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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key intercellular communication and pathogenesis mediators. Parasitic organisms’ helminths, cause widespread infections with significant health impacts worldwide. Recent research has shed light on the role of EVs in the lifecycle, immune evasion, and disease progression of these parasitic organisms. These tiny membrane-bound organelles including microvesicles and exosomes, facilitate the transfer of proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs between cells. EVs have been isolated from various bodily fluids, offering a potential diagnostic and therapeutic avenue for combating infectious agents. According to recent research, EVs from helminths hold great promise in the diagnosis of parasitic infections due to their specificity, early detection capabilities, accessibility, and the potential for staging and monitoring infections, promote intercellular communication, and are a viable therapeutic tool for the treatment of infectious agents. Exploring host-parasite interactions has identified promising new targets for diagnostic, therapy, and vaccine development against helminths. This literature review delves into EVS’s origin, nature, biogenesis, and composition in these parasitic organisms. It also highlights the proteins and miRNAs involved in EV release, providing a comprehensive summary of the latest findings on the significance of EVs in the biology of helminths, promising targets for therapeutic and diagnostic biomarkers.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammation associated autoimmune disorder that is prevalent worldwide. Occurrence of severe side effects with current therapeutic regimens is major concern these days. We investigated Myristica fragrans mace and seed for management of inflammation and RA. Oils were extracted and analyzed using ATR-FTIR conforming occurrence of the aromatic amine, phenolic, and carboxylic acid groups mostly found in terpenoids. Most of tested compounds exhibited compliance with drug likeness, bioavailability and ADMET set parameters of safety. Molecular docking analysis showed interaction (-0.6 ΔG (kJ mol-1) of Myristicin with 4F5S. A significant antioxidant activity with DPPH, H2O2 and FRAP assays was observed in case of essential oil. Essential oil part also presented a significant protective effect during heat induced hemolysis (66 ± 1.0 %), BSA denaturation assay (61 ± 1.4 %) and higher levels of proteinase inhibition (70 ± 1.4 %). Acute antiflammatory model in rat presented a significant decrease in inflammation with essential oil. It was concluded that Myrictica fragrans essential oil possess significant (p