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Supplementary Methods from High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Identifies Tumor-Initiating and Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Human Prostate Cancer

Supplementary Figures 1-4 from High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Identifies Tumor-Initiating and Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Human Prostate Cancer

Supplementary Figure 6 from High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Identifies Tumor-Initiating and Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Human Prostate Cancer

Supplementary Figure Legends 1-6 from High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Identifies Tumor-Initiating and Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Human Prostate Cancer

Supplementary Tables 1-4 from High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Identifies Tumor-Initiating and Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Human Prostate Cancer

Metastatic progression of advanced prostate cancer is a major clinical problem. Identifying the cell(s) of origin in prostate cancer and its distant metastases may permit the development of more effective treatment and preventive therapies. In this study, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was used as a basis to isolate and compare subpopulations of primary human prostate cancer cells and cell lines. ALDH-high prostate cancer cells displayed strongly elevated clonogenicity and migratory behavior in vitro. More strikingly, ALDH-high cells readily formed distant metastases with strongly enhanced tumor progression at both orthotopic and metastatic sites in preclinical models. Several ALDH isoforms were expressed in human prostate cancer cells and clinical specimens of primary prostate tumors with matched bone metastases. Our findings suggest that ALDH-based viable cell sorting can be used to identify and characterize tumor-initiating and, more importantly perhaps, metastasis-initiating cells in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 70(12); 5163–73. ©2010 AACR.

Supplementary Figure 5 from High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Identifies Tumor-Initiating and Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Human Prostate Cancer

Reclamation has been the most tenable land supply in the interest of the public. Today, around 27% of Hong Kong people are living on reclaimed land formed in the past decades. Over the past few decades, reclamation methods and ground treatment techniques have been advanced to meet the technical requirements and social acceptance at different times. In response to the increasing environmental awareness of the public, non-dredged reclamation methods in association with Deep Cement Mixing (DCM) has been introduced in Hong Kong. Tung Chung East (TCE) reclamation, as one of the ongoing projects adopting this novel technology, has showcased a role model on assimilation and adaptation of this new technology in tackling ever changing challenges in the construction industry. The success of the project markedly attributes to the application of this new ground treatment technique. In this paper, some background and geotechnical considerations for the adoption of DCM method and design approach in TCE reclamation will firstly be discussed. To date, majority of the DCM works have been completed and the reclamation works have been proceeding well. With the experience acquired and construction data collected at the site specific DCM trial embankment as well as during the construction stage, the merits and benefits of DCM method, in terms of both stability and settlement control, will be highlighted. More importantly, there has been a lot of precious experience upon construction and the project team has ironed out all these hurdles through adaptation of this technology on site. There is no doubt that the documentation of all the experience in TCE reclamation could become a great reference for the development of a local guidance for practitioners in Hong Kong and upcoming mega development projects.

In recent years, deep cement mixing (DCM) method, a non-dredged ground improvement technique, has been adopted in several local large-scale reclamation works. It is also a robust ground improvement solution and can expedite land formation. Currently, design and construction methods adopted in Hong Kong are mostly referred to the practice or guidelines developed in other countries. With more local experience gained and in view of the potential application in possible coming mega development projects which involve reclamation and ground treatment works, it is considered worthwhile and timely to conduct more detailed studies to understand the engineering properties of the materials improved by this technique and to harness the design and construction practice, with a view to enhancing the cost effectiveness of DCM works. This paper briefly introduces some on-going research related to DCM method covering several design and construction aspects including engineering properties, ground investigation and laboratory testing using laboratory mixed and field mixed cores. The objectives, potential application and preliminary results of the studies are presented and discussed in the paper.

Electronic fabrics necessitate both electrical conductivity and, like any textile, elastic recovery. Achieving both requirements on the scale of a single fiber remains an unmet need. Here, two approaches for achieving conductive fibers (10