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Bacterial flagella and type IV pili (TFP) are surface appendages that enable motility and mechanosensing through distinct mechanisms. These structures were previously thought to have no components in common. Here, we report that TFP and some flagella share proteins PilO, PilN, and PilM, which we identified as part of the Helicobacter pylori flagellar motor. H. pylori mutants lacking PilO or PilN migrated better than wild type in semisolid agar because they continued swimming rather than aggregated into microcolonies, mimicking the TFP-regulated surface response. Like their TFP homologs, flagellar PilO/PilN heterodimers formed a peripheral cage that encircled the flagellar motor. These results indicate that PilO and PilN act similarly in flagella and TFP by differentially regulating motility and microcolony formation when bacteria encounter surfaces.

Abstract The livestock sector emits harmful gases and bioaerosols, impacting animals, plants, and human health. Ventilation systems in livestock buildings disperse polluted air, affecting nearby air quality depending on the wind patterns and atmospheric stability. Understanding pollutant emission and transmission is crucial for environmental mitigation. This study focuses on fine dust dispersion from dairy cattle buildings. Chemical and microscopic analyses were conducted to identify the cattle barn dust sources. Particle mass emissions were quantified by measuring particle mass concentrations and air volume flow using the tracer gas decay method. Seasonal and daily effects on dust emissions were studied. Remarkably, particle emissions remained below prescribed values in Germany. Additionally, particle transmission, including resuspension and adsorption parameters, was investigated using a developed wind tunnel. Resuspension measurements revealed minimal resuspended particle mass due to low ground wind speeds. Notably, wheat, as a model plant, exhibited high adsorption rates, which increased with particle size. Overall, the findings for resuspension and adsorption parameters provide an initial database for understanding fine dust transmission from cattle barns.

Aims: While internet search engines have been the primary information source for patients’ questions, artificial intelligence large language models like ChatGPT are trending towards becoming the new primary source. The purpose of this study was to determine if ChatGPT can answer patient questions about total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA) with consistent accuracy, comprehensiveness, and easy readability. Methods: We posed the 20 most Google-searched questions about THA and TKA, plus ten additional postoperative questions, to ChatGPT. Each question was asked twice to evaluate for consistency in quality. Following each response, we responded with, “Please explain so it is easier to understand,” to evaluate ChatGPT’s ability to reduce response reading grade level, measured as Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL). Five resident physicians rated the 120 responses on 1 to 5 accuracy and comprehensiveness scales. Additionally, they answered a “yes” or “no” question regarding acceptability. Mean scores were calculated for each question, and responses were deemed acceptable if ≥ four raters answered “yes.” Results: The mean accuracy and comprehensiveness scores were 4.26 (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.19 to 4.33) and 3.79 (95% CI 3.69 to 3.89), respectively. Out of all the responses, 59.2% (71/120; 95% CI 50.0% to 67.7%) were acceptable. ChatGPT was consistent when asked the same question twice, giving no significant difference in accuracy (t = 0.821; p = 0.415), comprehensiveness (t = 1.387; p = 0.171), acceptability (χ2 = 1.832; p = 0.176), and FKGL (t = 0.264; p = 0.793). There was a significantly lower FKGL (t = 2.204; p = 0.029) for easier responses (11.14; 95% CI 10.57 to 11.71) than original responses (12.15; 95% CI 11.45 to 12.85). Conclusion: ChatGPT answered THA and TKA patient questions with accuracy comparable to previous reports of websites, with adequate comprehensiveness, but with limited acceptability as the sole information source. ChatGPT has potential for answering patient questions about THA and TKA, but needs improvement. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(2):139–146.

Abstract Background Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) can be generated from various somatic cells and can subsequently be differentiated to multiple cell types of the body. This makes them highly promising for cellular therapy in regenerative medicine. However, to facilitate their clinical use and to ensure safety, iPS culturing protocols must be compliant with good manufacturing practice guidelines and devoid of xenogenic products. Therefore, we aimed to compare the efficiency of using humanized culture conditions, specifically human platelet lysate to fetal bovine serum, for iPS generation from different sources, and to evaluate their stemness. Methods iPS were generated via a platelet lysate or fetal bovine serum-based culturing protocol from matched dermal, buccal and gingival human fibroblasts, isolated from healthy donors (n = 2) after informed consent, via episomal plasmid transfection. Pluripotency, genotype and phenotype of iPS, generated by both protocols, were then assessed by various methods. Results More attempts were generally required to successfully reprogram xeno-free fibroblasts to iPS, as compared to xenogenic cultured fibroblasts. Furthermore, oral fibroblasts generally required more attempts for successful iPS generation as opposed to dermal fibroblasts. Morphologically, all iPS generated from fibroblasts formed tight colonies surrounded by a reflective “whitish” outer rim, typical for iPS. They also expressed pluripotency markers at both gene (SOX2, OCT4, NANOG) and protein level (SOX2, OCT4). Upon stimulation, all iPS showed ability to differentiate into the three primary germ layers via expression of lineage-specific markers for mesoderm (MESP1, OSR1, HOPX), endoderm (GATA4) and ectoderm (PAX6, RAX). Genome analysis revealed several amplifications and deletions within the chromosomes of each iPS type. Conclusions The xeno-free protocol had a lower reprogramming efficiency compared to the standard xenogenic protocol. The oral fibroblasts generally proved to be more difficult to reprogram than dermal fibroblasts. Xeno-free dermal, buccal and gingival fibroblasts can successfully generate iPS with a comparable genotype/phenotype to their xenogenic counterparts.

Background: Research efforts can produce practice-changing results with widespread implications for patient care. While critical to the advancement of the field, such efforts do not often provide direct compensation. However, a researcher’s academic productivity may facilitate industry relationships, either as the impetus for the affiliation or a result of collaboration. Methods: Queries of the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services publicly available Open Payments System allowed for extraction of industry compensation data for orthopedic surgeons in 7 categories, including royalties and licensing fees, consulting fees, gifts, honoria, and 3 unique speaking fees delineations. This system identifies physicians by taxonomy identifications; however, Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services does not have a unique code for shoulder and elbow surgeons. Therefore, identification of shoulder and elbow surgeons proceeded utilizing the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) society 2019 membership directory. Cross-referencing this membership list with extracted Open Payments data provided industry funding information for all ASES members. Physicians then underwent an academic productivity assessment. Queries of Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar User Profile databases provided the Hirsch index (h-index) and m-index for each surgeon. Bivariate and multivariate analyses produced statistical results. Results: From 2016 to 2020, 631,130, 158, and 72 ASES members earned mean annual industry compensation $100,000, respectively. Royalties (91.5%) predominated in the top earning group, compared with consulting fees (58.0%, 55.0%) in the 2 middle-tier groups. H-index and m-index correlated positively with total compensation (h-index: r = 0.18, P $100,000) had higher h-index and m-index scores than either intermediate ($1001-$10,000, $10,001-$100,000) or lowest (

Summary:. Pelvic ring injuries typically occur from high-energy trauma and are often associated with multisystem injuries. Prompt diagnosis of pelvic ring injuries is essential, and timely initial management is critical in the early resuscitation of polytraumatized patients. Definitive management of pelvic ring injuries continues to be a topic of much debate in the trauma community. Recent studies continue to inform our understanding of static and dynamic pelvic ring stability. Furthermore, literature investigating radiographic and clinical outcomes after nonoperative and operative management will help guide trauma surgeons select the most appropriate treatment of patients with these injuries.

Policy of British Administration in South Sudan 1922-1955 Profi Dr Hassan Rekan Chalaf- Al.Iraqia_Universily_College of Ar Prof.Dr. Abdul Satar Ji'eger Abd- Al-Anbar University.college of Edu British Administration in South Sudan followed apolicy aims to abrupt the preparing isolation, it took. advantage of the bad situation, which Southermems Suffered like the ignorance and deprivation of all life's aspects, the administration cooperated with foreign missionaries that Came South unity of Nationdl line with the Sons of the north in especially the British ones to implement that policy, that aimed to isolate South Sudan From its North. British, Administration Followed the path of British Government iself, it initiatel the encbsed societies that prevented the Comunications betwey. the northe South, thas missionaries played akey node in seperating instead of practicCing its true role which is the contribution of developing South Sudan and enhance servicos to its people, Hence, choosing the title Came to Shad light Administration on the nature of policy followed by the British in the Sauth and the start back to 1922 by issuing the Law of endlosed Areas to isolate South From north, it ended in 1955 were mutiny took pace in southern Sudan, and thatwas one of the results of that policy, reserchs chapters would clarify this clearly.

ABSTRACT A major source of pseudomonad-specialized metabolites is the nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) assembling siderophores and lipopeptides. Cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) of the Mycin and Peptin families are frequently associated with, but not restricted to, phytopathogenic species. We conducted an in silico analysis of the NRPSs encoded by lipopeptide biosynthetic gene clusters in nonpathogenic Pseudomonas genomes, covering 13 chemically diversified families. This global assessment of lipopeptide production capacity revealed it to be confined to the Pseudomonas fluorescens lineage, with most strains synthesizing a single type of CLP. Whereas certain lipopeptide families are specific for a taxonomic subgroup, others are found in distant groups. NRPS activation domain-guided peptide predictions enabled reliable family assignments, including identification of novel members. Focusing on the two most abundant lipopeptide families (Viscosin and Amphisin), a portion of their uncharted diversity was mapped, including characterization of two novel Amphisin family members (nepenthesin and oakridgin). Using NMR fingerprint matching, known Viscosin-family lipopeptides were identified in 15 (type) species spread across different taxonomic groups. A bifurcate genomic organization predominates among Viscosin-family producers and typifies Xantholysin-, Entolysin-, and Poaeamide-family producers but most families feature a single NRPS gene cluster embedded between cognate regulator and transporter genes. The strong correlation observed between NRPS system phylogeny and rpoD-based taxonomic affiliation indicates that much of the structural diversity is linked to speciation, providing few indications of horizontal gene transfer. The grouping of most NRPS systems in four superfamilies based on activation domain homology suggests extensive module dynamics driven by domain deletions, duplications, and exchanges. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas species are prominent producers of lipopeptides that support proliferation in a multitude of environments and foster varied lifestyles. By genome mining of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) with lipopeptide-specific organization, we mapped the global Pseudomonas lipopeptidome and linked its staggering diversity to taxonomy of the producers, belonging to different groups within the major Pseudomonas fluorescens lineage. Activation domain phylogeny of newly mined lipopeptide synthetases combined with previously characterized enzymes enabled assignment of predicted BGC products to specific lipopeptide families. In addition, novel peptide sequences were detected, showing the value of substrate specificity analysis for prioritization of BGCs for further characterization. NMR fingerprint matching proved an excellent tool to unequivocally identify multiple lipopeptides bioinformatically assigned to the Viscosin family, by far the most abundant one in Pseudomonas and with stereochemistry of all its current members elucidated. In-depth analysis of activation domains provided insight into mechanisms driving lipopeptide structural diversification.

Abstract Background No doubt that the corpus luteum (CL) plays a vital role in the regulation of female cyclicity in mammals. The scenarios among microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target genes and steroid hormones {estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4)} are required for better understanding the molecular regulation of CL during its formation, maturation, and regression. We aimed to (I) study the changes in the relative abundance of miR-205, miR-26a-5p, miR-17-5p, and let-7b-5p and their target genes: LHCGR, CASP3, PCNA, AMH, and PLA2G3, during different stages of corpus luteum in Egyptian buffaloes, and (II) and to address different scenarios between steroid concentrations in the serum and the expression pattern of selected miRNAs and their targets. Methods The paired ovaries and blood samples were collected from apparently healthy 50 buffalo cows at a private abattoir. The ovaries bearing CL were macroscopically divided according to their morphological structure and color into hemorrhagic (CLH), developing (CLD), mature (CLM), regressed (CLR), and albicans (CLA). Small pieces from different stages of CL (CLH, CLD, CLM, CLR, and CLA) were cut and immediately kept at − 80 °C for total RNA isolation and qRT-PCR. The serum was separated for steroid level estimation. Results The LHCGR was expressed during different stages of CL, and the peak of expression was at the mid-luteal stage. The CASP3 revealed a stage-specific response at different stages of CL. The PCNA has an essential role in cellular proliferation in buffaloes CL. Both expression patterns of PLA2G3 and AMH were found over the various developmental and regression stages. It was noticed that miR-205 is conserved to target LHCGR and CASP3 transcripts. Moreover, CASP3 and AMH were targeted via miR-26a-5p. Additionally, the CASP3 and PLA2G3 were targeted via let-7b-5p. The P4 level reached its peak during CLM. There were positive and negative strong correlations between miRNAs (miR-26a-5p and miR-205), target genes (LHCGR and CASP3) during different stages of CL, and steroid hormones in the serum. Conclusions Taken together, the orchestrated pattern among miRNAs, target genes, and steroid hormones is essential for maintaining the proper development and function of CL in buffalo cows.

Using either brackish or saline water is one of the most critical and serious problem in cultivation of ornamental shrubs in Mediterranean areas. So, an investigation was performed during 2021 and 2022 seasons to reveal the tolerance of Brazilian cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) transplants to salinity of irrigation water. The applied doses of natural Siwa halite for water salinization were 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 g L-1 under the Egyptian climatic conditions. The results indicated that mean values of survival rate were gradually decreased by increasing the salinity level to be 58.33 and 70.0 % in the seasons, respectively after applying 10.0 g L-1. Similarly, were the mean values of vegetative and root growth parameters, which linearly decreased with increasing applied salinity dose up to 10.0 g L-1, with exception for 2.0 and 4.0 g L-1 ones which significantly improved values of most growth traits in most cases of both seasons. Also, salinized water at 6.0 g L-1 recorded better results compared to the control in some characters either in the first or in the second season. The same trend was observed for the results of leaf chemical composition, with the exception of K, Na, Cl and proline contents, which recorded a progressive increase with the gradual increase in applied salinity level ranged from 2 to 3 folds comparing with the control. The salt resistance index percentages were also improved by both 2.0 and 4.0 g L-1 saline water treatments, but significantly declined afterwards to reach 81.5 and 73.7 % by 10.0 g L-1, showing the high ability of such plant to cope with high salt stress. Accordingly, under conditions of fresh water rarity, it could be recommended irrigation of Brazilian cherry transplants using saline water up to 6.0 g L-1 dose to keep quality and decorative value of such plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. Extraarticular fractures of the distal tibia can present as difficult but manageable lower extremity injuries. Historically, these injuries have been fixed in a myriad of ways. Early management with intramedullary nailing had higher complication rates due to the unique anatomical and biomechanical features of the distal tibia. Modern improvements in intramedullary nailing surgical techniques and implant design have significantly decreased complication rates and led to improvement in patient outcomes. Many surgeons protect weight bearing postoperatively, but recent literature suggests that patients may safely weight bear immediately following intramedullary fixation. This article reviews technique and implant design changes that have facilitated immediate safe weight bearing following intramedullary nailing of extraarticular distal tibia fractures.