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Atmospheric marine particle concentrations impact cloud properties, which strongly impact the amount of solar radiation reflected back into space or absorbed by the ocean surface. While satellites can provide a snapshot of current conditions at the overpass time, models are necessary to simulate temporal variations in both particle and cloud properties. However, poor model accuracy limits the reliability with which these tools can be used to predict future climate. Here, we leverage the comprehensive ocean ecosystem and atmospheric aerosol–cloud dataset obtained during the third deployment of the North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES3). Airborne and ship-based measurements were collected in and around a cold-air outbreak during a 3 d (where d stands for day) intensive operations period from 17–19 September 2017. Cold-air outbreaks are of keen interest for model validation because they are challenging to accurately simulate, which is due, in part, to the numerous feedbacks and sub-grid-scale processes that influence aerosol and cloud evolution. The NAAMES observations are particularly valuable because the flight plans were tailored to lie along Lagrangian trajectories, making it possible to spatiotemporally connect upwind and downwind measurements with the state-of-the-art FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) Lagrangian particle dispersion model and then calculate a rate of change in particle properties. Initial aerosol conditions spanning an east–west, closed-cell-to-clear-air transition region of the cold-air outbreak indicate similar particle concentrations and properties. However, despite the similarities in the aerosol fields, the cloud properties downwind of each region evolved quite differently. One trajectory carried particles through a cold-air outbreak, resulting in a decrease in accumulation mode particle concentration (−42 %) and cloud droplet concentrations, while the other remained outside of the cold-air outbreak and experienced an increase in accumulation mode particle concentrations (+62 %). The variable meteorological conditions between these two adjacent trajectories result from differences in the local sea surface temperature in the Labrador Current and surrounding waters, altering the stability of the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Further comparisons of historical satellite observations indicate that the observed pattern occurs annually in the region, making it an ideal location for future airborne Lagrangian studies tracking the evolution of aerosols and clouds over time under cold-air outbreak conditions.

The western North Atlantic Ocean is strongly influenced by continental outflow, making it an ideal region to study the atmospheric transition from a polluted coastline to the marine environment. Utilizing eight transit flights between the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) in Hampton, Virginia, and the remote island of Bermuda from NASA's Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE), we examine the evolution of trace gas and aerosol properties off the US East Coast. The first pair of flights flew along the wind trajectory of continental outflow, while the other flights captured a mix of marine and continental air mass sources. For measurements within the boundary layer (BL), there was an offshore decline in particle N<100nm , N>100nm , CH 4 , CO, and CO 2 concentrations, all leveling off around ∼900 km offshore from the LaRC. These trends are strongest for the first pair of flights. In the BL, offshore declines in organic mass fraction and increases in sulfate mass fraction coincide with increasing hygroscopicity based on f (RH) measurements. Free troposphere measurements show a decline in N<100nm , but other measured parameters are more variable when compared to the prominent offshore gradients seen in the BL. Pollution layers exist in the free troposphere, such as smoke plumes, that can potentially entrain into the BL. This work provides detailed case studies with a broad set of high-resolution measurements to further our understanding of the transition between continental and marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote marine regions comprise a high fraction of Earth's surface, but in situ vertically resolved measurements over these locations remain scarce. Here we use airborne data during 15 vertical spiral soundings (0.15–8.5 km) over Bermuda during the NASA Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions over the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) to investigate the impact of different source regions on the vertical structure of trace gases, aerosol particles, and meteorological variables over 1000 km offshore of the US East Coast. Results reveal significant differences in vertical profiles of variables between three different air mass source categories (North America, Ocean, Caribbean/North Africa) identified using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model: (i) the strongest pollution signature is from air masses from the North America category, while the weakest one is from the Ocean category; (ii) North America air has the highest levels of CO, CH 4 , submicron particle number concentration, aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) mass, and organic mass fraction along with smoke layers in the free troposphere (FT); (iii) Ocean air has the highest relative amount of nitrate, non-sea-salt sulfate, and oxalate, which are key acidic species participating in chloride depletion; (iv) air masses from the Caribbean/North Africa showed a pronounced coarse aerosol signature in the FT and reduced aerosol hygroscopicity, which is associated with dust transport; and (v) there is considerable vertical heterogeneity for almost all variables examined, including higher O 3 and submicron particle concentrations with altitude, suggesting that the FT is a potential contributor of both constituents in the marine boundary layer. This study highlights the importance of considering air mass source origin and vertical resolution to capture aerosol and trace gas properties over remote marine areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the ongoing expansion of global observation networks, it is expected that we shall routinely analyze records of geophysical variables such as temperature from multiple collocated instruments. Validating datasets in this situation is not a trivial task because every observing system has its own bias and noise. Triple collocation is a general statistical framework to estimate the error characteristics in three or more observational-based datasets. In a triple colocation analysis, several metrics are routinely reported but traditional multiple-panel plots are not the most effective way to display information. A new formula of error variance is derived for connecting the key terms in the triple collocation theory. A diagram based on this formula is devised to facilitate triple collocation analysis of any data from observations, as illustrated using three aerosol optical depth datasets from the recent Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE). An observational-based skill score is also derived to evaluate the quality of three datasets by taking into account both error variance and correlation coefficient. Several applications are discussed and sample plotting routines are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean surface wind speed (i.e., wind speed 10 m above sea level) is a critical parameter used by atmospheric models to estimate the state of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). Accurate surface wind speed measurements in diverse locations are required to improve characterization of MABL dynamics and assess how models simulate large-scale phenomena related to climate change and global weather patterns. To provide these measurements, this study introduces and evaluates a new surface wind speed data product from the NASA Langley Research Center nadir-viewing High Spectral Resolution Lidar – generation 2 (HSRL-2) using data collected as part of the NASA Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) mission. The HSRL-2 can directly measure vertically resolved aerosol backscatter and extinction profiles without additional constraints or assumptions, enabling the instrument to accurately derive atmospheric attenuation and directly determine surface reflectance (i.e., surface backscatter). Also, the high horizontal spatial resolution of the HSRL-2 retrievals (0.5 s or ∼ 75 m along track) allows the instrument to probe the fine-scale spatial variability in surface wind speeds over time along the flight track and over breaks in broken cloud fields. A rigorous evaluation of these retrievals is performed by comparing coincident HSRL-2 and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Airborne Vertical Atmosphere Profiling System (AVAPS) dropsonde data, owing to the joint deployment of these two instruments on the ACTIVATE King Air aircraft. These comparisons show correlations of 0.89, slopes of 1.04 and 1.17, and y intercepts of - 0.13 and - 1.05 ms-1 for linear and bisector regressions, respectively, and the overall accuracy is calculated to be 0.15 ± 1.80 ms-1. It is also shown that the dropsonde surface wind speed data most closely follow the HSRL-2 distribution of wave slope variance using the distribution proposed by Hu et al. (2008) rather than the ones proposed by Cox and Munk (1954) and Wu (1990) for surface wind speeds below 7 ms-1 , with this category comprising most of the ACTIVATE data set. The retrievals are then evaluated separately for surface wind speeds below 7 ms-1 and between 7 and 13.3 ms-1 and show that the HSRL-2 retrieves surface wind speeds with a bias of ∼ 0.5 ms-1 and an error of ∼ 1.5 ms-1 , a finding not apparent in the cumulative comparisons. Also, it is shown that the HSRL-2 retrievals are more accurate in the summer (- 0.18 ± 1.52 ms-1) than in the winter (0.63 ± 2.07 ms-1), but the HSRL-2 is still able to make numerous (N=236) accurate retrievals in the winter. Overall, this study highlights the abilities and assesses the performance of the HSRL-2 surface wind speed retrievals, and it is hoped that further evaluation of these retrievals will be performed using other airborne and satellite data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoscale organization of marine convective clouds into linear or clustered states is prevalent across the tropical and subtropical oceans, and its investigation served as a guiding focus for a series of process study flights conducted as part of the Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) during summer 2020, 2021, and 2022. These select ACTIVATE flights involved a novel strategy for coordinating two aircraft, with respective remote sensing and in situ sampling payloads, to probe regions of organized shallow convection for several hours. The main purpose of this measurement report is to summarize the aircraft sampling approach, describe the characteristics and evolution of the cases, and provide an overview of the datasets that can serve as a starting point for more detailed modeling and analysis studies. Six flights are described, involving a total of 80 dropsonde profiles that capture the environment surrounding clustered shallow convection. The flights include detailed observations of the vertical structure of cloud systems, comprising up to 20 in situ sampling levels. Four cases involved deepening convection rooted in the marine boundary layer that developed vertically to 2–5 km with varying precipitation amounts, while two cases captured more complex and developed cumulus congestus systems extending above 5 km. In addition to the thermodynamic and dynamic characterization afforded by dropsonde and in situ measurements, the datasets include cloud and aerosol microphysics, trace gas concentrations, aerosol and droplet composition, and cloud and aerosol remote sensing from high-spectral-resolution lidar and polarimetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) is a six-year (2019-2024) NASA Earth-Venture Suborbital-3 (EVS-3) mission to robustly characterize aerosol-cloud-meteorology interactions over the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) during winter and summer seasons, with a focus on marine boundary layer clouds. This characterization requires understanding the aerosol life cycle (sources and sinks), composition, transport pathways, and distribution in the WNAO region. We use the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model driven by the MERRA-2 reanalysis to simulate tropospheric aerosols that are evaluated against in situ and remote sensing measurements from Falcon and King Air aircraft, respectively, as well as ground-based and satellite observations over the WNAO during the winter (Feb. 14 - Mar. 12) and summer (Aug. 13 - Sep. 30) field deployments of ACTIVATE 2020. Transport of pollution in the boundary layer behind cold fronts is a major mechanism for the North American continental outflow to the WNAO during Feb.-Mar. 2020. While large-scale frontal lifting is a dominant mechanism in winter, convective lifting significantly increases the vertical extent of major continental outflow aerosols in summer. Turbulent mixing is found to be the dominant process responsible for the vertical transport of sea salt within and ventilation out of the boundary layer in winter. The simulated boundary layer aerosol composition and optical depth (AOD) in the ACTIVATE flight domain are dominated by sea salt, followed by organic aerosol and sulfate. Compared to winter, boundary layer sea salt concentrations increased in summer over the WNAO, especially from the ACTIVATE flight areas to Bermuda, because of enhanced surface winds and emissions. Dust concentrations also significantly increased in summer because of long-range transport from North Africa. Comparisons of model and aircraft submicron non-refractory aerosol species (measured by an HR-ToF-AMS) vertical profiles show that intensive measurements of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and organic aerosols in the lower troposphere over the WNAO in winter provide useful constraints on model aerosol wet removal by precipitation scavenging. Comparisons of model aerosol extinction (at 550 nm) with the King Air High Spectral Resolution Lidar-2 (HSRL-2) measurements (at 532 nm) and CALIOP/CALIPSO satellite retrievals (at 532 nm) indicate that the model generally captures the continental outflow of aerosols, the land-ocean aerosol extinction gradient, and the mixing of anthropogenic aerosols with sea salt. Large enhancements of aerosol extinction at ~1.5-6.0 km altitudes from long-range transport of the western U.S. fire smoke were observed by HSRL-2 and CALIOP during Aug.-Sep. 2020. Model simulations with biomass burning (BB) emissions injected up to the mid-troposphere (vs. within the BL) better reproduce these remote-sensing observations, Falcon aircraft organic aerosol vertical profiles, as well as AERONET AOD measurements over eastern U.S. coast and Tudor Hill, Bermuda. High aerosol (mostly coarse-mode sea salt) extinction near the top (~1.5-2.0 km) of the marine BL along with high relative humidity and cloud extinction were typically seen over the WNAO (< 35°N) in the CALIOP aerosol extinction profiles and GEOS-Chem simulations, suggesting strong hygroscopic growth of sea salt particles and sea salt seeding of marine boundary layer clouds. Contributions of different emission types (anthropogenic, BB, biogenic, marine, and dust) to the total AOD over the WNAO in the model are also quantified. Future modeling efforts should focus on improving parameterizations for aerosol wet scavenging and sea salt emissions, implementing realistic BB emission injection height, and applying high-resolution models that better resolve vertical transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The western North Atlantic Ocean is strongly influenced by continental outflow, making it an ideal region to study the atmospheric transition from a polluted coastline to the marine environment. Utilizing eight transit flights between NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) in Hampton, Virginia and the remote island of Bermuda from NASA's Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE), we examine the evolution of trace gas and aerosol properties off the U.S. East Coast. The first pair of flights flew along the wind trajectory of continental outflow, while the other flights captured a mix of marine and continental air mass sources. For measurements within the boundary layer (BL), there was an offshore decline in particle N<100 nm, N>100 nm, CH4, CO, and CO2 concentrations, all leveling off around ~900 km offshore from LaRC. These trends are strongest for the first pair of flights. In the BL, offshore declines in organic mass fraction and increases in sulfate mass fraction coincide with increasing hygroscopicity based on f(RH) measurements. Free troposphere measurements show a decline in N<100 nm but other measured parameters are more variable when compared to the prominent offshore gradients seen in the BL. Pollution layers exist in the free troposphere, such as smoke plumes, that can potentially entrain into the BL. This work provides detailed case studies with a broad set of high-resolution measurements to further our understanding of the transition between continental and marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the new Ocean Derived Column Optical Depth (ODCOD) algorithm. ODCOD is now being used to retrieve column optical depths from the 532 nm measure-ments acquired by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polari-zation (CALIOP) onboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) spacecraft. ODCOD retrieves total column optical depths using the lidar backscatter signal return from the ocean surface, together with collocated wind speed estimates from Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA‑2). An advantage of ODCOD retrievals is that the column optical depths include contributions from particulates throughout the entire column including regions with attenuated backscatter below the CALIOP layer detection thresholds. In contrast, the standard CALIOP processing only estimates optical depths for clouds and aerosols detected by the CALIOP layer detection scheme. In this paper we describe the ODCOD algorithm, develop uncertainty estimates, and characterize the ODCOD retrievals relative to existing datasets. The paper presents detailed comparisons of ODCOD retrievals to collocated measurements from Langley Research Center's airborne high spectral resolution lidars (HSRL), daytime estimates derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radio-meter (MODIS), and daytime and nighttime optical depths estimates from the Synergized Optical Depth of Aerosols (SODA) algorithm. ODCOD aerosol-only optical depth estimates are higher compared to airborne HSRL measurements by 0.009 ± 0.043 (median ± median absolute deviation) or 6 % ± 27 % relative difference, lower than MODIS by ‑0.009 ± 0.041 (8.0 % ± 34 % relative difference), higher in the daytime than SODA by 0.004 ± 0.035 (12 % ± 34 % relative difference), and higher in the nighttime by 0.027 ± 0.034 (20 % ± 33 % relative difference). In addition to being a new method of retrieving column optical depth, ODCOD's estimates are independent from the standard CALIOP optical depth retrieval algorithms and have potential for further advances in the CALIPSO data record both to validate CALIOP estimates and as a potential column constraint for future improvements to extinction retrievals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol optical depth was retrieved from two airborne remote sensing instruments, the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) and Second Generation High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2), during the NASA Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE). The field campaign offers a unique opportunity to evaluate an extensive 3-year dataset under a wide range of meteorological conditions from two instruments on the same platform. However, a longstanding issue in atmospheric field studies is that there is a lack of reference datasets for properly validating field measurements and estimating their uncertainties. Here we address this issue by using the triple collocation method, in which a third collocated satellite dataset from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is introduced for comparison. HSRL-2 is found to provide a more accurate retrieval than RSP over the study region. The error standard deviation of HSRL-2 with respect to the ground truth is 0.027. Moreover, this approach enables us to develop a simple, yet efficient, quality control criterion for RSP data. The physical reasons for the differences in two retrievals are determined to be cloud contamination, aerosols near surface, multiple aerosol layers, absorbing aerosols, non-spherical aerosols, and simplified retrieval assumptions. These results demonstrate the pathway for optimal aerosol retrievals by combining information from both lidar and polarimeter for future airborne and satellite missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces and evaluates ocean surface wind speed retrieval capabilities of the High Spectral Resolution Lidar – generation 2 (HSRL-2) instrument through comparison with wind speed data collected by National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Airborne Vertical Atmospheric Profiling System (AVAPS) dropsondes. Wind speed is derived from HSRL-2 measurements of the transmitted laser's specular reflection off the ocean surface. The magnitude of the surface reflectivity is determined by the surface's wave-slope variance, which is driven by surface winds. The assessment relies on the multi-year airborne data set collected as part of NASA's Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) campaign, where HSRL-2 retrievals and AVAPS dropsonde measurements of surface wind speeds were horizontally synchronized owing to their joint deployment on one of two aircraft used during the mission. A total of 577 collocated HSRL-2 - dropsonde surface wind speed data points over the northwest Atlantic Ocean are used for this study. Treating the dropsonde wind speeds as truth, it is found that, through two established wind speed – wave-slope parameterizations, the HSRL-2 wind speed retrievals have small errors (0.15 m s−1 ± 1.80 m s−1 and 0.62 m s−1 ± 1.70 m s−1) and high correlation coefficients (0.89 and 0.88) with dropsonde wind speed measurements. Also, HSRL-2 wind speed error is higher in winter than in summer due at least partly to the higher frequency of low wind speeds and reduced cloud fraction in summer. Two research flights from 28 August 2020 and 1 March 2020 serve as detailed case studies to show the success of the collocation method based on ACTIVATE's spatial-coordination strategy and how HSRL-2 wind speed retrievals can enhance science-oriented studies such as those related to cloud evolution and general air-sea interaction. Another case flight examined from 11 January 2022 demonstrates the challenge of conducting HSRL-2 wind speed retrievals in high cloud fraction conditions. Overall, this study highlights the airborne HSRL-2's ability to retrieve surface wind speeds with accuracy as well as the potential of using dropsondes to validate aircraft instrument data sets within a field campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their fast evolution and large natural variability in macro- and microphysical properties, the accurate representation of boundary layer clouds in current climate models remains a challenge. One of the regions with large intermodel spread in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 ensemble is the western North Atlantic Ocean. Here, statistically representative in situ measurements can help to develop and constrain the parameterization of clouds in global models. To this end, we performed comprehensive measurements of boundary layer clouds, aerosol, trace gases, and radiation in the western North Atlantic Ocean during the NASA Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) mission. In total, 174 research flights with 574 flight hours for cloud and precipitation measurements were performed with the HU-25 Falcon during three winter (February–March 2020, January–April 2021, and November 2021–March 2022) and three summer seasons (August–September 2020, May–June 2021, and May–June 2022). Here we present a statistical evaluation of 16 140 individual cloud events probed by the fast cloud droplet probe and the two-dimensional stereo cloud probe during 155 research flights in a representative and repetitive flight strategy allowing for robust statistical data analyses. We show that the vertical profiles of distributions of the liquid water content and the cloud droplet effective diameter (ED) increase with altitude in the marine boundary layer. Due to higher updraft speeds, higher cloud droplet number concentrations (Nliquid) were measured in winter compared to summer despite lower cloud condensation nucleus abundance. Flight cloud cover derived from statistical analysis of in situ data is reduced in summer and shows large variability. This seasonal contrast in cloud coverage is consistent with a dominance of a synoptic pattern in winter that favors conditions for the formation of stratiform clouds at the western edge of cyclones (post-cyclonic). In contrast, a dominant summer anticyclone is concomitant with the occurrence of shallow cumulus clouds and lower cloud coverage. The evaluation of boundary layer clouds and precipitation in the Nliquid ED phase space sheds light on liquid, mixed-phase, and ice cloud properties and helps to categorize the cloud data. Ice and liquid precipitation, often masked in cloud statistics by a high abundance of liquid clouds, is often observed throughout the cloud. The ACTIVATE in situ cloud measurements provide a wealth of cloud information useful for assessing airborne and satellite remote-sensing products, for global climate and weather model evaluations, and for dedicated process studies that address precipitation and aerosol–cloud interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tracking Aerosol Convection Experiment Air Quality (TRACER-AQ) campaign probed Houston air quality with a comprehensive suite of ground-based and airborne remote sensing measurements during the intensive operating period in September 2021. Two post-frontal high-ozone episodes (September 6-11 and 23-26) were recorded during the said period. In this study, we evaluated the simulation of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and the vertical ozone profile by a high-resolution (1.33 km) 3-D photochemical model, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-driven GEOS-Chem (WRF-GC). We contrasted the model performance between ozone-episode days and non-episode days. The model captures the diurnal variations of the PBL during ozone episodes (R = 0.72-0.77; normal mean bias (NMB) = 3%-22%) and non episode days (R = 0.88; NMB = -21%), compared with the ceilometer at La Porte. Land-water differences in PBL heights are captured better during non-episode days than episode days, compared with the airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar-2 (HSRL-2). During ozone episodes, the simulated land-water differences are 50-60 m (morning), 320-520 m (noon), and 440-560 m (afternoon) in comparison with the observed values of 190 m, 130 m, and 260 m, respectively. During non-episode days, the simulated land-water differences are 140-220 m (morning) and 360-760 m (noon) in comparison with the observed values of 210 m and 420 m, respectively. For vertical ozone distributions, the model was evaluated against vertical profile measurements from the Tropospheric Ozone lidar (TROPOZ), the HSRL-2, and ozonesondes, as well as at the surface from a model 49i ozone analyzer and a site from the Continuous Ambient Monitoring Stations (CAMS) at La Porte. The model underestimates free tropospheric ozone (2-3 km aloft) by 9%-22% but overestimates near-ground ozone (< 50 m aloft) by 6%-39% during the two ozone episodes. Boundary layer ozone (0.5-1 km aloft) is underestimated by 1%-11% during September 8-11 but overestimated by 0%-7% during September 23-26. Based on these evaluations, we identified two model limitations: the single-layer PBL representation and free tropospheric ozone underestimation. These limitations have implications for the predictivity of ozone's vertical mixing and distribution in other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate representation of aerosol optical properties is essential for modeling and remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols. Although aerosol optical properties are strongly dependent upon the aerosol size distribution, use of detailed aerosol microphysics schemes in global atmospheric models is inhibited by associated computational demands. Computationally efficient parameterizations for aerosol size are needed. In this study, airborne measurements over the United States (DISCOVER-AQ) and South Korea (KORUS-AQ) are interpreted with a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to investigate the variation in aerosol size when organic matter (OM) and sulfate-nitrate-ammonium (SNA) are the dominant aerosol components. The airborne measurements exhibit a strong correlation (r = 0.83) between dry aerosol size and the sum of OM and SNA mass concentration (MSNAOM). A global microphysical simulation (GEOS-Chem-TOMAS) indicates that MSNAOM, and the ratio between the two components (OM/SNA) are the major indicators for SNA and OM dry aerosol size. A parameterization of dry effective radius (Reff) for SNA and OM aerosol is proposed, which well represents the airborne measurements (R² = 0.74, slope = 1.00) and the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS simulation (R² = 0.72, slope = 0.81). When applied in the GEOS-Chem high-performance model, this parameterization improves the agreement between the simulated aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the ground-measured AOD from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET; R² from 0.68 to 0.73, slope from 0.75 to 34 0.96). Thus, this parameterization offers a computationally efficient method to represent aerosol size dynamically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that investigates the highly variable ozone (O3) chemistry in wildfire plumes. It mentions that exploit the in situ chemical characterization of western wildfires during the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) flight campaign. It discusses that O3 formation limited by the abundance of nitrogen oxides (NOx).