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Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) restores a balanced intestinal flora, which helps to cure recurrent Clostridium difficile infections (RCDI). FMT has also been used to treat other gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and chronic constipation, as well as a variety of non-GI disorders. The purpose of this review is to discuss gut microbiota and FMT treatment of GI and non-GI diseases. An imbalanced gut microbiota is known to predispose one to Clostridium difficile infections (CDI), IBD, and IBS. However, the complex role of the gut microbiota in maintaining health is a newer concept that is being increasingly studied. The microbiome plays a major role in cellular immunity and metabolism and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of non-GI autoimmune diseases, chronic fatigue syndrome, obesity, and even some neuropsychiatric disorders. Many recent studies have reported that viral gastroenteritis can affect intestinal epithelial cells, and SARS-CoV-2 virus has been identified in the stool of infected patients. FMT is a highly effective cure for RCDI, but a better understanding of the gut microbiota in maintaining health and controlled studies of FMT in a variety of conditions are needed before FMT can be accepted and used clinically.

Introduction: Linezolid (LNZ) is an effective antibiotic to treat patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment failure. M. tuberculosis strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin are defined as MDR-TB. In recent years, resistance to LNZ among MDR-TB cases has been reported in several different countries. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the prevalence of LNZ resistance among MDR-TB isolates.Methods: The databases of Embase, PubMed/Medline, and Web of Science were searched systematically from January 2000 to April 2021. Statistical analyses were performed by using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Heterogeneity was reported by using the t-squared statistic and Q-statistic. Begg’s rank correlation in combination with the funnel plot were used to evaluate any possible publication bias.Results: In total, 25 studies were selected for meta-analysis from 14 different countries; the majority was from China (n = 5) and Turkey (n = 4). Moreover, 7,366 patients were infected with MDR M. tuberculosis. Among the study population, 98 patients were co-infected with HIV, and 18 patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Furthermore, 28 cases had diabetes, and139 cases were alcohol abuser. Overall, 4,956 MDR M. tuberculosis strains were isolated from TB patients. The pooled frequency of LNZ resistance among the clinical isolates of MDR M. tuberculosis was 4.2% (95%). Begg’s (p = 0.72) test showed no evidence of publication bias.Conclusion: LNZ resistance among MDR M. tuberculosis isolates is increasing. On the other hand, long-term treatment of MDR-TB cases with LNZ alone is associated with several adverse effects. Thus, it is recommended that newer anti-TB drugs, including bedaquiline and delamanid, in combination with linezolid could increase its effectiveness and decrease toxicities. However, more studies should be done in this field.

The present study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the short form of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale developed by Gmel et al. (2019) among students in Tehran.Methods: This transcultural adaptation and psychometric study was carried out on 760 students from Tehran during the academic year 2021-2022, selected through convenience sampling, with 712 questionnaires deemed analyzable. the Compulsive Internet Use Scale developed by Gmel et al. (2019) comprising 8 self-report items employed. The psychometric characteristics including face, content, and construct validities, along with reliability, were appraised using SPSS and Lisrel software.Findings: The findings indicated that the Compulsive Internet Use Scale has acceptable face and content validity. The results of the exploratory factor analysis using principal component analysis extracted five factors, labeled as loss of control, preoccupation, conflict, coping, and withdrawal symptoms, which accounted for 52.139% of the total variance. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the structure of the scale has an acceptable fit with the data, as all goodness-of-fit indices support the model: (χ²/df = 2.61

the present study aims to compare the emotional and emotional intelligence among students with a faking response .the research method used in this study was Comparative causality. The population of 20,000 students from the Faculty of Psychology and Education was studying in the 1399 - 1400 Open University of South- Tehran. In this research, a sample of 295 students was selected using available sampling in two groups of pretend (149 people) and normal (146 people).They completed emotional intelligence questionnaires of Shot et a(1998) and Nejati cognitive ability (2012). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Considering the significance of F in the variable of emotional intelligence (F=8.730 and p