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Initially considered as a kind of radiobiological law, the linear no-threshold (LNT) model, which by definition supports the absence of any threshold for cancer risk induction after irradiation, is nowadays more reasonably described as a pragmatic and prudent approach by the International Organizations. However, it remains today a dogma in radiological protection. Actually, this model had been essentially developed for the radiological protection of a general population against low, and sometimes very low, doses of irradiation. Radiation oncologists are dealing with a totally different situation since they deliver, on purpose, high doses of radiations in more or less limited volumes of the body of cancer patients, patients for whom no other alternatives do exist to get rid of their malignant tumors. Simultaneously, the radiation oncologists inevitably give low and even very low doses at distance from the so-called target volumes. In such a specific situation, what is the carcinogenicity of these low doses and the relevance of the LNT model in radiotherapy? Thus, this paper addresses three critical questions: 1) what is the risk acceptability of the radiation doses delivered by radiotherapy of malignant tumors? 2) what is the real carcinogenic risk of (very) low doses delivered at distance from the target volume? 3) are the clinical radiotherapy data, i.e., the number of second primary cancers, accumulated since more than a century, consistent with the LNT model? In conclusion, the LNT model appears to be poorly adapted to the high doses locally delivered to cancer patients and dramatically overestimates, in most cases, the risk of secondary radio-induced cancers. In fine, the real risk of the LNT model in radiotherapy would be to promote radiophobia in cancer patients and to see some of them turning away from a life-saving treatment.

Prostate brachytherapy techniques are described, concerning both permanent seed implant and high dose rate brachytherapy. The following guidelines are presented: brachytherapy indications, implant procedure for permanent low dose rate implants and high dose rate with source projector, as well as dose and dose-constraints objectives, immediate postoperative management, post-treatment evaluation, and long-term follow-up.

The issue of radiation-induced cancers must be taken into consideration during therapeutic irradiations. Risk factors for radiation-induced cancer include: the age of the patients, the volumes irradiated, the presence of risk cofactors and the exposure of critical organs. Those should be part of the therapeutic decision, in terms of indication, as well as choice of the radiotherapy technique (including repositioning systems). We present the update of the recommendations of the French society for radiation oncology on the modalities for preventing radiation-induced cancers.