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Background: Irregular menstruation is an important indicator of current and potential health problems. The aim of this research was to understand the issues that are related to delay or irregularity of menstruation because of intake of various medicines and how it can be addressed. Methods: A design that would be appropriate for executing the research work is descriptive design. This design was ideal because it was beneficial in understanding the issues that are prevalent with the delay or irregularity in the menstruation cycle. Therefore, the selected design in the undertaken research work would aid in assessing the information and data considered in detail and in addition to this, a cross-sectional study needed to assess the considered data in detail. Results: Study included 811 women in which all of them responded to study survey questions. Most of study participants feel that medicines might hold the potential of affecting menstruation adversely (n= 583, 71.9%) while 66% of study participants considered taking medicines result in delayed or irregular menstruation (n= 535%). In addition, study participants thought that medicines are not the only reason for menstrual irregularity (n= 581, 71.6%). Two thirds of study participants would recommend others not to take medicines to have normal menstrual cycle (n= 558, 68.8%). Women in this study were asked about which medicine is the cause of delayed menstruation, most women reported hormonal tablets to be the cause (n= 516, 63.6%). Upon asking women included in the current study how painful it is to lead a life with a delayed or irregular menstruation cycle, they responded it is moderate painful (n= 355, 43.8%). They reported that reduction of hormonal tablets might be the best method (392, 48.3%). Conclusion: According to the study results, participants believe that drugs may have the ability to negatively disrupt menstruation. In addition, the great majority of participants in the survey claimed that monthly irregularity is prevalent. Moreover, survey participants believed that medications are not the only cause of menstruation irregularity. Two-thirds of survey participants would advise others not to use menstrual cycle-regulating medications. The majority of women cited hormone pills as the culprit. It is somewhat uncomfortable to live with irregular or delayed menstruation. Participants felt that decreasing the dosage of hormonal pills might be the most effective strategy.

Background: College students' poor dietary habits are a big public health issue. As the economy and government of Saudi Arabia have improved quickly over the last several decades, so too have the eating habits of the Saudi people. The current study aimed to assess the dietary habits of Saudi Arabian medical students. Methods: A descriptive, correlational cross-sectional design was employed for this study. The study was conducted at medical schools in Jeddah: [King Abdul Aziz University, King Saud University, Ibn Sina Private Medical College, Batarji Private Medical College, and Fakeeh Private Medical College]. The participants were selected during December 2022. Study participants were selected on two steps, stratified random sampling at the level of universities, to determine the required sample size from each college, then non-probability convenient sampling technique to collect the sample size from each college. Sample size was determined according to the total number of medical students in Jeddah with a confidence level of 95% and marginal error of 5%. Study instruments consisted of two domains. First is sociodemographic characteristics of medical students. Second is dietary pattern assessment. Results: The study included 338 medical students from all academic levels. There were 195 male participants (57.7%) and 143 female participants (42.3%). The median age among study participants was 22 years. The most frequent age group was 18-22 years (n= 199, 58.9%). Dietary pattern of study participants was assessed through a series of questions about their weekly intake of certain groups of food. It was noticed that study participants had different dietary patterns. Female participants eat fast food more than males (P Conclusion: Study results showed that study participants had different dietary patterns. Female participants eat fast food more than males while male participants eat fruits and vegetables more. No difference was found in physical activity.

Background: Tobacco misuse has not been universally acknowledged as a modifiable risk factor in diabetes preventive or screening methods, despite mounting data revealing substantial epidemiological and mechanistic connections between smoking, hyperglycemia, and the development of type 2 diabetes. Purpose:A growing number of research on the effect of smoking cessation on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The goal of this systematic review was to search the available evidence on the impact of smoking cessation and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus (January 1995--October 2022) for prospective observational studies that evaluated the effects smoking and smoking cessation as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: Type 2 diabetes risk was increased by a factor of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.33 to 1.42) for current smokers, 1.14 (1.10 to 1.18) for ex-smokers, and 1.22 (1.10 to 1.35) for passive smokers, compared to those who had never smoked (7 studies). The associations persisted across all subgroups, and a dose-response relation was discovered between current smoking and diabetes risk, with the RRs (95% CIs) for light, moderate, and heavy smokers, compared with never smokers, being 1.21 (1.10-1.33), 1.34 (1.27-1.41), and 1.57 (1.47-1.66), respectively. If there is a causal relationship between smoking and diabetes, we calculated that 10% in men and 2% in women of all instances of type 2 diabetes globally (about 25 million) may be attributed to smoking. The pooled RR (95% CI) from 10 studies showed that recent ex-smokers (within 5 years) had a lower risk of relapse than never smokers, while long-term ex-smokers (within 10 years) had a lower risk of relapse than current smokers. Conclusion: Both active and passive smoking are strongly connected with higher risks of type 2 diabetes. The risk of diabetes is higher among recent ex-smokers, although it lowers significantly with time.

The goal of this study is to see if there's a link between age, gender, and risk factors including having a smoking parent, allergic rhinitis, skin allergies, food allergies, and a family history of atopy with the diagnosis of childhood asthma. The goal is also to evaluate the prevalence of asthma in the study's pediatric sample, as well as the prevalence of other symptoms and complications in this group. A link was discovered between childhood asthma and age, allergic rhinitis, skin allergies, food allergies, and atopy in the family. In most areas of this investigation, the findings are consistent with earlier studies conducted at various periods and in other places for almost identical aims.

Background: The fetus's development can be influenced by the mother's nutrition in a variety of ways, including the gender of the fetus. However, several research have been published that suggest a link between maternal nutrition and the baby's gender. In other words, the baby's gender can be determined by the mother's nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between maternal diet and baby gender. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spot light on the relationship between maternal diet and baby gender. Since the aim of the study was to determine the relationship between maternal diet and baby gender among Saudi, this is the suitable design for this research. The study was carried out among Saudi population. Data were collected from general population using questionnaire during the period from April to October 2021. Results: The study included the participation of 755 women from different age groups in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The most prevalent age group was 36-40 years (n= 193, 25.6%) followed by the age group more than 40 years (n= 189, 25%) while the least frequent age group was below 22 years (n= 83, 11%). The number of participants who reported having one children were 116 participants. On asking the participants who had male babies whether they craved for special food or not, their answers varied. Salty food, pickles and potato chips were preferred among 298 participants while sweets and chocolate were the favorite food among 155 participants. The special diet is statistically significant with the baby gender at p value of 0.001. Conclusion: The current study showed that diet preference among mothers affects the gender of the baby as the results showed. Some mothers intentionally reported following special diet in order to have specific gender.

Background: The shortage of prevalence data based on a representative sample of the general population, as well as the small number of disorders covered in co-morbidity studies, are major issues in autoimmune disease research. In this study, the incidence of autoimmune illnesses in a representative sample of Saudi Arabia's general population is documented, and the hypothesis of an overall relationship between these diseases is explored. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spot light on the prevalence of autoimmune disease among Saudi population. Since the aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of autoimmune disease and their relationship with chronic illnesses among Saudi, this is the suitable design for this research. The study was carried out among Saudi population. Data were collected from general population using questionnaire. Participants were chosen via probability simple random sampling technique. Participants were selected from the general population. The expected number of sample size was 700 participants. However, the study included 802 participants. Results: The study included the participation of 802 participants from both genders and different age groups in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. There were 436 female participants (54.4%) and 366 males (45.6%) took place in this study. The most prevalent age group was 45-54 years (n= 232, 28.9%). There were 199 participants reported having a family history of autoimmune diseases (24.8%). Furthermore, there were 186 participants who are using medications for high cholesterol level (23.2%) with no significant for gender (P= 0.08). Diabetes was prevalent among 203 participants (25.3%), blood pressure disorder (n= 211, 26.3%), ulcerative colitis (n= 137, 17.1%) and other comorbid conditions. Conclusion: In conclusion, this survey confirm relatively high prevalence of autoimmune disease among Saudi population. In addition, participants suffered from additionally comorbid conditions.

Background: Overuse of electronic gadgets has been highlighted as a possible preventable risk factor for eyesight loss. Excessive use of electronic gadgets, on the other hand, has been linked to vision impairment in a variety of ways. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spotlight on the relationship between visual impairment and addiction to electronic devices use. The study's goal was to see if there was a link between Saudis' vision impairment and their addiction to using electronic devices, this is the suitable design for this research. The study was carried out among Saudi population. Data were collected from general population using questionnaire during the period from 22 August to 22 November 2020. Results: The study included the participation of 344 participants from both genders and different age groups in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. There were 211 female participants (61.3%) and 133 males (38.7%) took place in this study. The most prevalent age group was under the age of 25 years (n= 111, 32.3%) followed by the age group 25-35 (n= 104, 30.2%) while the least frequent age group was above 45 years (n= 54, 15.7%). On asking the participants whether they think that they have vision impairment or not, their answers were as follows: yes (n= 156, 45.3%), no (n= 131, 38.1) and maybe (n= 57, 16.6%). Due to the use electronic devices, there were 107 participants complained of headache (31.1%). And this was significantly related to the number of hours spent by study participants using electronic devices (P= 0.002) as well as significant for female gender more than male gender (P= 0.03). Conclusion: The study showed statistically significant relationship between the number of hours spent on using electronic devices and visual impairment among study participants especially among female population more than male population. There is a need for awareness campaigns to increase health awareness among population to cut down the use of electronic devices.

Background: If gallstones are not causing discomfort, there is usually no need to treat them. Many people with gallstones do not experience any symptoms for a long time. In addition, any treatment can have side effects, and operations are always associated with a certain level of risk. Gallbladder stones are treated differently than stones in the bile duct. If symptoms such as cramp-like pain (colic) occur, they can be relieved with medication. Such pain can only be prevented permanently by removing the gallbladder. An operation is also an option for people without symptoms but with very large gallstones - or with a porcelain gallbladder. The wall of the gallbladder is calcified and there is an increased risk of gallbladder cancer. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spotlight the satisfaction levels of the Saudi Population towards the different treatment options for gallstones. The study was carried out at universities, hospitals, and malls in KSA. Data were collected from patients and the general population during a period from June to October 2021. Results: Most of the patients were highly satisfied with the treatment clarification done by the treating doctor (n= 42, 8.8%), the treatment choice for gallstones, the complications that occurred during their treatment period (n= 34, 7.1%), their condition after the end of the treatment period (n= 41, 8.6%), and the treatment method for condition (n=35, 7.3%). On the other hand, there was a proportion of participants who were not satisfied with the treatment duration (n= 39, 8.1%) and the follow-up after the end of the treatment period (n= 46, 9.6%). Conclusion: Participants are highly satisfied with treatment choice and treatment effectiveness. However, they were not satisfied with treatment duration and treatment complications.

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among postpartum women. The main reason for the condition is dietary Iron deficiency and the most common type of anemia found in women during pregnancy is iron deficiency anemia. Among many complications, postpartum hemorrhage is a problem linked with anemia during pregnancy. In Saudi Arabia, pregnancy and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is not common but still, cases are reported. The present study aimed to determine its prevalence in population and to see its relationship with anemia during pregnancy. Methods: It was an analytical cross-sectional study in which the data was collected from women using properly designed questionnaires. The study population was women who got pregnant and delivered in main hospitals of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data of respondents for demographical and clinical variables were collected and analyzed using SPSS using appropriate statistical tests. Results: 600 participants responded to the questionnaire. The mean age was 26.32 years. The prevalence of PPH among studied population was 11.9%. Anemia during pregnancy was found to be positively associated with PPH with the p value of 0.0039. Smoking history was also correlated with PPH. There was no strong association between age and increase risk of PPH. Conclusion: This study concluded that PPH is not common in Saudi Arabia. There is a moderate association of anemia during pregnancy and PPH. Smoking is also a positive predictor for PPH. There are some limitations in the study so there is a need of large-scale study to confirm the findings in the population.

Background:Mental health is an important but often disregarded part of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patient care, with difficulties defining effective medications and psychological health services. Anxiety and sadness are the most frequent psychosocial problems among IBD patients. The rising frequency of these mental problems calls for mental screening of all IBD patients at the initial appointment. Objective:A growing number of research on anxiety and depression in IBD have been undertaken nevertheless, there is no clear consensus on the prevalence of anxiety and depression in this group. The goal of this systematic review was to consolidate current data on the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in individuals with IBD. Methods:Authors began with recognizing the important examination proof that spots light on the prevalence of anxiety and depression among IBD patients. We led electronic writing look in the accompanying data sets: Ovid Medline (2010 to present), Ovid Medline Daily Update, Ovid Medline in process and other non-filed references, Ovid Embase (2010 to present), The Cochrane Library (latest issue) and Web of Science. Just examinations in English language will be incorporated. The precise selection was acted in close collaboration with a clinical examination curator. Results:There were 10 articles found, with a total of 26097 participants. The pooled prevalence estimate for anxiety disorders was 20.3%, and 13.3% for depression. When compared to those in remission, IBD patients in active illness showed a 75.6% greater prevalence of anxiety. Depressive symptoms were more common in Crohns disease than in UC (P0.001), and more common in active illness than in IBD patients in remission (P= 0.004). Conclusion:Results from this systematic review indicate that patients with IBD have about a 20.3% prevalence rate of anxiety and a 13.3% prevalence rate of depression. &nbsp

Vaccine uptake may be predicted in large part by whether or not vaccinations are accepted. This has ramifications for public health since unvaccinated people are more likely to get illnesses that vaccines can prevent. Our purpose in conducting this systematic literature review was to analyse parents commitment to the childs vaccination schedule.We conducted a comprehensive literature search for studies published between January 2012 and present that used instruments to gauge vaccine-related attitudes and convictions. Included studies surveyed parents quantitatively to determine their opinions on paediatric immunizations. We compiled the data with an emphasis on how well the various methods of measuring hesitation performed. A total of 16 studies were included because they satisfied the inclusion criteria 13 of these used a cross-sectional research design, 2 used a case-control study design, 1 used a pre-post study design. There was a wide variance in study sample sizes from 49 to 12,259. The PACV Survey of Parents Opinions on Childrens Vaccines was the instrument most often used. The Health Belief Model was the most popular theoretical framework. There was a broad range of questions designed to elicit opinions on vaccinations.The studies that polled parents about their thoughts on immunization utilized a wide variety of questionnaires. Validated and standardized but adaptable tools might enhance methods for measuring parents perspectives on immunization. It is recommended that researchers in this field use a standardized set of questions. &nbsp

Background: Multiple factors contribute to Saudi Arabia's severe anemia epidemic. The incidence of anemia has been widely studied in Saudi Arabia, with consistent results showing a high rate of occurrence among young people, young adults, and women of childbearing age. This study aimed to establish the prevalence and risk variables among Saudi patients. Methods: The current study aims to determine the prevalence of anemia among adult Saudi patients at a single point of measurement as reported by parents. The most suitable design is cross-sectional study. It was descriptive and correlational study. This enables the researcher to measure the effect and the outcome at a single point of time. This study design gives reliable results with short time and less effort. The study was conducted at (place). The participants were selected during the period from October to November 2022. This study included adults aged 19 years or more via non-probability convenient sampling technique at a confidence level of 95% using Epi Info software equation. Results: Study included 832 participants. Among them, 61.3% were males (n= 510) and 322 participants were females (38.7%). Most of study participants were more than 35 years (n= 357, 42.9%). More than half of study participants had a normal body mass index (BMI) (n= 468, 56.3%) while 61 participants were categorized as underweight (7.3%). Hypertension was the most prevalent comorbid condition (n= 92, 11.1%). Participants were asked about medical issues that might cause anemia. Hemorrhoid was present among 93 participants (11.2%) while menorrhagia was found among 48 female. Furthermore, 189 participants reported having iron deficiency anemia (22.7%). Anemia was prevalent among female participants more than male participants (P Conclusion: Our research revealed a significant incidence of anemia among study participants. When compared to the male population, anemia is more common among females. Microcytic anemia was the most frequent kind of anemia in women, especially in the reproductive age range of 15 to 49, whereas normocytic anemia was more common in men. Both men and women were more likely to have mild or moderate anemia, although more women than men were affected with severe anemia. The government of Saudi Arabia has to take action to reduce the rate of anemia among its citizens.

Objective: This research aims to determine the factors that are responsible for the symptoms of depression among individuals with lower vitamin D levels. Methods: The current study adopted an approach that is exploratory study design which is deductive in nature such that the generalized observations on the relationship between depression and vitamin D deficiency can be specified into certain sections for better correlation and understanding. The sample size undertaken for the study was 811 in order to better understand the factors responsible and their contribution towards the formation of link between depression and vitamin D deficiency. Results: The study included 811 participants. The most frequent weight among them was 66-75 kg (n= 296, 36.5%) followed by 51-65 kg (n= 207, 25.5%). The most frequent height among study participants was 151-160 cm (n= 319, 39.3%) followed by 161-170 cm (n= 268, 33%). The most frequent body mass index value among study participants was 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 (n= 323, 39.8%) followed by 25-29.9 kg/m2 (n= 273, 33.7%). Skin color varied among study participants with most of them had medium skin color (n= 372, 45.9%) followed by fair skin color (n= 345, 42.5%) and the least common skin color is morena (n= 94, 11.6%). The perceived daily calorie intake varied among study participants with most of them had 2000-2999 Kcal. Participants physical activity was low. The most frequent food was rice (n= 245, 30.2%) followed by dairy products (n= 186, 22.9%). Social connection was average among most of participants (n= 372, 45.9%) and good among 352 participants (43.4%). On the contrary, it was bad among 87 participants (10.7%). Conclusion: Study results showed that most of study participants are overweight according to their BMI. Most common skin color was medium followed by fair skin. Participants eat high calorie intake. They experience sun burning sensations often. Their daily intake relies on rice and dairy products. Their physical activity is low. In addition, most of study participants had good social connection.

Background:Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disease. It is often identified in younger years and continues throughout maturity for many people. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have difficulties focusing, may behave without considering the potential consequences of their actions, or may be extremely energetic. Methods:The cross sectional study was conducted in 4 psychiatric clinics for a period of one month. The three junior doctors from each of the clinicians were chosen for the survey. The rationale for choosing this group is that they were able to give a clear idea about the etiology of the ADHD than the other health workers. The cross sectional study has been done to understand the number of ADHD cases arriving the clinic within a month. Thus, a total of 12 participants has been recruited in this study. The respondents were approached via mail and also over the phone. Before, conducting the cross- sectional study it is necessary to seek permission from the supervisor of the hospitals informing him about the purpose of the study. Results:The study included 1058 participants. Of them, 62.5% use single method for diagnosing ADHD (n= 661). CAB-ADHD was used among 556 participants (52.6%). There were 41% believed that a combination between medication and psychotherapies is more effective (434%). ADHD was diagnosed using monitoring and observation among 583 (55.1%). ADHD test in adults was performed using interviewing the patient (n= 649, 61.3%). Child ADHD quiz was the most used (n= 600, 56.7%). Adults with ADHD spontaneously visits the clinic without compulsion by themselves (n= 524, 49.5%) or by a family member (n= 534, 50.5%). The most frequent barrier to hinder ADHD patients from seeking treatment was stigma (n= 435, 41.1%). Conclusion:ADHD prevalence, cause, and diagnosis are inconsistent. Therefore, doctors must discuss ADHD. This will assist identify pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies. The most common test used to diagnose ADHD in adults was an interview. The most common kid questionnaire was ADHD. Stigma was the biggest obstacle to ADHD treatment. &nbsp

Objective:To determine the risk factors and prevalence of catamenial asthma among women globally. Methods:This research employed a cross-sectional study design to gather and analyze the relevant data that leads to its findings. Wang and Chengdescribe a cross-sectional study as an observational study that analyzes data from a population at a single point in time. Cross-sectional studies are helpful when establishing preliminary evidence while planning for a more advanced study in the future. Cross-sectional research requires researchers to record information, but not manipulate variables, as the case in this research study. Results:Study included 437 female participants. They had their menarche at different ages. They had their first menstrual period between the age of 12-14 years (n= 187, 42.8%) and between the age of 10-12 years (n= 176, 40.3%). It is noticed from the table that half of study participants experience worsening of asthma symptoms during menstruation (n= 219, 51.1%). More than half of study participants take painkillers medications for menstrual pain (n= 266, 60.9%). The last premenstrual asthma experience was before more than 1 year among 247 participants (56.5%) while it was before less than 1 year among 190 participants (43.5%). Most of study participants encountered it 2 times (n= 142, 32.5%) or 3-4 times (n= 140, 32%). The most frequent approach was via doctors advice (n= 205, 46.9%) followed by using over the counter drugs (n= 176, 40.3%). On the other hand, 20 participants just let it pass without any management (4.6%) and 36 participants attended at the emergency department (8.2%). Conclusion:Study results showed that most participants had their menarche at the age of 12-14 years. and more than one third of them encounter symptoms of catamenial asthma. Most of participants depend on doctors advice regarding the management with some of them attend at the emergency department to relieve their symptoms. More than half of study participants dont know how to manage their symptoms and avoid risks related to exposure to catamenial asthma.

Background:Evidence-based treatment and service design should reflect the perspectives of parents with eating disorders among their children on useful parts of care, but there is a lack of data to do so.This research aimed in assessing the effects of eating disorders that are prevailing among children in a detailed perspective. Methods:This research work involved following a cross-sectional approach of study and therefore included collecting first-hand data. This was accomplished through the conduction of the survey and data that are considered through the conduction of the survey are quantitative in nature. This would help in enhanced perception of the eating disorders that are prevailing in children. The method that would be employed for considering the size of the sample is stratified random sampling. The survey involved conducting a survey of children who falls within the age range of 10-17years of age. Results:The study included 572 children. Most of parents are concerned about the change in the eating disorder among their children (n= 420, 73.4%). Most of parents believe that eating habits can affect the rising in eating disorders (n= 486, 85%). Furthermore, parents think that reducing oily and junk food may help in minimizing eating disorders among their children (n= 456, 79.7%). Their most frequent answer was loss of appetite (n= 241, 42.1%). Figure 1 shows the distribution of parents answers. In addition, parents responded that it is minimal painful to lead a life with an excessively heavyweight (n= 228, 39.9%). They answered low-carbohydrate content food with no sugar (n= 253, 44.2%) while green vegetables came in the second place (n= 209, 36.5%) followed by fruits (n= 110, 19.2%). Conclusion:The studys findings revealed that the most common symptom reported by youngsters with eating disorders was a decrease in appetite. Parents said it hurt just somewhat to have to care for an overweight child all the time. The ideal option, according to parents, is meals with minimal carbohydrate content and no added sugar. According to parent reports, a healthy diet is the most effective weapon against childhood eating problems. &nbsp

Background:In the fields of psychiatry, psychology, medicine, and dentistry, nail biting (NB) is a prevalent yet unsolved issue. Although many people assume that NB is a basic habit that can be readily corrected, many children who exhibit NB have previously attempted to correct the behavior and have failed.The aim of the present research focused on the reason for onychophagia or nail-biting if it is a psychological disease or a general habit and recommend some suitable suggestions. Methods:An inductive research approach was suitable for the present research methodology as it involved a survey process. The research approach helped in collecting information in an effective way. A stratified random sampling method was considered for the present research method through the inclusion of participants that are suffering from the issue of nail-biting belonging to the UK. The sample size for the research methodology included a total of 350 participants belonging to the age groups of 18 to 50 years. The primary data collection method was considered for the present research methodology as it followed the cross-sectional method. The quantitative data analysis method would be considered under the primary research method and so a survey would be done. Results:Of 380 study participants,more than half of them believe that nail biting is a psychological disorder (n= 219, 58.1%). Furthermore, about two thirds of study participants believe that nail biting is a common disorder among humans (n= 247, 65%). Most of study participants think that nail biting is curable (n= 296, 77.9%). Daily exercise is helping in reducing the habit of nail biting as reported by 178 (73.2%). Half of study participants were neutral with regard to the benefit of psychological treatment to nail biting (n= 184, 48.4%). Vast majority of study participants believed that exercise is effective for enhancing mental stability (n= 318, 83.7%).Leading a life with a the disorder or nail biting issue was moderately painful among 165 participants (43.3%). Participants were asked about the cost of medication for onychophagia, most of participants responded with affordable cost (n= 270, 71.1%). The most frequent symptom of nail biting issue as reported by study participants was moderate span of time (n= 234, 61.6%). Conclusion:Onychophagia is a psychological disorder from the perspective of study participants. Furthermore, they recommended medical treatment and stated that psychological treatment alone is not enough. Moreover, exercise helps with mental stability as reported by study participants. &nbsp

Background:Several hand conditions have an overlap in term of management by surgeons from different departments. They usually rely on referrals from general health providers. Suitable referral depends on the knowledge and understanding of the referring physicians to the problem and the best available treatment. Recently the number of referrals and operations of elective hand surgeries increased by more than 30%. Physician from different specialties can sometimes disagree on their perception on what is the best treatment option for the patient. Aim: to study physicians perception on common hand condition, and their referral pattern. Material and Method: The research was conducted using a survey with a sample size of 102 focusing on health care providers from King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital and they were collected by convenience sampling. The raw data was collected in an excel sheet. We used SPSS statistics 21st for quantitative data analysis. Results: The results gave us a general idea that there is a lot of difference of understanding to the hand conditions and which should be referred to where, with orthopedic being the most referred to Speciality. Conclusion: Referral for different hand and wrist conditions remains unclear to many practicing physicians at our institute. Establishment of a separate hand and wrist unit/clinic that includes all individual specializations may help improve patient care and wait timing.

Introduction: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic and autoimmune disorder caused by inflammatory T-cells response to the gluten-containing proteins. This disease may be expressed due to genetic predisposition, an autoimmune disorder, or environmental factors. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study that included only the pediatric population and aimed to determine the prevalence and complications of CD among children. A predesigned self-administered questionnaire was constructed by the researcher; it covered the socio-demographic data, the patients’ clinical data, including their state, the possible complications of the disease, and the diabetic patients. Results: A total of 729 children were included, 63.1% were females, and the ones aging above ten years ranked with 31.7%. The prevalence of CD was 32.4%, and only 11.2% were diabetic. More than half of this population did not suffer any complications at all (54.7%), while malnutrition and bone weakening were the most common complications with (27.8%) and (15.5%), respectively. Conclusion: There is a relatively low prevalence of CD among children. The majority of our population did not suffer any complications. Furthermore, malnutrition and bone weakening constituted the most frequent complications among the patients.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a significant relationship between oral health and diabetes mellitus. The study is a cross-sectional analytical study, that used an e-form questionnaire, collecting 1095 participant. The questionnaire is designed to assess the common signs and symptoms of different common oral diseases, especially periodontal disease. Results showed that 9.6% of participants were diabetics. Significant relationship between symptoms and signs of dental disease and being a diabetic was found. Conclusion has been made that diabetes has a negative effect on oral health.

Background: Hernias occur when weak points in the abdominal wall give way and organs emerge from the body cavity. They can develop in the umbilical area, in the groin area or in any other place where there is an operation scar. Groin hernias are the most common type of hernias and are particularly common in men. An inguinal hernia is often noticeable as a protuberance in the groin region. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spot light on the prevalence of different hernia types among Saudi population. The study was carried out at universities, hospitals and malls in KSA. Data were collected from patients and general population during a period from May to November 2021. Results: Among the 517 participants; the most frequent age group was 20-30 years [n= 212, 41%] while the least frequent age group was more than 50 years of age [n= 37, 7.2%]; with very close male to female ratio. Furthermore, 120 participants had DM [23.2%], 146 participants were smoking [28.2%] and 57 participants were ex-smokers [11%]. Moreover, 150 participants were suffering from constipation, 104 had cough, 134 perform weight lifting and 65 had previous hernia [the most frequent hernia was umbilical hernia and the least frequent hernia was femoral hernia]. When comparing the risk factors with the presence of hernia, there was no any statistically significant relationships except for the umbilical hernia is statistically significant for females [P = 0.01]. Conclusion: The most common hernia type among the participant was the umbilical hernia and the least common type is the femoral hernia. Moreover, there were no significant hernia risk factors among the participants, except for the female gender, which had a statistically significant relationship with the umbilical hernia.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a significant association between GERD and heart burn, and common comorbidities and associated diseases. GERD is a chronic disease in which gastric contents reflux back into the esophagus. It’s a reasonably prevalent condition among populations. Results of this study showed significant relationship between this condition and others like: DM, HTN, Anxiety, respiratory, colon diseases, in addition to connective diseases. This is consistent with other evidence on GERD and its associated conditions. Results also showed somewhat weak recognition of participants upon whether they have actually GERD, with only nearly 55% knowing the meaning of GERD.