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Several studies have shown the effects of that physical exercise can improve cognitive function.1

ABSTRACT. The immediate early gene exhibits activation markers in the nervous system consisting of ARC, EGR-1, and c-Fos and is related to synaptic plasticity, especially in the hippocampus. Immediate early gene expression is affected by physical exercise, which induces direct ARC, EGR-1, and c-Fos expression. Objective: To assess the impact of exercise, we conducted a literature study to determine the expression levels of immediate early genes (ARC, c-Fos, and EGR-1). Methods: The databases accessed for online literature included PubMed-Medline, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The original English articles were selected using the following keywords in the title: (Exercise OR physical activity) AND (c-Fos) AND (Hippocampus), (Exercise OR physical activity) AND (ARC) AND (Hippocampus), (Exercise OR physical activity) AND (EGR-1 OR zif268) AND (Hippocampus). Results: Physical exercise can affect the expression of EGR-1, c-Fos, and ARC in the hippocampus, an important part of the brain involved in learning and memory. High-intensity physical exercise can increase c-Fos expression, indicating neural activation. Furthermore, the expression of the ARC gene also increases due to physical exercise. ARC is a gene that plays a role in synaptic plasticity and regulation of learning and memory, changes in synaptic structure and increased synaptic connections, while EGR-1 also plays a role in synaptic plasticity, a genetic change that affects learning and memory. Overall, exercise or regular physical exercise can increase the expression of ARC, c-Fos, and EGR-1 in the hippocampus. This reflects the changes in neuroplasticity and synaptic plasticity that occur in response to physical activity. These changes can improve cognitive function, learning, and memory. Conclusion: c-Fos, EGR-1, and ARC expression increases in hippocampal neurons after exercise, enhancing synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis associated with learning and memory.

Many adolescents have insufficient physical activity. Regular physical activity from young age can improve health and fitness. Getting regular exercise and eating healthy diet should be encouraged among kids and teenagers to prevent various diseases in adulthood and old age, such as osteoporosis and fractures. When exercising, a prescription is needed that is tailored to each individual abilities. The intensity of exercise will be different for each individual in accordance with their age, physiological function, genetics, economic status, and previous comorbid diseases. There is no standardised exercise prescription proven to increase bone mineral density in adolescents. Based on the above description, a study was conducted on the provision of different intensity exercise and its effect on bone morphology and density. In this study, male Wistar rats, aged 15–16 weeks (body weight ± 250-350 grams; n = 20), were split into 4 groups, namely control group, low intensity exercise group, moderate intensity exercise group, and high intensity exercise group. All groups were receiving intervention for 8 weeks. Then, the rats were sacrificed and the femoral bones were isolated. Femur weight and femur length was checked. Bone density was examined using X-Ray and calculated by statistical tests. Research was conducted in the Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran. There were significant differences of femur weight between high intensity exercise group and control and low intensity exercise groups (p 0.05). Moderate and high intensity exercises significantly increased femur length as opposed to control and low intensity exercise groups (p 0.05). Bone density was higher in moderate and high intensity exercise groups (p 0.05). Moderate to high intensity exercise can increase bone health, seen from significances of bone morphology analysis and a higher density compared to low intensity exercise.

Background: Cardioembolic stroke is a category of ischemic stroke that manifests more severe, is prone to recurrence, and is related to a higher mortality rate than the other categories of ischemic stroke. Anticoagulant therapy is recommended in cardioembolic stroke, both for primary and secondary prevention. Objective: The objective of this study is to understand the pattern of anticoagulant therapy in cardioembolic stroke patients admitted at Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. Methods: The methodology of this study uses retrospective descriptive cross-sectional and use data from medical records collected during January 2015 to December 2020 at Neurology Department of Hasan Sadikin General Hospital with total sampling method. The inclusion criteria were cardioembolic stroke patients that received anticoagulant therapy. Anticoagulant therapy was stratified into Warfarin and New Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) which consist of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and edoxaban. To assess stroke severity outcome between warfarin and NOACs we use the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) Score. Results: From the 162 cardioembolic stroke patients, the most common oral anticoagulant used was warfarin (90.12%), followed by dabigatran (4.94%), rivaroxaban (3.70%), and edoxaban (1.23%). Only 1 (0.62%) patient who experienced complications from anticoagulant therapy, the complication was non-major bleeding and occurred in warfarin users. Both warfarin and NOACs mainly had NIHSS on discharge in a moderate category with the mean of NIHSS 7.615 and 7.276 for warfarin and NOACs respectively. Conclusion: Warfarin is the most common oral anticoagulant used for cardioembolic stroke based on this study. Both warfarin and NOACs groups have similar stroke severity outcomes measured by NIHSS on discharge and NOACs have lower incidence of bleeding compared to warfarin group.

Introduction. Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), which are members of the Moringaceae family, are one of the herbal plants that are widely known in Indonesia. Phytochemical contents of moringa leaf, such as flavonoid, quercetin, and phenolic acid, are believed to have an effect on improvement of NAFLD. Therefore, moringa leaf is considered as one the herbal plants that can be used as supplementation in the form of adjuvant therapy to NAFLD. The study objective of our research is to review the effect of giving moringa leaf to the liver, especially the histopathologic features. This study will be conducted on literature review research design, more specifically in the form of a systematic review. Research Method. Five major electronic web databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, were used in identifying literature from 2014 to 2023. Results. From a comprehensive analysis of 13 relevant literature sources, we elucidate the impact of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on liver histopathology, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, we provide insights into its safety profile concerning human health. Conclusion. The phytochemical content of Moringa oleifera leaf extract had shown a significant benefit in plant medicinal sector. From the research that had been done, Moringa oleifera leaf extract contributes to give significant improvement on liver histopathological features, glucose, and lipid metabolism on animal sample model.

Sedentary lifestyle can cause the accumulation of energy reserves in the form of lipids in white adipose cells. Lifestyle modification by means of exercise is done to reduce fat reserves in white adipose tissue (WAT). This study aims to determine the effect of exercise in various intensities on the histological changes of white adipose cells. Research method exploratory with Federer formula to determine the number of samples carried out. Using 28 Wistar rats located at the Central Laboratory of Padjadjran University, Sumedang from May to June 2022. The data taken were the average diameter ± standard error (SEM) of the inguinal white adipose cells of the experimental rats. Data analysis using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS v.28 software. Of the 28 samples studied, only 25 samples met the inclusion criteria. Group K is 0.15% (p = 0.024) greater than P2, and 0.25% (p 0.001) is greater than P3. The P1 group had a value of 0.17% (p = 0.025) greater than P3. Moderate and vigorous exercise can be used to reduce the size of white adipose cells. While low-intensity exercise is considered ineffective. Further research can be carried out to assess changes in white adipose cells based on exercise intensity from other sides besides their morphology.

We synthesised and biologically evaluated two new hybrid probes [131I]BPF-01 and [131I]BPF-02 which were built from three structural entities: benzothiazole-phenyl, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and iodine-131. These probes were designed for potential applications in assisting surgical procedures of solid cancers. The cytotoxicity study demonstrated that fluorescent probes BPF-01 (31.23 μg/mL) and BPF-02 (250 μg/mL) were relatively not toxic to normal immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells, as indicated by the percentage of cell survival above 50 %. Furthermore, both probes displayed low to moderate anticancer activity against the breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and prostate cancer cells (LNCaP and DU-145). The probe BPF-01 apparently showed an accumulation in the tumour tissues, as suggested by ex vivo fluorescence examinations. In addition, the cellular uptake study suggests that hybrid probe [131I]-BPF-01 was potentially accumulated in the MCF-7 cell line with the highest uptake of 16.11 ± 1.52 % after 2 h of incubation, approximately 50-fold higher than the accumulation of iodine-131 (control). The magnetic bead assay suggests that [131I]-BPF-02 and [131I]-BPF-02 showed a promising capability to interact with translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). Moreover, the computational data showed that the binding scores for ligands 7–8, BPF-01 and BPF-02, and [131I]-BPF-01 and [131I]-BPF-02 in the TSPO were considerably high. Accordingly, fluorescent probes BPF-01 and BPF-02, and hybrid probes [131I]BPF-01 and [131I]BPF-02 can be further developed for targeting cancer cells during intraoperative tumour surgery.

Background: One of the main problems of the Citarum River is the contamination of E. coli due to livestock activities, washing toilets, and industry. In addition, irrational use of antibiotics in the community and livestock can increase E. coli resistant strains to antibiotics. This study aimed to identify the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli strains in Citarum river clusters, namely industrial, livestock, and residential clusters. Methods: This was a descriptive study. A sample of 100 mL surface water from each Citarum cluster. Culture, antibiotic sensitivity test, and PCR to identify blaCTX-M-15 gene carriers of ESBL E. coli were carried out in the sample. Results: There were 37 isolates of E. coli, with 24% of these isolates showing MDR properties, which can be found in industrial, livestock, and residential clusters at 13%, 8%, and 3% respectively. The most E. coli-resistant antibiotics found in these samples were ampicillin (45%), followed by tetracycline (37%), and azithromycin (29%). The PCR examination did not find the blaCTX-M-15 gene carrying ESBL properties in all three Citarum river clusters. Conclusion: The presence of E. coli isolates in each Citarum river cluster suggests the occurrence of river pollution due to animal, human or industrial waste. Therefore, it is necessary to make better government regulations regarding sanitation and education for the surrounding community regarding the importance of keeping the river clean.

Abstract Specific exercise intensities could improve lung vascular function by increasing nitric oxide (NO). The ACE2/MasR/eNOS axis is one of the pathways facilitating NO synthesis. This study examines the effect of different intensities of aerobic training on the ACE2/MasR/eNOS axis and histology of lung muscular arteries. Male Wistar rats were used in this study and randomized into control and exercise groups receiving low‐, moderate‐, and high‐intensity training. The training was conducted for 30 min daily, five times a week, for 8 weeks. We observed that different exercise intensities affect the ACE2/MasR/eNOS pathway differently. Compared to control, high‐intensity aerobic exercise significantly increased ACE2, Mas receptor (MasR), and eNOS mRNA expressions (p

Selenium (Se) deficiency is associated with certain abnormalities, such as Keshan disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), viral infections, infertility, immune system abnormalities, metabolic diseases, neurological disorders, and growth retardation. Its antioxidant properties are integrated into various selenoenzymes, mainly glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (Trx). These selenoenzymes act as a protective mechanism to prevent oxidative stress-induced cellular injury, regulate DNA transcription, and cell proliferation. Decreased levels of antioxidants induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation resulting in loss of mitochondrial structure and function. The antioxidant properties of selenium could depress ROS and modulates autophagy by interfering initiation of autophagy and phagophore formation. Inhibition at the initiation stage not only involves mTOR and AMPK, an autophagy-related regulators, but also autophagy markers, including Beclin 1, Atg5, LC3, and p62; thus, phagophore and autophagosome are not formed. This review will discuss the role of selenium in modulating autophagy in various organs.

Objective(s): This study aims to explore the effect of mitoTEMPOL on histopathology, lipid droplet, and mitophagy gene expression of Wistar rat’s liver after injection of streptozotocin (STZ).Materials and Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Control (n=5); 100 mg/kg BW/day mitoTEMPOL orally (n=5); 50 mg/kg BW STZ intraperitoneal injection (n=5); and mitoTEMPOL+STZ (n=5). STZ was given a single dose, while mitoTEMPOL was given for 5 weeks after 1 week of STZ injection. Histopathological appearance, lipid droplets, mitophagy, and autophagy gene expression were examined after the mitoTEMPOL treatment. Results: We found metabolic zone shifting that might be correlated with the liver activity of fatty acid oxidation in the STZ group, a decrease of lipid droplets in mitoTEMPOL and mitoTEMPOL + STZ compared with Control and STZ groups were found in this study. We also found significant changes in PINK1, Parkin, BNIP3, Mfn1, and LC3 gene expression, but no difference in Opa1, Fis1, Drp1, and p62 gene expression, suggesting a change of mitochondrial fusion rather than mitochondrial fission correlated with mitophagy.Conclusion: All this concluded that mitoTEMPOL could act as a modulator of mitophagy and metabolic function of the liver, thus amplifying its crucial role in preventing mitochondrial damage in the liver in the early onset of diabetes mellitus.

Highlight: • AKT or protein kinase B increase protein synthesis and control the degradation of proteins. • Satellite cells was provided remarkable ability to regenerate skeletal muscle. • Stimulation of protein synthesis is effective therapy to maintain muscle mass, prevent muscle wasting to reduce risk sarcopenia and improve quality of life in the elderly. Abstract: Muscles have an important role as a regulator of glucose and triglyceride metabolism. Some researches show the correlation between skeletal muscle mass and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Skeletal muscle mass decrease occurs due to chronic illness or physiological process of aging, thus increasing the risk of metabolic diseases as well as motion difficulty in the elderly. Skeletal muscle mass depends on balanced protein synthesis and degradation, controlled through a variety of signal transduction pathways including the AKT. AKT or protein kinase B increases protein synthesis through the mTOR and GSK3β and controls the degradation of proteins through FoxO transcription factors. Another factor that has an alleged role in the regulation of skeletal muscle is the satellite cells which provide remarkable ability to regenerate skeletal muscle. A comprehensive understanding of the biomolecular mechanism of muscle mass regulation is important to develop effective treatment or prevention of muscle atrophy in many cases, either caused by pathological conditions, such as chronic diseases, or the process of aging.

The high incidence of breast cancer cases in the world requires the use of applicative methods. The 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced breast cancer animal model is a widely used chemical-induced animal models for research on breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanism related to DMBA induction remains unclear. Good understanding on DMBA-induced animal models is crucial for studies related to future breast cancer treatments as animal models will provide a deeper understanding of anticancer medication, specifically those aimed for treating breast cancer. The aim of this study was to develop an DMBA-induced animal model for breast cancer. This study used female Wistar rats injected subcutaneously with DMBA as a carcinogen-induced agent (20 mg/kg) to induce tumor. Rat tumors were then evaluated and breast appearance was observed weekly, starting from day 28th after DMBA injection. Breast cancer tissue was then sampled and stored at -80°C until it was used for western blot and histological study. This study indicated that DMBA induced cancer in female Wistar rat’s breasts, and cytoplastic cells and lung metastatic was identified macroscopically and histopathologically. The metabolic sign was observed in the lung and breast sections. Interestingly, the DMBA induction in this study does not only induce organ cancers but also induces estrogen receptors and stimulates signaling of estrogen receptors α (ERα), ERβ, and Akt.

The incidence rate is directly proportional to the incidence of obesity or overweight and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Garcinia is a plant that has been proven empirically, preclinically, and clinically to have activities for the avoidance and treatment of metabolic syndrome and on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology caused by the disease. The aim of this study is to create a discussion and summarize information regarding the activity or usefulness of the Garcinia plant. This review article was based on the published journals obtained from Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed databases using the keywords Garcinia obesity, Garcinia overweight, and Garcinia metabolic syndrome. Garcinia had many activities related to metabolic syndrome because it was able to reduce body fat mass, blood sugar level, body weight, total cholesterol, and triglyceride level. These activities were mediated by numerous apparatuses of feat together with a reserve of fatty acid synthase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and several other enzymes and pathways associated with the metabolic syndrome. Garcinia plant was able to be used as a candidate for a new herbal that had a good effect in treating metabolic syndrome in future.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate: the difference of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) level, a biomarker for cardiac remodeling and echocardiography parameters value prior to and 1 month after implantation; and the association between pacemaker parameters and pacemaker mode along with delta sST2 levels. Materials & methods: This prospective cohort study enrolled all symptomatic bradycardia patients aged >18 years with preserved ejection fraction who underwent permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation. Results: A total of 49 patients were included in this study. The sST2 level (ng/ml) were significantly different between prior and 1 month following PPM implantation (23.4 ± 28.4 vs 39.9 ± 63.7; p = 0.001). Conclusion: The early cardiac remodeling has occurred within 1 month after PPM implantation as indicated by increasing delta sST2 level.

BackgroundRecent investigations suggest that premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) during an exercise test are associated with an elevated risk of mortality in asymptomatic individuals. However, given the small number of studies included, the association between these two entities in the asymptomatic population remains obscure. Our aim was to evaluate this matter.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing several online databases up to April 2022. The study comprised cohort studies examining the relationship between exercise-induced premature ventricular complexes (EI-PVCs) and all-cause mortality (ACM) as well as cardiovascular mortality (CVM) in asymptomatic populations. To provide diagnostic values across the statistically significant parameters, we additionally calculated sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC).ResultsA total of 13 studies consisting of 82,161 patients with a mean age of 49.3 years were included. EI-PVCs were linked to an increased risk of ACM (risk ratio (RR) = 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.18–1.42); p < 0.001; I2 = 59.6%, p-heterogeneity < 0.001) and CVM (RR = 1.67 (95% CI = 1.40–1.99); p < 0.001; I2 = 7.5%, p-heterogeneity = 0.373). Subgroup analysis based on the frequency of PVCs revealed that frequent PVCs were similarly related to a higher risk of ACM and CVM, but not infrequent PVCs. Moreover, diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis showed that recovery phase EI-PVCs have a higher overall specificity than exercise phase EI-PVCs regarding our outcomes of interest.ConclusionEI-PVCs are correlated with a higher risk of ACM and CVM. When compared to the exercise phase, the specificity of PVCs generated during the recovery period in predicting interest outcomes is higher. As a result, we propose that the exercise ECG be utilized on a regular basis in middle-aged asymptomatic individuals to measure the frequency of PVCs and stratify the risk of mortality.Systematic review registration[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=328852], identifier [CRD42022328852].

IntroductionRisk stratification in Brugada Syndrome (BrS) patients is still challenging due to the heterogeneity of clinical presentation; thus, some additional risk markers are needed. Several studies investigating the association between RVOT conduction delay sign on electrocardiography (ECG) and major arrhythmic events (MAE) in BrS patients showed inconclusive results. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the association between RVOT conduction delay signs presented by aVR sign and large S wave in lead I, and MAE in BrS patients.MethodsThe literature search was performed using several online databases from the inception to March 16th, 2022. We included studies consisting of two main components, including ECG markers of RVOT conduction delay (aVR sign and large S wave in lead I) and MAE related to BrS (syncope/VT/VF/SCD/aborted SCD/appropriate ICD shocks)ResultsMeta-analysis of eleven cohort studies with a total of 2,575 participants showed RVOT conduction delay sign was significantly associated with MAE in BrS patients [RR = 1.87 (1.35, 2.58); p < 0.001; I2= 52%, Pheterogeneity = 0.02]. Subgroup analysis showed that aVR sign [RR = 2.00 (1.42, 2.83); p < 0.001; I2= 0%, Pheterogeneity = 0.40] and large S wave in lead I [RR = 1.74 (1.11, 2.71); p = 0.01; I2= 60%, Pheterogeneity = 0.01] were significantly associated with MAE. Summary receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed the aVR sign [AUC: 0.77 (0.73–0.80)] and large S wave in lead I [AUC: 0.69 (0.65–0.73)] were a good predictor of MAE in BrS patients.ConclusionRVOT conduction delay sign, presented by aVR sign and large S wave in the lead I, is significantly associated with an increased risk of MAE in BrS patients. Hence, we propose that these parameters may be useful as an additional risk stratification tool to predict MAE in BrS patients.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails, identifier: CRD42022321090.

The non-classical role of vitamin D has been investigated in recent decades. One of which is related to its role in skeletal muscle. Satellite cells are skeletal muscle stem cells that play a pivotal role in skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. This systematic review aims to investigate the effect of vitamin D on satellite cells. A systematic search was performed in Scopus, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. In vivo studies assessing the effect of vitamin D on satellite cells, published in English in the last ten years were included. Thirteen in vivo studies were analyzed in this review. Vitamin D increases the proliferation of satellite cells in the early life period. In acute muscle injury, vitamin D deficiency reduces satellite cells differentiation. However, administering high doses of vitamin D impairs skeletal muscle regeneration. Vitamin D may maintain satellite cell quiescence and prevent spontaneous differentiation in aging. Supplementation of vitamin D ameliorates decreased satellite cells’ function in chronic disease. Overall, evidence suggests that vitamin D affects satellite cells’ function in maintaining skeletal muscle homeostasis. Further research is needed to determine the most appropriate dose of vitamin D supplementation in a specific condition for the optimum satellite cells’ function.

Diabetic retinopathy leads to retinal malfunction, blindness, and reduced quality of life in adult diabetes patients. The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation stimulated by high blood glucose levels opens the opportunity for ROS modulator agents such as MitoTEMPOL. This study aims to explore the effect of MitoTEMPOL on ROS balance that may be correlated with retinal vascularization pattern, autophagy, and apoptosis in a streptozotocin-induced rat model. Four groups of male Wistar rats (i.e., control, TEMPOL (100 mg/kg body weight [BW]), diabetic (streptozotocin, 50 mg/kg BW single dose), and diabetic + TEMPOL; n = 5 for each group) were used in the study. MitoTEMPOL was given for 5 weeks, followed by funduscopy, and gene and protein expression were explored from the rat’s retina. Streptozotocin injection decreased bodyweight and increased food and water intake, as well as fasting blood glucose. The results showed that MitoTEMPOL reduced retinal vascularization pattern and decreased superoxide dismutase gene expression and protein carbonyl, caspase 3, and caspase 9 protein levels. A modulation of autophagy in diabetes that was reversed in the diabetic + TEMPOL group was found. In conclusion, MitoTEMPOL modulation on autophagy and apoptosis contributes to its role as a potent antioxidant to prevent diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting ROS-induced retinal vascularization patterns.