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The COVID-19 pandemic forced institutions and organizations to adopt remote work policies, leading to numerous challenges for individuals, especially students. Thus, it is vital to examine the e-learning environment and the factors influencing the e-learning process to better comprehend and address the challenges students face in this context. Objectives: To explore the moderating role of ICT-SE in the relationship between SDL, ELR, and SE among adolescents. Methods: A convenience sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 300 school, college, and university students aged 15 to 21 years, including both boys and girls, from Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Reliable measures were used to collect data on the variables studied, including ICT self-efficacy, self-directed learning, e-learning readiness, and student engagement. Results: The study's findings revealed a positive correlation between self-directed learning, e-learning readiness, and student engagement. Additionally, e-learning readiness and student engagement exhibited a significant positive correlation. The study also discovered that ICT self-efficacy significantly moderated connection among self-directed learning and e-learning readiness, as well as between self-directed learning and student engagement. Conclusions: The study's findings suggest that promoting students' self-directed learning and e-learning readiness may result in improved engagement in e-learning environments. The study also emphasizes the significance of ICT self-efficacy in strengthening the relationship between SDL and SE. These results have implications for enhancing e-learning quality in Pakistani educational institutions by focusing on these factors.

The present study was intended to find out the curative potentials of Garlic (Allium sativum) against di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) induced toxicity in the reproductive system of female mice. Forty female mice were divided into four groups (n=10) as the (a) control group was given normal feed and drinking water, (b) aqueous garlic extract treated group (500 mg/kg), (c) DEHP group received 500 mg/kg in corn oil, and (d) DEHP + aqueous garlic extract each at a dosage of 500 mg/kg body weight. All treatments were given daily through oral gavage for 28 days. After completion of the experiment, all the animals were dissected through cervical dislocation to get reproductive organs. Collected organs were weighed and processed through the conventional histology technique of staining with eosin and hematoxylin. This study indicated that DEHP exposure caused a significant decrease (P

The goal of this study was to look into the effects of gender and age on students’ ICT self-efficacy ( ICT-SE), self-directed learning (SDL) e-learning readiness (ELR) ,engagement (SE) among middle and late teens. Using an easy sample technique, data was obtained from students at various schools, colleges, and universities in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The total sample size was 300 students, with 144 boys (n=144) and 156 girls (n=156) ranging in age from 15 to 21. ICT self-efficacy scale (ICTSES; Alahakoon & Somaratne, 2020), Self-directed learning with technology scale (SDLTS; Teo et al., 2010), E-learning readiness scale (ELRS; Alem et al., 2016), and Student engagement scale (SES; Lee, Song, & Hong, 2019) were used in the current study consent form along with demographic information sheet. Male students had a high degree of ICT self-efficacy, whereas no significant gender differences were seen on the SDL, ELR, or SE. Furthermore, when compared to middle adolescents, late adolescents scored much higher on SDL, ELR, and SE.

Crop wild relatives contain a greater variety of phenotypic and genotypic diversity compared to their domesticated counterparts. Trifolium crop species have limited genetic diversity to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses due to artificial selection for consumer preferences. Here, we investigated the distribution and evolution of nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) genes in the genus of Trifolium with the objective to identify reference NLR genes. We identified 412, 350, 306, 389 and 241 NLR genes were identified from Trifolium. subterraneum, T. pratense, T. occidentale, subgenome-A of T. repens and subgenome-B of T. repens, respectively. Phylogenetic and clustering analysis reveals seven sub-groups in genus Trifolium. Specific subgroups such as G4-CNL, CCG10-CNL and TIR-CNL show distinct duplication patterns in specific species, which suggests subgroup duplications that are the hallmarks of their divergent evolution. Furthermore, our results strongly suggest the overall expansion of NLR repertoire in T. subterraneum is due to gene duplication events and birth of gene families after speciation. Moreover, the NLRome of the allopolyploid species T. repens has evolved asymmetrically, with the subgenome -A showing expansion, while the subgenome-B underwent contraction. These findings provide crucial background data for comprehending NLR evolution in the Fabaceae family and offer a more comprehensive analysis of NLR genes as disease resistance genes.

Objective: This study investigated the causes and risk factors of coccydynia among postpartum women in Maula Bakhsh DHQ Sargodha. The main focus of the study was to identify what are the basic causes and risk factors of coccydynia. Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study on 90 postpartum women from Maula Bakhsh DHQ Sargodha. Self-developed questionnaire was filled for data collection. Results: Highest percentages of coccydynia was found among age 30 and 35 i.e. 12.2%. Our study showed that out of the total population 68.9% women experienced coccydynia with C sections. 73.3% experienced coccydynia with increasing number of pregnancies (more than one pregnancy. 90% women experiencing pain preferred to sit on soft surface. Conclusion: This study concluded that multiple factors led to the development of coccydynia in postpartum women including number of C sections and increasing number of pregnancies.

Aim: To determine the outcome of trans-fistula anorectoplasty (TFARP) in female children having anorectal malformation with recto-vestibular fistula. Study Design: A retrospective study. Place and Duration: Department of pediatric surgery during the period of February 2018 to February 2020. Methodology: A total of 87 female children who have imperforate anus with recto-vestibular fistula from the age of 3 months to 6 years were included in this study. Initially, we have started this technique with the covering sigmoid colostomy, then TFARP after 12 weeks interval & once new anus healed and hegar dilatation achieved then sigmoid colostomy closed after 24 weeks of the first procedure. When we were experienced then we start TFARP as a single-stage procedure. Post-operative data regarding early complications of local wound infections, prolapse of the rectal mucosa, and late complications for anal stenosis, rectal prolapse, and scarring in the perineal body were collected up to 2-3 months respectively. Results: A total of 87 patients were included in this study. The average operative time was 40 minutes. The total days of hospital stay were 3 to 5 days. Regarding early complications, skin excoriation was present in 21 (24%) followed by vaginal tear in 17 (19%) cases. Mucosal prolapse was a late complication observed in 17 (20%) cases. Continence was good (Score 0) in 33 (38%) cases, while it was fair (score 1) in 36 (41%) cases. Conclusion: Primary repair of recto-vestibular fistula by Trans-fistula anorectoplasty in children is a feasible procedure that has a good cosmetic appearance and anal continence. Single-stage reconstruction is possible in children with satisfactory results. It produces less morbidity and is a more efficient procedure.

Today hypertension has become a threat to the human lives. Different factors like sensitivity to sodium, obesity, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle and smoking are responsible for the development of hypertension. Hypertension can be of major risk factor to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Because of their small molecular mass, bioactive peptides have an important role in the digestion and absorption of proteins. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) peptides are one of the most widely used bioactive peptide in the field of medicine and food processing. Thus, these inhibitors are applied to regulate the blood pressure and prevent hypertension. Synthetic ACE inhibitors have various side effects and that is why scientists nowadays, are focusing on the natural alternate of ACE inhibitors with promising health properties. Two types of proteins found in milk are casein and whey proteins which are a good source of the bioactive peptides having a positive impact on body functions. ACE inhibitory peptides derived from the goat milk proteins are considered to be used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical products to reduce the hypertension ultimately reducing the risk of CVD and other related diseases.

Aim: To evaluate the advantages/benefits of a single cosmetic incision approach for the repair of bilateral inguinal hernia in children. Study design: A cross-sectional study Place and Duration of study: Pediatric surgery department, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences Jamshoro from February 2017 and June 2022 Methodology: Bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphies were performed on a total of 178 children and infants who received treatment in succession. A single, transverse, 2.5-cm long suprapubic incision was performed in 89 (50%) of the patients, and the Scarpa fascia was punctured using cautery. The external ring was located and opened after retracting the wound, and the ilioinguinal nerve was safeguarded. After testicular vascular and sac separation from vas deference, the hernial sac is delicately Trans ligated with 3-0 Vicryl (Ethicon), closed was the external oblique aponeurosis. The wound was then retracted to the opposite side and treated there using the same technique. Results: Ages ranged from 3 months to 11 years at the time of operation (average, 29.8 months). 56.93% of the patients—96—were under the age of one, with 51 of them—28.65%—being under the age of six months. 48 patients were 1 to 5 years old, and 24 were over the age of 5. The average operating time was 8–10 minutes shorter than it had been in the past for children who had undergone bilateral inguinal incisions, which typically took 30–40 minutes. The visual look and overall outcomes have pleased the patients and parents. There haven't been any recurrences so yet. Conclusion: In order to improve therapeutic impact and lower the risk of complications and recurrence, we develop a single incision method for bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphies. Depending on the availability of a paediatric surgeon with the necessary experience and skills, a single incision technique for treating a child's bilateral inguinal hernia is practical, safe, and can be provided to patients. Keywords: single incision approach, inguinal herniorrhaphies, children, cosmetics

Introduction:Cadmium is known to be one of the most noxious environmental and industrial pollutant. Cigarette smoke and food products are the major sources of cadmium exposure in non-occupationally exposed people.Tephrosia lupinifoliaDC. (Fabaceae) is commonly known as Fish poison. It has usage in treatment of diarrhea, stomachache, urinary disorders, asthma and rheumatism. Objectives:This investigation was aimed to examine the protective potentials ofTephrosia lupinifoliaDC. against cadmium-induced changes in haematological parameters of Sprague-Dawley rats. Methodology:In present study, male rats (n=30) were taken and equally divided into five groups. Rats were orally administrated with relevant doses of methanolic extract ofTephrosia lupinifolia(25, 50 mg/kg bw) for 7 days and then CdCl2(4 mg/kg) was intravenously injected to produce acute toxicity. At the end of experiment, rats were dissected to collect blood for haematological analysis. Results:Cadmium treatment caused significant decline of RBCs (P=0.002), PCV and Hb concentration (P=0.0001) as compared to control. It also elevates the WBC count (PTephrosia lupinifolia. Conclusion:The outcomes of this study recommended that methanolic extract ofTephrosia lupinifolia(TLME) ameliorates the harmful effects of CdCl2on blood parameters which can be credited to the presence of different phytochemical constituents in it.

Background: Gall bladder perforation is a rare complication in the pediatric age group secondary to enteric fever and a definitive diagnosis is necessary to deal with the management. Preoperative diagnosis of gallbladder perforation is challenging and demanding in most cases diagnosed intraoperatively. Our study aims to evaluate the pattern of presentation, investigation, and complication. Methods: A descriptive case series was carried out in our pediatric department of surgery at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan from January 2016 to December 2021. Data were analyzed regarding age, clinical presentation, investigation, surgical procedure, site of perforation, complication, and outcome. Results: Eleven patients were managed in five years. The patient's ages ranged from 6 years to 12 years old child of 9.19 years was the mean age of presentation. The fundus and body was the commonest site of perforation and was diagnosed intraoperatively. The presenting feature was fever, abdominal pain with distension, vomiting, constipation, and a sign of peritonism. The gallbladder perforation was managed by cholecystectomy in 10 patients and partial in one due to difficult dissection. In our series, zero mortality, and all eleven patients were symptom-free in the postoperative outpatient department clinic. Conclusion: In Perforated gallbladder patients early and aggressive management improves mortality and morbidity but represents a special diagnostic and surgical challenge. Keywords: Typhoid Fever, Perforated Gallbladder, Acalculous Cholecystitis.

This study was designed to investigate testicular and male reproductive tract histopathologies and lipid profile against di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) exposure in mice and curative potentials of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract. Four groups (n = 10) were named and treated as follow (a) control (C): (normal feed and drinking water + 0.2 ml corn oil); (b) aqueous garlic extract group (AGE): (500 mg/kg body weight of aqueous garlic extract); (c) DEHP group: (500 mg/kg body weight of DEHP, dissolved in corn oil; (d) AGE + DEHP group (500 mg/kg body weight garlic aqueous extract, and DEHP 500 mg/kg body weight dissolved in corn oil). The doses were given once daily through gavages for 28 days and on the 29th day, all the animals were euthanized through cervical dislocation and reproductive organs and blood samples were collected. The results showed that exposure to DEHP caused a significant effect on body weight, testicular weight, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid profile, average cross-sectional area (ACSA) of the seminiferous tubule, ACSA of the lumen of seminiferous tubule, spermatogenic cells, Leydig's cells number, vas deferens diameter, lumen, muscular thickness, and epithelial cell height of vas deferens. This study revealed that exposure to DEHP can be injurious to male reproductive health and aqueous garlic extract can decrease the toxic effects of DEHP in male mice.

The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence, spatio-temporal variations, source apportioning, and ecological risk assessment of selected PCBs and OCPs in surface water and sediments collected riverine environment of Punjab province, Pakistan. The concentration of ΣOCPs (water: 64-455 ng/L; sediments: 117-616 ng/g) and ΣPCBs (water: 2-132 ng/L; sediments: 3.27-200 ng/g) was found comparatively higher than the levels reported from other parts of the world. The higher concentrations of DDTs and HCHs were detected in both studied matrices, whereas among PCBs, CB-28, 49 and CB-37, 82 were dominant in water and sediments, respectively. The isomeric ratios including α-HCH/γ-HCH, (DDE + DDD) / DDTs, and α /β-endosulfan reflected the recent use of lindane, technical DDT, and endosulfan in the study area. The WHO-TEQ values of DL-PCBs ranged from 3.6 × 10