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Background: Irregular menstruation is an important indicator of current and potential health problems. The aim of this research was to understand the issues that are related to delay or irregularity of menstruation because of intake of various medicines and how it can be addressed. Methods: A design that would be appropriate for executing the research work is descriptive design. This design was ideal because it was beneficial in understanding the issues that are prevalent with the delay or irregularity in the menstruation cycle. Therefore, the selected design in the undertaken research work would aid in assessing the information and data considered in detail and in addition to this, a cross-sectional study needed to assess the considered data in detail. Results: Study included 811 women in which all of them responded to study survey questions. Most of study participants feel that medicines might hold the potential of affecting menstruation adversely (n= 583, 71.9%) while 66% of study participants considered taking medicines result in delayed or irregular menstruation (n= 535%). In addition, study participants thought that medicines are not the only reason for menstrual irregularity (n= 581, 71.6%). Two thirds of study participants would recommend others not to take medicines to have normal menstrual cycle (n= 558, 68.8%). Women in this study were asked about which medicine is the cause of delayed menstruation, most women reported hormonal tablets to be the cause (n= 516, 63.6%). Upon asking women included in the current study how painful it is to lead a life with a delayed or irregular menstruation cycle, they responded it is moderate painful (n= 355, 43.8%). They reported that reduction of hormonal tablets might be the best method (392, 48.3%). Conclusion: According to the study results, participants believe that drugs may have the ability to negatively disrupt menstruation. In addition, the great majority of participants in the survey claimed that monthly irregularity is prevalent. Moreover, survey participants believed that medications are not the only cause of menstruation irregularity. Two-thirds of survey participants would advise others not to use menstrual cycle-regulating medications. The majority of women cited hormone pills as the culprit. It is somewhat uncomfortable to live with irregular or delayed menstruation. Participants felt that decreasing the dosage of hormonal pills might be the most effective strategy.

Background: College students' poor dietary habits are a big public health issue. As the economy and government of Saudi Arabia have improved quickly over the last several decades, so too have the eating habits of the Saudi people. The current study aimed to assess the dietary habits of Saudi Arabian medical students. Methods: A descriptive, correlational cross-sectional design was employed for this study. The study was conducted at medical schools in Jeddah: [King Abdul Aziz University, King Saud University, Ibn Sina Private Medical College, Batarji Private Medical College, and Fakeeh Private Medical College]. The participants were selected during December 2022. Study participants were selected on two steps, stratified random sampling at the level of universities, to determine the required sample size from each college, then non-probability convenient sampling technique to collect the sample size from each college. Sample size was determined according to the total number of medical students in Jeddah with a confidence level of 95% and marginal error of 5%. Study instruments consisted of two domains. First is sociodemographic characteristics of medical students. Second is dietary pattern assessment. Results: The study included 338 medical students from all academic levels. There were 195 male participants (57.7%) and 143 female participants (42.3%). The median age among study participants was 22 years. The most frequent age group was 18-22 years (n= 199, 58.9%). Dietary pattern of study participants was assessed through a series of questions about their weekly intake of certain groups of food. It was noticed that study participants had different dietary patterns. Female participants eat fast food more than males (P Conclusion: Study results showed that study participants had different dietary patterns. Female participants eat fast food more than males while male participants eat fruits and vegetables more. No difference was found in physical activity.

Background: Tobacco misuse has not been universally acknowledged as a modifiable risk factor in diabetes preventive or screening methods, despite mounting data revealing substantial epidemiological and mechanistic connections between smoking, hyperglycemia, and the development of type 2 diabetes. Purpose:A growing number of research on the effect of smoking cessation on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The goal of this systematic review was to search the available evidence on the impact of smoking cessation and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus (January 1995--October 2022) for prospective observational studies that evaluated the effects smoking and smoking cessation as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: Type 2 diabetes risk was increased by a factor of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.33 to 1.42) for current smokers, 1.14 (1.10 to 1.18) for ex-smokers, and 1.22 (1.10 to 1.35) for passive smokers, compared to those who had never smoked (7 studies). The associations persisted across all subgroups, and a dose-response relation was discovered between current smoking and diabetes risk, with the RRs (95% CIs) for light, moderate, and heavy smokers, compared with never smokers, being 1.21 (1.10-1.33), 1.34 (1.27-1.41), and 1.57 (1.47-1.66), respectively. If there is a causal relationship between smoking and diabetes, we calculated that 10% in men and 2% in women of all instances of type 2 diabetes globally (about 25 million) may be attributed to smoking. The pooled RR (95% CI) from 10 studies showed that recent ex-smokers (within 5 years) had a lower risk of relapse than never smokers, while long-term ex-smokers (within 10 years) had a lower risk of relapse than current smokers. Conclusion: Both active and passive smoking are strongly connected with higher risks of type 2 diabetes. The risk of diabetes is higher among recent ex-smokers, although it lowers significantly with time.

Background:Mental health is an important but often disregarded part of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patient care, with difficulties defining effective medications and psychological health services. Anxiety and sadness are the most frequent psychosocial problems among IBD patients. The rising frequency of these mental problems calls for mental screening of all IBD patients at the initial appointment. Objective:A growing number of research on anxiety and depression in IBD have been undertaken nevertheless, there is no clear consensus on the prevalence of anxiety and depression in this group. The goal of this systematic review was to consolidate current data on the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in individuals with IBD. Methods:Authors began with recognizing the important examination proof that spots light on the prevalence of anxiety and depression among IBD patients. We led electronic writing look in the accompanying data sets: Ovid Medline (2010 to present), Ovid Medline Daily Update, Ovid Medline in process and other non-filed references, Ovid Embase (2010 to present), The Cochrane Library (latest issue) and Web of Science. Just examinations in English language will be incorporated. The precise selection was acted in close collaboration with a clinical examination curator. Results:There were 10 articles found, with a total of 26097 participants. The pooled prevalence estimate for anxiety disorders was 20.3%, and 13.3% for depression. When compared to those in remission, IBD patients in active illness showed a 75.6% greater prevalence of anxiety. Depressive symptoms were more common in Crohns disease than in UC (P0.001), and more common in active illness than in IBD patients in remission (P= 0.004). Conclusion:Results from this systematic review indicate that patients with IBD have about a 20.3% prevalence rate of anxiety and a 13.3% prevalence rate of depression. &nbsp

Vaccine uptake may be predicted in large part by whether or not vaccinations are accepted. This has ramifications for public health since unvaccinated people are more likely to get illnesses that vaccines can prevent. Our purpose in conducting this systematic literature review was to analyse parents commitment to the childs vaccination schedule.We conducted a comprehensive literature search for studies published between January 2012 and present that used instruments to gauge vaccine-related attitudes and convictions. Included studies surveyed parents quantitatively to determine their opinions on paediatric immunizations. We compiled the data with an emphasis on how well the various methods of measuring hesitation performed. A total of 16 studies were included because they satisfied the inclusion criteria 13 of these used a cross-sectional research design, 2 used a case-control study design, 1 used a pre-post study design. There was a wide variance in study sample sizes from 49 to 12,259. The PACV Survey of Parents Opinions on Childrens Vaccines was the instrument most often used. The Health Belief Model was the most popular theoretical framework. There was a broad range of questions designed to elicit opinions on vaccinations.The studies that polled parents about their thoughts on immunization utilized a wide variety of questionnaires. Validated and standardized but adaptable tools might enhance methods for measuring parents perspectives on immunization. It is recommended that researchers in this field use a standardized set of questions. &nbsp

Background: Multiple factors contribute to Saudi Arabia's severe anemia epidemic. The incidence of anemia has been widely studied in Saudi Arabia, with consistent results showing a high rate of occurrence among young people, young adults, and women of childbearing age. This study aimed to establish the prevalence and risk variables among Saudi patients. Methods: The current study aims to determine the prevalence of anemia among adult Saudi patients at a single point of measurement as reported by parents. The most suitable design is cross-sectional study. It was descriptive and correlational study. This enables the researcher to measure the effect and the outcome at a single point of time. This study design gives reliable results with short time and less effort. The study was conducted at (place). The participants were selected during the period from October to November 2022. This study included adults aged 19 years or more via non-probability convenient sampling technique at a confidence level of 95% using Epi Info software equation. Results: Study included 832 participants. Among them, 61.3% were males (n= 510) and 322 participants were females (38.7%). Most of study participants were more than 35 years (n= 357, 42.9%). More than half of study participants had a normal body mass index (BMI) (n= 468, 56.3%) while 61 participants were categorized as underweight (7.3%). Hypertension was the most prevalent comorbid condition (n= 92, 11.1%). Participants were asked about medical issues that might cause anemia. Hemorrhoid was present among 93 participants (11.2%) while menorrhagia was found among 48 female. Furthermore, 189 participants reported having iron deficiency anemia (22.7%). Anemia was prevalent among female participants more than male participants (P Conclusion: Our research revealed a significant incidence of anemia among study participants. When compared to the male population, anemia is more common among females. Microcytic anemia was the most frequent kind of anemia in women, especially in the reproductive age range of 15 to 49, whereas normocytic anemia was more common in men. Both men and women were more likely to have mild or moderate anemia, although more women than men were affected with severe anemia. The government of Saudi Arabia has to take action to reduce the rate of anemia among its citizens.

Objective: This research aims to determine the factors that are responsible for the symptoms of depression among individuals with lower vitamin D levels. Methods: The current study adopted an approach that is exploratory study design which is deductive in nature such that the generalized observations on the relationship between depression and vitamin D deficiency can be specified into certain sections for better correlation and understanding. The sample size undertaken for the study was 811 in order to better understand the factors responsible and their contribution towards the formation of link between depression and vitamin D deficiency. Results: The study included 811 participants. The most frequent weight among them was 66-75 kg (n= 296, 36.5%) followed by 51-65 kg (n= 207, 25.5%). The most frequent height among study participants was 151-160 cm (n= 319, 39.3%) followed by 161-170 cm (n= 268, 33%). The most frequent body mass index value among study participants was 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 (n= 323, 39.8%) followed by 25-29.9 kg/m2 (n= 273, 33.7%). Skin color varied among study participants with most of them had medium skin color (n= 372, 45.9%) followed by fair skin color (n= 345, 42.5%) and the least common skin color is morena (n= 94, 11.6%). The perceived daily calorie intake varied among study participants with most of them had 2000-2999 Kcal. Participants physical activity was low. The most frequent food was rice (n= 245, 30.2%) followed by dairy products (n= 186, 22.9%). Social connection was average among most of participants (n= 372, 45.9%) and good among 352 participants (43.4%). On the contrary, it was bad among 87 participants (10.7%). Conclusion: Study results showed that most of study participants are overweight according to their BMI. Most common skin color was medium followed by fair skin. Participants eat high calorie intake. They experience sun burning sensations often. Their daily intake relies on rice and dairy products. Their physical activity is low. In addition, most of study participants had good social connection.

Background:Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disease. It is often identified in younger years and continues throughout maturity for many people. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have difficulties focusing, may behave without considering the potential consequences of their actions, or may be extremely energetic. Methods:The cross sectional study was conducted in 4 psychiatric clinics for a period of one month. The three junior doctors from each of the clinicians were chosen for the survey. The rationale for choosing this group is that they were able to give a clear idea about the etiology of the ADHD than the other health workers. The cross sectional study has been done to understand the number of ADHD cases arriving the clinic within a month. Thus, a total of 12 participants has been recruited in this study. The respondents were approached via mail and also over the phone. Before, conducting the cross- sectional study it is necessary to seek permission from the supervisor of the hospitals informing him about the purpose of the study. Results:The study included 1058 participants. Of them, 62.5% use single method for diagnosing ADHD (n= 661). CAB-ADHD was used among 556 participants (52.6%). There were 41% believed that a combination between medication and psychotherapies is more effective (434%). ADHD was diagnosed using monitoring and observation among 583 (55.1%). ADHD test in adults was performed using interviewing the patient (n= 649, 61.3%). Child ADHD quiz was the most used (n= 600, 56.7%). Adults with ADHD spontaneously visits the clinic without compulsion by themselves (n= 524, 49.5%) or by a family member (n= 534, 50.5%). The most frequent barrier to hinder ADHD patients from seeking treatment was stigma (n= 435, 41.1%). Conclusion:ADHD prevalence, cause, and diagnosis are inconsistent. Therefore, doctors must discuss ADHD. This will assist identify pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies. The most common test used to diagnose ADHD in adults was an interview. The most common kid questionnaire was ADHD. Stigma was the biggest obstacle to ADHD treatment. &nbsp

Objective:To determine the risk factors and prevalence of catamenial asthma among women globally. Methods:This research employed a cross-sectional study design to gather and analyze the relevant data that leads to its findings. Wang and Chengdescribe a cross-sectional study as an observational study that analyzes data from a population at a single point in time. Cross-sectional studies are helpful when establishing preliminary evidence while planning for a more advanced study in the future. Cross-sectional research requires researchers to record information, but not manipulate variables, as the case in this research study. Results:Study included 437 female participants. They had their menarche at different ages. They had their first menstrual period between the age of 12-14 years (n= 187, 42.8%) and between the age of 10-12 years (n= 176, 40.3%). It is noticed from the table that half of study participants experience worsening of asthma symptoms during menstruation (n= 219, 51.1%). More than half of study participants take painkillers medications for menstrual pain (n= 266, 60.9%). The last premenstrual asthma experience was before more than 1 year among 247 participants (56.5%) while it was before less than 1 year among 190 participants (43.5%). Most of study participants encountered it 2 times (n= 142, 32.5%) or 3-4 times (n= 140, 32%). The most frequent approach was via doctors advice (n= 205, 46.9%) followed by using over the counter drugs (n= 176, 40.3%). On the other hand, 20 participants just let it pass without any management (4.6%) and 36 participants attended at the emergency department (8.2%). Conclusion:Study results showed that most participants had their menarche at the age of 12-14 years. and more than one third of them encounter symptoms of catamenial asthma. Most of participants depend on doctors advice regarding the management with some of them attend at the emergency department to relieve their symptoms. More than half of study participants dont know how to manage their symptoms and avoid risks related to exposure to catamenial asthma.

Background:Evidence-based treatment and service design should reflect the perspectives of parents with eating disorders among their children on useful parts of care, but there is a lack of data to do so.This research aimed in assessing the effects of eating disorders that are prevailing among children in a detailed perspective. Methods:This research work involved following a cross-sectional approach of study and therefore included collecting first-hand data. This was accomplished through the conduction of the survey and data that are considered through the conduction of the survey are quantitative in nature. This would help in enhanced perception of the eating disorders that are prevailing in children. The method that would be employed for considering the size of the sample is stratified random sampling. The survey involved conducting a survey of children who falls within the age range of 10-17years of age. Results:The study included 572 children. Most of parents are concerned about the change in the eating disorder among their children (n= 420, 73.4%). Most of parents believe that eating habits can affect the rising in eating disorders (n= 486, 85%). Furthermore, parents think that reducing oily and junk food may help in minimizing eating disorders among their children (n= 456, 79.7%). Their most frequent answer was loss of appetite (n= 241, 42.1%). Figure 1 shows the distribution of parents answers. In addition, parents responded that it is minimal painful to lead a life with an excessively heavyweight (n= 228, 39.9%). They answered low-carbohydrate content food with no sugar (n= 253, 44.2%) while green vegetables came in the second place (n= 209, 36.5%) followed by fruits (n= 110, 19.2%). Conclusion:The studys findings revealed that the most common symptom reported by youngsters with eating disorders was a decrease in appetite. Parents said it hurt just somewhat to have to care for an overweight child all the time. The ideal option, according to parents, is meals with minimal carbohydrate content and no added sugar. According to parent reports, a healthy diet is the most effective weapon against childhood eating problems. &nbsp

Background:In the fields of psychiatry, psychology, medicine, and dentistry, nail biting (NB) is a prevalent yet unsolved issue. Although many people assume that NB is a basic habit that can be readily corrected, many children who exhibit NB have previously attempted to correct the behavior and have failed.The aim of the present research focused on the reason for onychophagia or nail-biting if it is a psychological disease or a general habit and recommend some suitable suggestions. Methods:An inductive research approach was suitable for the present research methodology as it involved a survey process. The research approach helped in collecting information in an effective way. A stratified random sampling method was considered for the present research method through the inclusion of participants that are suffering from the issue of nail-biting belonging to the UK. The sample size for the research methodology included a total of 350 participants belonging to the age groups of 18 to 50 years. The primary data collection method was considered for the present research methodology as it followed the cross-sectional method. The quantitative data analysis method would be considered under the primary research method and so a survey would be done. Results:Of 380 study participants,more than half of them believe that nail biting is a psychological disorder (n= 219, 58.1%). Furthermore, about two thirds of study participants believe that nail biting is a common disorder among humans (n= 247, 65%). Most of study participants think that nail biting is curable (n= 296, 77.9%). Daily exercise is helping in reducing the habit of nail biting as reported by 178 (73.2%). Half of study participants were neutral with regard to the benefit of psychological treatment to nail biting (n= 184, 48.4%). Vast majority of study participants believed that exercise is effective for enhancing mental stability (n= 318, 83.7%).Leading a life with a the disorder or nail biting issue was moderately painful among 165 participants (43.3%). Participants were asked about the cost of medication for onychophagia, most of participants responded with affordable cost (n= 270, 71.1%). The most frequent symptom of nail biting issue as reported by study participants was moderate span of time (n= 234, 61.6%). Conclusion:Onychophagia is a psychological disorder from the perspective of study participants. Furthermore, they recommended medical treatment and stated that psychological treatment alone is not enough. Moreover, exercise helps with mental stability as reported by study participants. &nbsp