative laboratory findings were within normal limits, with unremarkable electrocardiogram (EKG), chest x-ray, and mammogram. The patient underwent a successful surgical procedure, and the excised breast tissue and skin were sent to pathology for routine evaluation. Surgery removed 220 g of breast tissue from the left breast and 45 g was excised from the right one. The histopathology depicted atypical T-cells in the epidermis and superficial dermis of both left and right breasts. Physical examination failed to evidence lymph-adenopathy or masses. The patient denied weight loss, night sweats, or fever; however, due to her Caribbean heritage, adult T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma was considered and submitted for further histologic workup.
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- 2023
34. Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)-induced Uveitis.
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Terada Y, Miyata K, Shoji N, and Mochizuki M
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- Adult, Humans, Eye, Vision Disorders, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, HTLV-I Infections, Uveitis diagnosis, Graves Disease complications, Leukemia, T-Cell complications, Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell complications, Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell diagnosis
- Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus that causes T-cell malignant diseases (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma) and HTLV-1-related non-malignant inflammatory diseases, such as HTLV-1 uveitis. Although the symptoms and signs of HTLV-1 uveitis are nonspecific, intermediate uveitis with various degrees of vitreous opacity is the most common clinical presentation. It can occur in one or both eyes and its onset is acute or subacute. Intraocular inflammation can be managed with topical and/or systemic corticosteroids; however, recurrence of uveitis is common. The visual prognosis is generally favorable, but a certain proportion of patients have a poor visual prognosis. Systemic complications of patients with HTLV-1 uveitis include Graves' disease and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. This review describes the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, ocular manifestations, management, and immunopathogenic mechanisms of HTLV-1 uveitis.
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- 2023
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35. The transcriptome of HTLV-1-infected primary cells following reactivation reveals changes to host gene expression central to the proviral life cycle.
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Aristodemou AEN, Rueda DS, Taylor GP, and Bangham CRM
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- Humans, Proviruses genetics, Transcriptome, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Viral Load, Ubiquitin Thiolesterase metabolism, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 physiology, HTLV-I Infections
- Abstract
Infections by Human T cell Leukaemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) persist for the lifetime of the host by integrating into the genome of CD4+ T cells. Proviral gene expression is essential for proviral survival and the maintenance of the proviral load, through the pro-proliferative changes it induces in infected cells. Despite their role in HTLV-1 infection and a persistent cytotoxic T lymphocyte response raised against the virus, proviral transcripts from the sense-strand are rarely detected in fresh cells extracted from the peripheral blood, and have recently been found to be expressed intermittently by a small subset of cells at a given time. Ex vivo culture of infected cells prompts synchronised proviral expression in infected cells from peripheral blood, allowing the study of factors involved in reactivation in primary cells. Here, we used bulk RNA-seq to examine the host transcriptome over six days in vitro, following proviral reactivation in primary peripheral CD4+ T cells isolated from subjects with non-malignant HTLV-1 infection. Infected cells displayed a conserved response to reactivation, characterised by discrete stages of gene expression, cell division and subsequently horizontal transmission of the virus. We observed widespread changes in Polycomb gene expression following reactivation, including an increase in PRC2 transcript levels and diverse changes in the expression of PRC1 components. We hypothesize that these transcriptional changes constitute a negative feedback loop that maintains proviral latency by re-deposition of H2AK119ub1 following the end of proviral expression. Using RNAi, we found that certain deubiquitinases, BAP1, USP14 and OTUD5 each promote proviral transcription. These data demonstrate the detailed trajectory of HTLV-1 proviral reactivation in primary HTLV-1-carrier lymphocytes and the impact on the host cell., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Aristodemou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
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- 2023
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36. Mouse Models for HTLV-1 Infection and Adult T Cell Leukemia.
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Nakajima S and Okuma K
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- Adult, Mice, Humans, Animals, Retroviridae Proteins metabolism, Mice, Transgenic, Disease Models, Animal, Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors metabolism, Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell metabolism, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 metabolism, HTLV-I Infections
- Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive hematologic disease caused by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Various animal models of HTLV-1 infection/ATL have been established to elucidate the pathogenesis of ATL and develop appropriate treatments. For analyses employing murine models, transgenic and immunodeficient mice are used because of the low infectivity of HTLV-1 in mice. Each mouse model has different characteristics that must be considered before use for different HTLV-1 research purposes. HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ transgenic mice spontaneously develop tumors, and the roles of both Tax and HBZ in cell transformation and tumor growth have been established. Severely immunodeficient mice were able to be engrafted with ATL cell lines and have been used in preclinical studies of candidate molecules for the treatment of ATL. HTLV-1-infected humanized mice with an established human immune system are a suitable model to characterize cells in the early stages of HTLV-1 infection. This review outlines the characteristics of mouse models of HTLV-1 infection/ATL and describes progress made in elucidating the pathogenesis of ATL and developing related therapies using these mice.
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- 2023
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37. Lessons from the Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis of HTLV-1-Infected Individuals: Biomarkers of Inflammation for HAM/TSP Development
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Nicole Lardini Freitas, Yago Côrtes Pinheiro Gomes, Flávia dos Santos Souza, Rafael Carvalho Torres, Juliana Echevarria-Lima, Ana Claudia Celestino Bezerra Leite, Marco Antonio Sales Dantas Lima, Abelardo Queiroz Campos Araújo, Marcus Tulius Teixeira Silva, and Otávio de Melo Espíndola
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ,Inflammation ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Chemokine CX3CL1 ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Inflammasomes ,Interleukin-6 ,Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ,Interleukin-18 ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,Neopterin ,HTLV-I Infections ,Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic ,Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 ,HTLV-1 ,HAM/TSP ,biomarkers ,cerebrospinal fluid ,neurodegeneration ,inflammasome ,IL-18 ,Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ,Infectious Diseases ,Virology ,Nerve Growth Factor ,Humans ,Biomarkers - Abstract
HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to motor impairment due to a chronic inflammatory process in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the HAM/TSP pathogenesis is not completely clear, and biomarkers to define the disease prognosis are still necessary. Thus, we aimed to identify biomarkers for HAM/TSP and potential mechanisms involved in disease development. To that end, the concentrations of VILIP-1, BDNF, VEGF, β-NGF, TGF-β1, fractalkine/CX3CL1, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α, and the soluble forms of TREM-1, TREM-2, and RAGE, were assessed using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from HAM/TSP patients (n = 20), asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (AC) (n = 13), and HTLV-1-seronegative individuals (n = 9), with the results analyzed according to the speed of HAM/TSP progression. HAM/TSP patients had elevated fractalkine in the serum but not in the CSF, particularly those with low neuroinflammatory activity (CSF/serum ratio of neopterin
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- 2022
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38. A protective role of HTLV-1 gp46-specific neutralizing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-inducing antibodies in progression to adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)
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Tanaka, Yuetsu, Tanaka, Reiko, Imaizumi, Naoki, Mizuguchi, Mariko, Takahashi, Yoshiaki, Hayashi, Masaki, Miyagi, Takashi, Uchihara, Junnosuke, Ohshiro, Kazuiku, Masuzaki, Hiroaki, and Fukushima, Takuya
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Adult ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Immunology ,Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,neutralization ,Antibodies, Viral ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,HTLV-I Infections ,ATL ,HTLV-1 ,antibody ,Immunoglobulin G ,gp46 ,Leukocytes, Mononuclear ,Humans ,Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell ,Immunology and Allergy ,ADCC - Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) establishes a long-term persistent infection in humans and causes malignant T-cell leukemia, adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). HTLV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been suggested to play a major role in the immunosurveillance of HTLV-1-infected T cells. However, it remains unclear whether HTLV-1-specific functional antibodies are also involved in the host defense. To explore the role of antibodies in the course of HTLV-1 infection, we quantitated HTLV-1-specific neutralizing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-inducing antibody levels in plasma from asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and ATL patients. The levels of neutralizing antibodies, as determined by a syncytium inhibition assay, were significantly lower in acute and chronic ATL patients than in ACs. The levels of ADCC-inducing activity were tested using an autologous pair of HTLV-1-producing cells and cultured natural killer (NK) cells, which showed that the ADCC-inducing activity of IgG at a concentration of 100 µg/ml was comparable between ACs and acute ATL patients. The anti-gp46 antibody IgG levels, determined by ELISA, correlated with those of the neutralizing and ADCC-inducing antibodies. In contrast, the proviral loads did not correlate with any of these antibody levels. NK cells and a monoclonal anti-gp46 antibody reduced the number of HTLV-1 Tax-expressing cells in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with aggressive ATL. These results suggest a protective role for HTLV-1 neutralizing and ADCC-inducing antibodies during the course of HTLV-1 infection.
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- 2022
39. A role for an HTLV-1 vaccine?
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Lee, Ratner
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Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Vaccines ,Immunology ,Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Female ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,HTLV-I Infections ,Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical - Abstract
HTLV-1 is a global infection with 5-20 million infected individuals. Although only a minority of infected individuals develop myelopathy, lymphoproliferative malignancy, or inflammatory disorders, infection is associated with immunosuppression and shorter survival. Transmission of HTLV-1 is through contaminated blood or needles, mother-to-child exposure through breast-feeding, and sexual intercourse. HTLV-1 is a delta retrovirus that expresses immunogenic Gag, Envelope, TAX, and Hbz proteins. Neutralizing antibodies have been identified directed against the surface envelope protein, and cytotoxic T-cell epitopes within TAX have been characterized. Thus far, there have been few investigations of vaccines directed against each of these proteins, with limited responses, thus far. However, with new technologies developed in the last few years, a renewed investigation is warranted in search for a safe and effective HTLV-1 vaccine.
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- 2022
40. HTLV-1/2 Infection in Blood Donors from a Non-Endemic Area (Catalonia, Spain) between 2008 and 2017: A 10-Year Experience
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Piron, Maria, Salvador, Fernando, Caballero Requero, Estrella, Sánchez-Montalvá, Adrián, Bes, Marta, Casamitjana, Natàlia, Puig Sanz, Lluís, Molina Romero, Israel, Sauleda, Silvia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institut Català de la Salut, [Piron M, Bes M, Sauleda S] Banc de Sang i Teixits de Catalunya (Blood and Tissue Bank of Catalonia, BST), Transfusion Safety Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREhd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain. Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain. [Salvador F, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Molina I] Centre de Salut Internacional i Malalties Transmissibles Drassanes-Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain. Servei de Malalties Infecciones, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain. PROSICS Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. [Caballero E] Laboratori de Microbiologia, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain. [Casamitjana N] Banc de Sang i Teixits de Catalunya (Blood and Tissue Bank of Catalonia, BST), Transfusion Safety Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain. [Puig L] Banc de Sang i Teixits de Catalunya (Blood and Tissue Bank of Catalonia, BST), Transfusion Safety Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREhd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, and Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus
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Adult ,Male ,personas::donantes de tejidos::donantes de sangre [DENOMINACIONES DE GRUPOS] ,Blood Donors ,Virus Diseases::RNA Virus Infections::Retroviridae Infections::Deltaretrovirus Infections [DISEASES] ,Deltaretrovirus ,Virology ,Humans ,Malalties transmissibles ,Infeccions per retrovirus ,transfusion ,Other subheadings::Other subheadings::/transmission [Other subheadings] ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,screening ,virosis::infecciones por virus ARN::infecciones por Retroviridae::infecciones por Deltaretrovirus [ENFERMEDADES] ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 ,HTLV-I Infections ,HTLV-1/2 ,blood donors ,leukoreduction ,Spain ,Infectious Diseases ,Persons::Tissue Donors::Blood Donors [NAMED GROUPS] ,HTLV-1 ,HTLV-II Infections ,Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::/transmisión [Otros calificadores] ,Female ,Donants de sang - Abstract
Spain; Screening; Transfusion España; Cribado; Transfusión Espanya; Cribratge; Transfusió Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) screening is not mandatory in Spanish blood banks. In Catalonia, selective screening was introduced in 2008, followed by universal screening in 2011. We present herein a 10-year experience of HTLV testing in blood donors. HTLV-1/2 selective screening was performed using Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics HTLV-I/HTLV-II Ab-Capture ELISA between February 2008 and May 2009, then Abbott Prism HTLV-I/ HTLV-II assay until December 2010. Abbott Architect rHTLV-I/II assay was then used for HTLV-1/2 universal screening in pooled samples. INNO-LIA HTLV I/II Score (Fujirebio) and in-house HTLV-1/2 proviral DNA real-time PCR were used in reactive samples. Follow-up was offered to confirm HTLV-1/2 donors in Vall d’Hebron Hospital. Between 2008 and 2017, 51 blood donors were confirmed HTLV positive (46 HTLV-1, 4 HTLV-2 and 1 HTLV) out of 2,114,891 blood donations (1 in 41,468). Sixty-nine percent were female, median age was 40 years and most were born in Latin America (69%), followed by Europe (25%), Africa (4%) and Asia (2%). Screening of relatives and partners identified 12 additional HTLV-1 cases. Lookback studies did not show any HTLV-1/2 transmission. HTLV infections found in blood donors mirror epidemiological changes in the population of Spain. Consequently, HTLV should be considered a potential risk for recipients and calls for the design of optimal strategies to ensure transfusion safety. A.S.-M was supported by a postdoctoral grant “Juan Rodés” (JE18/00022) from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.
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- 2022
41. Potential role of HTLV-1 Tax-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes expressing a unique t-cell receptor to promote inflammation of the central nervous system in myelopathy associated with HTLV-1
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Yukie, Tanaka, Tomoo, Sato, Naoko, Yagishita, Junji, Yamauchi, Natsumi, Araya, Satoko, Aratani, Katsunori, Takahashi, Yasuo, Kunitomo, Misako, Nagasaka, Yoshinobu, Kanda, Kaoru, Uchimaru, Tomohiro, Morio, and Yoshihisa, Yamano
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Adult ,Central Nervous System ,Inflammation ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Immunology ,Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Gene Products, tax ,HTLV-I Infections ,Spinal Cord Diseases ,T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic - Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection causes two serious diseases: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM). Immunological studies have revealed that HTLV-1 Tax-specific CD8+cytotoxic T-cells (Tax-CTLs) in asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and ATL patients play an important role in the elimination of HTLV-1-infected host cells, whereas Tax-CTLs in HAM patients trigger an excessive immune response against HTLV-1-infected host cells infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS), leading to local inflammation. Our previous evaluation of HTLV-1 Tax301-309(SFHSLHLLF)-specific Tax-CTLs (Tax301-309-CTLs) revealed that a unique T-cell receptor (TCR) containing amino acid (AA)-sequence motif PDR, was shared among HLA-A*24:02+ACs and ATL patients and behaved as an eliminator by strong activity against HTLV-1. However, it remains unclear whether PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs also exist in HLA-A*24:02+HAM patients and are involved in the pathogenesis of HAM. In the present study, by high-throughput TCR repertoire analysis technology, we revealed TCR repertoires of Tax301-309-CTLs in peripheral blood (PB) of HLA-A*24:02+HAM patients were skewed, and a unique TCR-motif PDR was conserved in HAM patients (10 of 11 cases). The remaining case dominantly expressed (-DR, P-R, and PD-), which differed by one AA from PDR. Overall, TCRs with unique AA-sequence motifs PDR, or (-DR, P-R, and PD-) accounted for a total of 0.3-98.1% of Tax301-309-CTLs repertoires of HLA-A*24:02+HAM patients. Moreover, TCR repertoire analysis of T-cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from four HAM patients demonstrated the possibility that PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs and (-DR, P-R, and PD-)+Tax301-309-CTLs efficiently migrated and accumulated in the CSF of HAM patients fostering increased inflammation, although we observed no clear significant correlation between the frequencies of them in PB and the levels of CSF neopterin, a known disease activity biomarker of HAM. Furthermore, to better understand the potential function of PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs, we performed immune profiling by single-cell RNA-sequencing of Tax301-309-CTLs, and the result showed that PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs up-regulated the gene expression of natural killer cell markerKLRB1(CD161), which may be associated with T-cell activation and highly cytotoxic potential of memory T-cells. These findings indicated that unique and shared PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs have a potential role in promoting local inflammation within the CNS of HAM patients.
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- 2022
42. Co-Infection and Cancer: Host-Pathogen Interaction between Dendritic Cells and HIV-1, HTLV-1, and Other Oncogenic Viruses
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Tania H. Mulherkar, Daniel Joseph Gómez, Grace Sandel, and Pooja Jain
- Subjects
Adult ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Coinfection ,Papillomavirus Infections ,HIV Infections ,Dendritic Cells ,HTLV-I Infections ,Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic ,Infectious Diseases ,Virology ,Neoplasms ,HIV Seropositivity ,Host-Pathogen Interactions ,HIV-1 ,Humans ,Oncogenic Viruses - Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) function as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1 modulate DCs to their advantage and utilize them to propagate infection. Coinfection of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 has implications for cancer malignancies. Both viruses initially infect DCs and propagate the infection to CD4+ T cells through cell-to-cell transmission using mechanisms including the formation of virologic synapses, viral biofilms, and conduits. These retroviruses are both neurotrophic with neurovirulence determinants. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 results in neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Infected DCs are known to traffic to the brain (CNS) and periphery (PNS, lymphatics) to induce neurodegeneration in HAND and HAM/TSP patients. Elevated levels of neuroinflammation have been correlated with cognitive decline and impairment of motor control performance. Current vaccinations and therapeutics for HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are assessed and can be applied to patients with HIV-1-associated cancers and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). These diseases caused by co-infections can result in both neurodegeneration and cancer. There are associations with cancer malignancies and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 as well as other human oncogenic viruses (EBV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HPV). This review contains current knowledge on DC sensing of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 including DC-SIGN, Tat, Tax, and current viral therapies. An overview of DC interaction with oncogenic viruses including EBV, Hepatitis viruses, and HPV is also provided. Vaccines and therapeutics targeting host–pathogen interactions can provide a solution to co-infections, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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- 2022
43. Increasing horizontal transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 in adolescents and young adults in Japan
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Yasuko Sagara, Hitomi Nakamura, Masahiro Satake, Toshiki Watanabe, and Isao Hamaguchi
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Male ,Adult ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Leukemia, T-Cell ,Adolescent ,Blood Donors ,Middle Aged ,HTLV-I Infections ,Young Adult ,Infectious Diseases ,Japan ,Pregnancy ,Virology ,Humans ,Female ,Aged - Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a causative agent of the life-threatening diseases, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. Following implementation of antenatal screening in Japan, novel transmission of HTLV-1 in adolescent and adult generations is expected to replace vertical transmission as the main route for transmission.To obtain the current status of HTLV-1 horizontal infection and to assess the fluctuation of transmission occurring among adolescents and adults in Japan.We followed-up 5,017,916 eligible repeat blood donors for 8 years from 2013 to 2021. We evaluated HTLV-1 transmission rate by age group (16-69 years-old), and calculated the total number of novel transmissions in Japan using demographic statistics published by the government of Japan.We identified 457 seroconverters (men, 203; women, 254) in a total of 19,244,604 person-years during the study period. The number of seroconversions per 100,000 person-years was 1.54 for men and 4.21 for women. An increase in the number of novel infections was observed in both sexes in adolescent and young adult generations despite the health bias of blood donors.We estimate that more than 2,800 new HTLV-1 infections occur annually in Japan. It is a serious concern that without immediate measures against new HTLV-1 infections, such as guideline formulation, an inclusion of HTLV as routine screening in sexual health services, an information campaign, and surveillance of the general population, novel HTLV-1 infection could continue to increase in Japan and be a source of global transmission.
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- 2022
44. Duodenal obstruction due to
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Madhuri, Harshan, Vettakkara Kandy Muhammed, Niyas, and Rajalakshmi, Arjun
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Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Strongyloidiasis ,Animals ,Humans ,Duodenal Obstruction ,Strongyloides stercoralis ,HTLV-I Infections - Published
- 2022
45. Mannose binding lectin-associated serine protease 2 (MASP2) gene polymorphism and susceptibility to human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection in blood donors from Mashhad, Iran
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Akram Aghamohammadi, Houshang Rafatpanah, Mahtab Maghsoodlu, Nastaran Tohidi, Farzad Mollahosseini, and Majid Shahabi
- Subjects
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Genotype ,Immunology ,Blood Donors ,Iran ,Microbiology ,HTLV-I Infections ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,Virology ,Case-Control Studies ,Lectins ,Mannose-Binding Protein-Associated Serine Proteases ,Humans ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease - Abstract
Mannose binding lectin-associated serine protease 2 (MASP2) is the effector part of mannose binding lectin (MBL) that activates the complement system in an antibody-independent manner. We aimed to investigate the role of genetic polymorphisms in the MASP2 gene and susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection. A total of 172 HTLV-1 infected individuals and 170 healthy blood donors were analyzed in this case-control study. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) encompassing different regions of the MASP2 gene were genotyped with a polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) assay. The relation between the SNPs genotype and the susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection was investigated with a χ
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- 2022
46. Recent Prevalence of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Carrier Associated with Horizontal Transmission in Pregnant Japanese Women
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Tadaichi Kitamura, Akihiko Sekizawa, Shinichi Hoshi, Katsuyuki Kinoshita, Shunji Suzuki, and Yoko Sagara
- Subjects
Adult ,Microbiology (medical) ,Leukemia, T-Cell ,viruses ,Japan ,Pregnancy ,immune system diseases ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Prevalence ,medicine ,Humans ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,business.industry ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,HTLV-I Infections ,Virology ,Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ,Human T cell leukemia virus ,Leukemia ,Infectious Diseases ,Virus type ,Carrier State ,Female ,Pregnant Women ,business ,Horizontal transmission - Abstract
The current study was conducted to examine the number of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers and how horizontal transmission affected the prevalence of HTLV-1 carriers among pregnant Japanese women in 2019. We requested 2,214 obstetrical facilities to provide information on HTLV-1 tests for pregnant women who delivered in 2019. The estimated number of HTLV-1 carriers among pregnant Japanese women was 952. At least 10% or more of the carriers acquired HTLV-1 through horizontal transmission.
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- 2021
47. Is the HTLV-1 Retrovirus Targeted by Host Restriction Factors?
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Auriane Carcone, Chloé Journo, and Hélène Dutartre
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Adult ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Infectious Diseases ,Virology ,Humans ,Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell ,HIV Infections ,Antiviral Agents ,HTLV-I Infections ,Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic - Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the etiological agent of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), was identified a few years before Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). However, forty years later, our comprehension of HTLV-1 immune detection and the host immune responses to HTLV-1 is far more limited than for HIV. In addition to innate and adaptive immune responses that rely on specialized cells of the immune system, host cells may also express a range of antiviral factors that inhibit viral replication at different stages of the cycle, in a cell-autonomous manner. Multiple antiviral factors allowing such an intrinsic immunity have been primarily and extensively described in the context HIV infection. Here, we provide an overview of whether known HIV restriction factors might act on HTLV-1 replication. Interestingly, many of them do not exert any antiviral activity against HTLV-1, and we discuss viral replication cycle specificities that could account for these differences. Finally, we highlight future research directions that could help to identify antiviral factors specific to HTLV-1.
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- 2022
48. Late presentation of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in Spain reflects suboptimal testing strategies
- Author
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Carmen de Mendoza, Leire Pérez, Mario Fernández-Ruiz, María José Pena, José Manuel Ramos, Alberto Richart, María Piron, Ariadna Rando, Elisenda Miró, Gabriel Reina, Beatriz Encinas, Silvia Rojo, Antonio Manuel Rodriguez-Iglesias, Rafael Benito, Antonio Aguilera, Ana Treviño, Octavio Corral, Vicente Soriano, Institut Català de la Salut, [de Mendoza C] Internal Medicine Laboratory, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital & Research Foundation-IDIPHISA, Madrid, Spain. [Pérez L] Internal Medicine Department, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain. [Fernández-Ruiz M] Infectious Diseases Unit, 12 Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain. [Pena MJ] Microbiology Department, Doctor Negrín University Hospital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. [Ramos JM] Infectious Diseases Unit, Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain. [Richart A] Regional Transfusion Center, Madrid, Spain. [Rando A] Servei de Microbiologia, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain, and Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus
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Microbiology (medical) ,ambiente y salud pública::salud pública::estado de portador [ATENCIÓN DE SALUD] ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Virus Diseases::RNA Virus Infections::Retroviridae Infections::Deltaretrovirus Infections::HTLV-I Infections [DISEASES] ,Otros calificadores::/diagnóstico [Otros calificadores] ,General Medicine ,Infeccions per retrovirus - Diagnòstic ,Símptomes ,Environment and Public Health::Public Health::Carrier State [HEALTH CARE] ,HTLV-I Infections ,Infectious Diseases ,Latin America ,virosis::infecciones por virus ARN::infecciones por Retroviridae::infecciones por Deltaretrovirus::infecciones por HTLV-I [ENFERMEDADES] ,Pregnancy ,Spain ,Other subheadings::/diagnosis [Other subheadings] ,Animals ,Humans ,Female ,Strongyloides stercoralis - Abstract
Diagnosis; Myelopathy; Sexually transmitted infections Diagnóstico; Mielopatía; Infecciones de transmisión sexual Diagnòstic; Mielopatia; Infeccions de transmissió sexual Objectives Although only 10% of persons infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) may develop virus-associated illnesses over their lifetime, missing the earlier diagnosis of asymptomatic carriers frequently leads to late presentation. Methods A nationwide HTLV-1 register was created in Spain in 1989. We examined the main demographics and clinical features at the time of the first diagnosis for more than three decades. Results A total of 428 individuals infected with HTLV-1 had been reported in Spain until the end of 2021. Up to 96 (22%) individuals presented clinically with HTLV-1-associated conditions, including subacute myelopathy (57%), T-cell lymphoma (34%), or Strongyloides stercoralis infestation (8%). Since 2008, HTLV-1 diagnosis has been made at blood banks (44%) or clinics (56%). Native Spaniards and Sub-Saharan Africans are overrepresented among patients presenting with HTLV-1-associated illnesses suggesting that poor epidemiological and/or clinical suspicion, which led to the late presentation are more frequent in them than carriers from Latin America (LATAM) (31.7% vs 20.4%, respectively; P = 0.015). Conclusion HTLV-1 infection in Spain is frequently diagnosed in patients presenting with characteristic illnesses. Although screening in blood banks mostly identifies asymptomatic carriers from LATAM, a disproportionately high number of Spaniards and Africans are diagnosed too late at the time of clinical manifestations. Expanding testing to all pregnant women and clinics for sexually transmitted infections could help to unveil HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers. This work was supported in part by grants from FIS-ISCIII PI-21/1717 and Fundación Mutua Madrileña AP-174112020.
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- 2022
49. Association of the
- Author
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Maria Alice Freitas, Queiroz, Felipe Teixeira, Lopes, Bruno José Sarmento, Botelho, Maria Karoliny da Silva, Torres, Ednelza da Graça Silva, Amoras, Carlos A da, Costa, Maísa Silva, Sousa, Ricardo, Ishak, and Antonio Carlos Rosário, Vallinoto
- Subjects
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Proviruses ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Nerve Growth Factor ,Cytokines ,Humans ,Viral Load ,HTLV-I Infections ,Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor ,Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic - Abstract
Genetic variations in components of the immune response seem to be an important factor that contributes to the manifestation of symptoms of some diseases related to HTLV-1 infection. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75
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- 2022
50. KIR3DL2 contributes to the typing of acute adult T-cell leukemia and is a potential therapeutic target
- Author
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Morgane Cheminant, Ludovic Lhermitte, Julie Bruneau, Hélène Sicard, Cécile Bonnafous, Aurore Touzart, Estelle Bourbon, Nicolas Ortonne, Laurent Genestier, Philippe Gaulard, Patricia Palmic, Felipe Suarez, Laurent Frenzel, Louise Naveau, Ali Bazarbachi, Mickaël Dussiot, Laetitia Waast, Véronique Avettand-Fenoel, Chantal Brouzes, Claudine Pique, Yves Lepelletier, Vahid Asnafi, Ambroise Marçais, and Olivier Hermine
- Subjects
Adult ,Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ,Immunology ,Receptors, KIR3DL2 ,Cell Biology ,Hematology ,Gene Products, tax ,Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ,Biochemistry ,HTLV-I Infections ,Humans ,Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell ,RNA ,RNA, Messenger - Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a lymphoid neoplasm caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), which encodes the transcriptional activator Tax, which participates in the immortalization of infected T cells. ATL is classified into 4 subtypes: smoldering, chronic, acute, and lymphoma. We determined whether natural killer receptors (NKRs) were expressed in ATL. NKR expression (KIR2DL1/2DS1, KIR2DL2/2DL3/2DS2, KIR3DL2, NKG2A, NKG2C, and NKp46) was assessed in a discovery cohort of 21 ATL, and KIR3DL2 was then assessed in 71 patients with ATL. KIR3DL2 was the only NKR among those studied frequently expressed by acute-type vs lymphoma- and chronic/smoldering-type ATL (36 of 40, 4 of 16, and 1 of 15, respectively; P = .001), although acute- and lymphoma-type ATL had similar mutation profiles by targeted exome sequencing. The correlation of KIR3DL2 expression with promoter demethylation was determined by microarray-based DNA methylation profiling. To explore the role of HTLV-1, KIR3DL2 and TAX messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were assessed by PrimeFlow RNA in primary ATL and in CD4+ T cells infected with HTLV-1 in vitro. TAX mRNA and KIR3DL2 protein expressions were correlated on ATL cells. HTLV-1 infection triggered KIR3DL2 by CD4+ cells but Tax alone did not induce KIR3DL2 expression. Ex vivo, autologous, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity using lacutamab, a first-in-class anti-KIR3DL2 humanized antibody, selectively killed KIR3DL2+ primary ATL cells ex vivo. To conclude, KIR3DL2 expression is associated with acute-type ATL. Transcription of KIR3DL2 may be triggered by HTLV-1 infection and correlates with hypomethylation of the promoter. The benefit of targeting KIR3DL2 with lacutamab is being further explored in a randomized phase 2 study in peripheral T-cell lymphoma, including ATL (registered on https://clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT04984837).
- Published
- 2022
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