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A density-based topology optimization framework is developed to manipulate characteristic modes of conducting surfaces. The adjoint sensitivity analysis provides an efficient computation of the material gradient utilized by the local optimizer to update the material distribution. The modal approach naturally separates geometry and feeding synthesis, demonstrating its ability to optimize modal quantities while maintaining computational efficiency through gradient-based updates. The framework's properties and performance are illustrated through several examples, including single-mode resonance control, modal Q-factor, and multi-mode optimization., Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures

We observed an optical afterglow of GRB 200131A obtaining the first photometric point 63 s after the satellite trigger. This early observation shows a steep decay, suggesting either internal engine activity or a reverse shock. By fitting this data set, we show that the early data fit well as a reverse shock component of the GRB afterglow modeled as a thin shell expanding into a constant density interstellar matter. The fitting also shows a good agreement with a catalogued Milky Way galactic extinction and leaves only little space for further extinction in the host galaxy. By judging several factors we conclude that the most likely redshift of this GRB is 0.9 +/- 0.1., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

The explicit connection between the transition matrix and boundary element method integral operators is formulated. This enables the calculation of characteristic modes via eigenvalue problems involving either set of operators, leading to convenient orthogonality properties facilitating scattering analysis, solution of inverse problems, and the design of excitation fields., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures

In this article, we show that it is possible to differentiate between water adsorbed on the outside of a single-walled carbon nanotube and that confined inside. To this aim, we measured the electronic transport of a carbon nanotube based field effect transistor (CNTFET) constructed with an isolated single carbon nanotube subjected to controlled environments. More precisely, this distinction is made possible by observing the evolution of the transfer characteristic as a function of the electric field imposed by the gate voltage. It appears that the presence of water results in a displacement of the electrical neutrality point, corresponding to a charge transfer between the nanotube and its environment. Using this approach, we demonstrate the existence of 3 types of water molecules: (i) chemically adsorbed on the SiO\textsubscript{2} surface of the substrate, i.e., forming silanol groups; (ii) physically adsorbed outside next to the nanotube; and (iii) confined inside the nanotube. The first one can only be eliminated by high temperature treatment under vacuum, the second one desorbs in a moderate vacuum at room temperature, while the confined water can be removed at room temperature at higher vacuum, i.e. $10^{-3}$ mbar. We also observe that both water adsorption outside and water confinement inside the nanotube are spontaneous and rather fast, i.e. less than 1 minute in our experimental conditions, while removing the water adsorbed outside and confined inside takes much longer, i.e. 40-60 minutes, thus indicating that water confinement is thermodynamically favorable. It is also shown that the metallicity of the nanotube has no qualitative influence on its interaction with water. Our results experimentally prove the stronger affinity of water for the inner surface of CNT than for the outer one.

The third-named author recently proved [Israel J. of Math. 258 (2023), 475--502] that there are infinitely many \textit{collisions} of the base-2 and base-3 sum-of-digits functions. In other words, the equation \[ s_2(n)=s_3(n) \] admits infinitely many solutions in natural numbers. We refine this result and prove that every integer $a$ in $\{1, 2, \ldots, 11\}$ appears as the last nonzero digit of $n!$ in base $12$ infinitely often., Comment: 11 pages

SST-1M is a prototype of a single-mirror Small Size Telescope developed by a consortium of institutes from Poland, Switzerland and the Czech Republic. With a wide field of view of 9 degrees, SST-1Ms are designed to detect gamma-rays in the energy range between 1 and 300 TeV. The design of the SST-1M follows the Davies-Cotton concept, with a 9.42m2 multi-segment mirror. SST-1M is equipped with DigiCam camera, which features a fully digital readout and trigger system using 250 MHz ADC, and a compact Photo-Detector Plane (PDP) composed of 1296 pixels, each made of a hexagonal light guide coupled to silicone photomultipliers (SiPM). Two SST-1M telescopes are currently being commissioned at the Ondrejov Observatory in the Czech Republic, where they are successfully observing Cerenkov events in stereo. This contribution will present an overview of calibration strategies and performance evaluation based on data collected at the observatory., Comment: Volume 444 - 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2023)

The SST-1M is a Small-Sized Telescope (SST) designed to provide a cost-effective and high-performance solution for gamma-ray astrophysics, particularly for energies beyond a few TeV. The goal is to integrate this telescope into an array of similar instruments, leveraging its lightweight design, earthquake resistance, and established Davies-Cotton configuration. Additionally, its optical system is designed to function without a protective dome, allowing it to withstand the harsh atmospheric conditions typical of mountain environments above 2000 m. The SST-1M utilizes a fully digitizing camera system based on silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). This camera is capable of digitizing all signals from the UV-optical light detectors, allowing for the implementation of various triggers and data analysis methods. We detail the process of designing, prototyping, and validating this system, ensuring that it meets the stringent requirements for gamma-ray detection and performance. An SST-1M stereo system is currently operational and collecting data at the Ond\v{r}ejov observatory in the Czech Republic, situated at 500 m. Preliminary results from this system are promising. A forthcoming paper will provide a comprehensive analysis of the performance of the telescopes in detecting gamma rays and operating under real-world conditions., Comment: 28 pages, 45 figures, 9 tables, to be sumitted to JCAP

This paper introduces a framework for synthesizing reactively loaded antennas and antenna arrays. The framework comprises two main components: computing the fundamental bound using the semi-definite relaxation and finding a realizable solution via optimization on a Riemannian manifold. The embedded element patterns are subject to the optimization with two distinct goals under study: focusing the radiation in a single direction or synthesizing patterns with desired shapes. The reactive terminations of passive antenna elements serve as optimization variables. We demonstrate the framework using a connected bowtie-slot antenna and antenna array with both beam-focusing and beam-shaping targets. The tests show that the optimization on the Riemannian manifold yields superior results compared to existing methods, such as the genetic algorithm. This is particularly evident in the most complex and extensive problem, which requires the synthesis of shaped embedded element patterns for a sparse reactively loaded antenna array with a limited field of view., Comment: 15 pages

This paper introduces a computational approach to identify performance constraints in the time-domain based on optimizing the excitation waveform. The method builds on an optimization algorithm that has been employed for decades to establish fundamental limits in the frequency domain and this paper showcases its first comprehensive application to time-domain pulses. The method is applied to arbitrarily polarized multiport antennas and arrays. The demonstration performed is based on finding an antenna's maximum peak radiation intensity in a given direction and time with limited total input energy available. To highlight the generality of the approach, an analysis on finding optimal illumination for antiferromagnetic memory switching is conducted., Comment: 12 pages, 16 figures, IEEE TAP paper

The mechanism of Kondo screening in strongly correlated molecules with several unpaired electrons on a metal surface is still under debate. Here, we provide a theoretical framework that rationalizes the emergence of Kondo screening involving several extended molecular orbitals with unpaired electrons. We introduce a perturbative model, which provides simple rules to identify the presence of antiferromagnetic spin-flip channels involving charged molecular multiplets responsible for Kondo screening. The Kondo regime is confirmed by numerical renormalization group calculations. In addition, we introduce the concept of Kondo orbitals as molecular orbitals associated with the Kondo screening process, which provide a direct interpretation of experimental $dI/dV$ maps of Kondo resonances. We demonstrate that this theoretical framework can be applied to different strongly correlated open-shell molecules on metal surfaces, obtaining good agreement with previously published experimental data., Comment: 13 pages, 16 figures

We report the study of a huge optical intraday flare on November 12, 2021, at 2 am UT, in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact, based on a prediction made eight years earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by \cite{2024ApJ...960...11K}. Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R-I spectral index by $1.0\pm0.1$ between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary black hole. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability, using the Krakow-dataset of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In the Appendix, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow., Comment: to Appear in Astrophysical Journal Letters

Trapping of charge at surface states is a longstanding problem in GaN that hinders a full realization of its potential as a semiconductor for microelectronics. At least part of this charge originates in molecules adsorbed on the GaN surface. Multiple studies have addressed the adsorption of different substances, but the role of adsorbents in the charge-trapping mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that the GaN surface selectively adsorbs nitrogen dioxide (NO2) existing in the air in trace amounts. NO2 appears to charge the yellow-luminescence-related surface state. Mild heat treatment in vacuum removes this surface charge, only to be re-absorbed on re-exposure to air. Selective exposure of vacuum-annealed GaN to NO2 reproduces a similar surface charge distribution, as does the exposure to air. Residual gas analysis of the gases desorbed during heat treatment in vacuum shows a large concentration of nitric oxide (NO) released from the surface. These observations suggest that NO2 is selectively adsorbed from the air, deleteriously affecting the electrical properties of air-exposed GaN. The trapping of free electrons as part of the NO2chemisorption process changes the surface charge density, resulting in a change in the surface band bending. Uncontrollable by nature, NO2 adsorption may significantly affect any GaN-based electronic device. However, as shown here, a rather mild heat treatment in vacuum restores the surface state occupancy of GaN to its intrinsic state. If attempted before passivation, this heat treatment may provide a possible solution to longstanding stability problems associated with surface charge trapping in GaN-based devices.

Ultraviolet (UV) processing in the insterstellar medium (ISM) induces the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons. Aliphatics, including alkanes, are present in different interstellar environments, being prevalently formed in evolved stars; thus, the dehydrogenation by UV photoprocessing of alkanes plays an important role in the chemistry of the ISM, leading to the formation of unsaturated hydrocarbons and eventually to aromatics, the latter ubiquitously detected in the ISM. Here, through combined experimental results and \textit{ab-initio} calculations, we show that UV absorption (mainly at the Ly-$\alpha$ emission line of hydrogen at 121.6 nm) promotes an alkane to an excited Rydberg state from where it evolves towards fragmentation inducing the formation of olefinic C=C bonds, which are necessary precursors of aromatic hydrocarbons. We show that photochemistry of aliphatics in the ISM does not primarily produce direct hydrogen elimination but preferential C-C photocleavage. Our results provide an efficient synthetic route for the formation of unsaturated aliphatics, including propene and dienes, and suggest that aromatics could be formed in dark clouds by a bottom-up mechanism involving molecular fragments produced by UV photoprocessing of aliphatics.

Identifying black holes is essential for comprehending the development of stars and uncovering novel principles of physics. Gravitational microlensing provides an exceptional opportunity to examine an undetectable population of black holes in the Milky Way. In particular, long-lasting events are likely to be associated with massive lenses, including black holes. We present an analysis of the Gaia18ajz microlensing event, reported by the Gaia Science Alerts system, which has exhibited a long timescale and features indicative of the annual microlensing parallax effect. Our objective is to estimate the parameters of the lens based on the best-fitting model. We utilized photometric data obtained from the Gaia satellite and terrestrial observatories to investigate a variety of microlensing models and calculate the most probable mass and distance to the lens, taking into consideration a Galactic model as a prior. Subsequently, weapplied a mass-brightness relation to evaluate the likelihood that the lens is a main sequence star. We also describe the DarkLensCode (DLC), an open-source routine which computes the distribution of probable lens mass, distance and luminosity employing the Galaxy priors on stellar density and velocity for microlensing events with detected microlensing parallax. We modelled Gaia18ajz event and found its two possible models with most likely Einstein timescale of $316^{+36}_{-30}$ days and $299^{+25}_{-22}$ days. Applying Galaxy priors for stellar density and motion, we calculated the most probable lens mass of $4.9^{+5.4}_{-2.3} M_\odot$ located at $1.14^{+0.75}_{-0.57}\,\text{kpc}$ or $11.1^{+10.3}_{-4.7} M_\odot$ located at $1.31^{+0.80}_{-0.60}\,\text{kpc}$. Our analysis of the blended light suggests that the lens is likely a dark remnant of stellar evolution, rather than a main sequence star.

Long gamma ray bursts (GRBs) are produced by the collapse of some very massive stars, which emit ultra-relativistic jets. When the jets collide with the interstellar medium they decelerate and generate the so-called afterglow emission, which has been observed to be polarised. In this work we study the polarimetric evolution of GRB 210610B afterglow, at $z = 1.1341$. This allows to evaluate the role of geometric and/or magnetic mechanisms in the GRB afterglow polarisation. We observed GRB 210610B using imaging polarimetry with CAFOS on the 2.2 m Calar Alto Telescope and FORS2 on the 4 $\times$ 8.1 m Very Large Telescope. Complementary optical spectroscopy was obtained with OSIRIS on the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias. We study the GRB light-curve from X-rays to optical bands and the Spectral Energy Distribution (SED). This allows us to strongly constrain the line-of-sight extinction. Finally, we study the GRB host galaxy using optical/NIR data to fit the SED and derive its integrated properties. GRB 210610B had a bright afterglow with a negligible line-of-sight extinction. Polarimetry was obtained at three epochs: during an early plateau phase, at the time when the light curve breaks, and after the light curve steepened. We observe an initial polarisation of $\sim 4\%$ that goes to zero at the time of the break, and then increases again to $\sim 2\%$ with a change of the position angle of $54 \pm 9$ deg. The spectrum show features with very low equivalent widths, indicating a small amount of material in the line-of-sight within the host. The lack of dust and the low amount of material on the line-of-sight to GRB 210610B allow us to study the intrinsic polarisation of the GRB optical afterglow. We find the GRB polarisation signals are consistent with ordered magnetic fields in refreshed shock or/and hydrodynamics-scale turbulent fields in the forward shock., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics 23 Feb 2024

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are ideal probes of the Universe at high redshift (z > 5), pinpointing the locations of the earliest star-forming galaxies and providing bright backlights that can be used to spectrally fingerprint the intergalactic medium and host galaxy during the period of reionization. Future missions such as Gamow Explorer are being proposed to unlock this potential by increasing the rate of identification of high-z GRBs to rapidly trigger observations from 6-10 m ground telescopes, JWST, and the Extremely Large Telescopes. Gamow was proposed to the NASA 2021 Medium-Class Explorer (MIDEX) program as a fast-slewing satellite featuring a wide-field lobster-eye X-ray telescope (LEXT) to detect and localize GRBs, and a 30 cm narrow-field multi-channel photo-z infrared telescope (PIRT) to measure their photometric redshifts using the Lyman-alpha dropout technique. To derive the PIRT sensitivity requirement we compiled a complete sample of GRB optical-near-infrared afterglows from 2008 to 2021, adding a total of 66 new afterglows to our earlier sample, including all known high-z GRB afterglows. We performed full light-curve and spectral-energy-distribution analyses of these afterglows to derive their true luminosity at very early times. For all the light curves, where possible, we determined the brightness at the time of the initial finding chart of Gamow, at different high redshifts and in different NIR bands. We then followed the evolution of the luminosity to predict requirements for ground and space-based follow-up. We find that a PIRT sensitivity of 15 micro-Jy (21 mag AB) in a 500 s exposure simultaneously in five NIR bands within 1000s of the GRB trigger will meet the Gamow mission requirement to recover > 80% of all redshifts at z > 5., Comment: 44 pages, 10 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics 15 Feb 2024. Abstract abridged for arXiv

This study delves into the intriguing properties of 1H/1T-TaS$_2$ van der Waals heterostructure, focusing on the transparency of the 1H layer to the Charge Density Wave of the underlying 1T layer. Despite the sizable interlayer separation and metallic nature of the 1H layer, positive bias voltages result in a pronounced superposition of the 1T charge density wave structure on the 1H layer. The conventional explanation relying on tunneling effects proves insufficient. Through a comprehensive investigation combining lowtemperature scanning tunneling microscopy, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy, and firstprinciples calculations, we propose an alternative interpretation. The transparency effect arises from a weak yet substantial electronic coupling between the 1H and 1T layers, challenging prior understanding of the system. Our results highlight the critical role played by interlayer electronic interactions in van der Waals heterostructures to determine the final ground states of the systems.

The problem of substructure characteristic modes is developed using a scattering matrix-based formulation, generalizing subregion characteristic mode decomposition to arbitrary computational tools. It is shown that the modes of the scattering formulation are identical to the modes of the classical formulation based on the background Green's function for lossless systems under conditions where both formulations can be applied. The scattering formulation, however, opens a variety of new subregion scenarios unavailable within previous formulations, including cases with lumped or wave ports or subregions in circuits. Thanks to its scattering nature, the formulation is solver-agnostic with the possibility to utilize an arbitrary full-wave method., Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures

This study presents an empirical investigation into the design and impact of autonomous dialogues in human-robot interaction for behavior change coaching. We focus on the use of Haru, a tabletop social robot, and explore the implementation of the Tiny Habits method for fostering positive behavior change. The core of our study lies in developing a fully autonomous dialogue system that maximizes Haru's emotional expressiveness and unique personality. Our methodology involved iterative design and extensive testing of the dialogue system, ensuring it effectively embodied the principles of the Tiny Habits method while also incorporating strategies for trust-raising and trust-dampening. The effectiveness of the final version of the dialogue was evaluated in an experimental study with human participants (N=12). The results indicated a significant improvement in perceptions of Haru's liveliness, interactivity, and neutrality. Additionally, our study contributes to the broader understanding of dialogue design in social robotics, offering practical insights for future developments in the field., Comment: Accepted as Late Breaking Report (LBR) at the 19th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction (HRI '24)

Optical flow is a useful input for various applications, including 3D reconstruction, pose estimation, tracking, and structure-from-motion. Despite its utility, the field of dense long-term tracking, especially over wide baselines, has not been extensively explored. This paper extends the concept of combining multiple optical flows over logarithmically spaced intervals as proposed by MFT. We demonstrate the compatibility of MFT with different optical flow networks, yielding results that surpass their individual performance. Moreover, we present a simple yet effective combination of these networks within the MFT framework. This approach proves to be competitive with more sophisticated, non-causal methods in terms of position prediction accuracy, highlighting the potential of MFT in enhancing long-term tracking applications.

We use the concept of active antenna available power to derive a generalization of the Friis transmission formula for multiport antenna systems. With beamformer weights chosen such that the array patterns are the same when transmitting and receiving, the active antenna available power at the receiving antenna divided by the input power at the transmitter is symmetric under link direction reversal in the near field as well as the far field. These results generalize the Friis transmission formula to beamformed multiport antenna systems in an arbitrary reciprocal propagation environment., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures

We present full photometric coverage and spectroscopic data for soft GRB 201015A with a redshift z = 0.426. Our data spans a time range of 85 days following the detection of GRB. These observations revealed an underlying supernova SN 201015A with a maximum at $8.54 \pm $1.48 days (rest frame) and an optical peak absolute magnitude $-19.45_{-0.47}^{+0.85}$ mag. The supernova stands out clearly, since the contribution of the afterglow at this time is not dominant, which made it possible to determine SN's parameters. A comparison of these parameters reveals that the SN 201015A is the earliest (the minimum $T_{max}$) known supernova associated with gamma-ray bursts. Spectroscopic observations during the supernova decay stage showed broad lines, indicating a large photospheric velocity, and identified this supernova as a type Ic-BL. Thus, the SN 201015A associated with the GRB 201015A becomes the 27th SN/GRB confirmed by both photometric and spectroscopic observations. Using the results of spectral analysis based on the available data of Fermi-GBM experiment, the parameters $E_\text{p,i} = 20.0 \pm 8.5$ keV and $E_\text{iso} = (1.1 \pm 0.2) \times 10^{50}$ erg were obtained. According to the position of the burst on the $E_\text{p,i}$-$E_\text{iso}$ correlation, GRB 201015A was classified as a Type II (long) gamma-ray burst, which was also confirmed by the $T_\text{90,i}$-$EH$ diagram., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures

This work deals with undirected graphs that have the same betweenness centrality for each vertex, so-called betweenness uniform graphs (or BUGs). The class of these graphs is not trivial and its classification is still an open problem. Recently, Gago, Coroni\v{c}ov\'a-Hurajov\'a and Madaras conjectured that for every rational $\alpha\ge 3/4$ there exists a BUG having betweenness centrality~$\alpha$. We disprove this conjecture, and provide an alternative view of the structure of betweenness-uniform graphs from the point of view of their complement. This allows us to characterise all the BUGs with betweennes centrality at most 9/10, and show that their betweenness centrality is equal to $\frac{\ell}{\ell+1}$ for some integer $\ell\le 9$. We conjecture that this characterization extends to all the BUGs with betweenness centrality smaller than~1.

The scattering formulation of characteristic mode decomposition is utilized to extend modal analysis to lossless scatterers breaking time-reversal symmetry. This enables characteristic modes analysis on devices containing gyrotropic or moving media. The resulting nonreciprocity introduces features not observed in reciprocal scenarios, such as asymmetric phase progression in characteristic far fields. These new phenomena are carefully discussed using examples of varying complexity. Indicators of nonreciprocity based on modal data are also introduced., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, 1 table

We consider the following general model of a sorting procedure: we fix a hereditary permutation class $\mathcal{C}$, which corresponds to the operations that the procedure is allowed to perform in a single step. The input of sorting is a permutation $\pi$ of the set $[n]=\{1,2,\dotsc,n\}$, i.e., a sequence where each element of $[n]$ appears once. In every step, the sorting procedure picks a permutation $\sigma$ of length $n$ from $\mathcal{C}$, and rearranges the current permutation of numbers by composing it with $\sigma$. The goal is to transform the input $\pi$ into the sorted sequence $1,2,\dotsc,n$ in as few steps as possible. This model of sorting captures not only classical sorting algorithms, like insertion sort or bubble sort, but also sorting by series of devices, like stacks or parallel queues, as well as sorting by block operations commonly considered, e.g., in the context of genome rearrangement. Our goal is to describe the possible asymptotic behavior of the worst-case number of steps needed when sorting with a hereditary permutation class. As the main result, we show that any hereditary permutation class $\mathcal{C}$ falls into one of five distinct categories. Disregarding the classes that cannot sort all permutations, the number of steps needed to sort any permutation of $[n]$ with $\mathcal{C}$ is either $\Theta(n^2)$, a function between $O(n)$ and $\Omega(\sqrt{n})$, a function betwee $O(\log^2 n)$ and $\Omega(\log n), or $1$, and for each of these cases we provide a structural characterization of the corresponding hereditary classes.

Dark GRBs constitute a significant fraction of the GRB population. In this paper, we present the multiwavelength analysis of an intense two-episodic GRB 150309A observed early on to ~114 days post-burst. Despite the strong gamma-ray emission, no optical afterglow was detected for this burst. However, we discovered near-infrared afterglow ($K_{\rm S}$-band), ~5.2 hours post burst, with the CIRCE instrument mounted at the 10.4m GTC. We used Fermi observations of GRB 150309A to understand the prompt emission mechanisms and jet composition. We performed the early optical observations using the BOOTES robotic telescope and late-time afterglow observations using the GTC. A potential faint host galaxy is also detected at optical wavelength using the GTC. We modelled the potential host galaxy of GRB 150309A in order to explore the environment of the burst. The time-resolved spectral analysis of Fermi data indicates a hybrid jet composition consisting of a matter-dominated fireball and magnetic-dominated Poynting flux. GTC observations of the afterglow revealed that the counterpart of GRB 150309A was very red, with H-$K_{\rm S}$ > 2.1 mag (95 $\%$ confidence). The red counterpart was not discovered in any bluer filters of Swift UVOT, indicative of high redshift origin. This possibility was discarded based on multiple arguments, such as spectral analysis of X-ray afterglow constrain z < 4.15 and a moderate redshift value obtained using spectral energy distribution modelling of the potential galaxy. The broadband afterglow SED implies a very dusty host galaxy with deeply embedded GRB (suggesting $A_{\rm V}$ $\gtrsim$ 35 mag). The environment of GRB 150309A demands a high extinction towards the line of sight, demanding dust obscuration is the most probable origin of optical darkness and the very red afterglow of GRB 150309A. This result makes GRB 150309A the highest extinguished GRB known to date., Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

Despite several decades of development, microfluidics lacks a sealing material that can be readily fabricated, leak-tight under high liquid water pressure, stable over a long time, and vacuum compatible. In this paper, we report the performances of a micro-scale processable sealing material for nanofluidic/microfluidics chip fabrication, which enables us to achieve all these requirements. We observed that micrometric walls made of SU-8 photoresist, whose thickness can be as low as 35 $\mu$m, exhibit water pressure leak-tightness from 1.5 bar up to 5.5 bar, no water porosity even after 2 months of aging, and are able to sustain under $10^{-5}$ mbar vacuum. This sealing material is therefore reliable and versatile for building microchips, part of which must be isolated from liquid water under pressure or vacuum. Moreover, the fabrication process we propose does not require the use of aggressive chemicals or high-temperature or high-energy plasma treatment. It thus opens a new perspective to seal microchips where delicate surfaces such as nanomaterials are present.

Characteristic modes of arbitrary two-dimensional periodic systems are analyzed using scattering parameter data. This approach bypasses the need for periodic integral equations and allows for characteristic modes to be computed from generic simulation or measurement data. Example calculations demonstrate the efficacy of the method through comparison against a periodic method of moments formulation for a simple, single-layer conducting unit cell. The effect of vertical structure and electrical size on the number of modes is studied and its discrete nature is verified with example calculations. % Additional examples verify the binary impact of vertical structure on the number of radiating characteristic modes. A multiband polarization-selective surface and a beamsteering metasurface are presented as additional examples., Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures

We discuss coexistence of Kondo and spin excitation signals in tunneling spectroscopy in strongly correlated polyradical $\pi$-magnetic nanographenes on a metal surface. The Kondo signal is rationalized by a multi-orbital Kondo screening of the unpaired electrons. The fundamental processes are spin-flips of antiferromagnetic (AFM) order involving charged molecular multiplets. We introduce a~perturbative model, which provides simple rules to identify the presence of AFM channels responsible for Kondo screening. The Kondo regime is confirmed by numerical renormalization group calculations. This framework can be applied to similar strongly correlated open-shell systems., Comment: 43 pages (14 in main, 29 in SM), 20 figures (3 in main, 17 in SM)

We report an example that demonstrates the clear interdependence between surface-supported reactions and molecular adsorption configurations. Two biphenyl-based molecules with two and four bromine substituents, i.e. 2,2-dibromo-biphenyl (DBBP) and 2,2,6,6-tetrabromo-1,1-biphenyl (TBBP), show completely different reaction pathways on a Ag(111) surface, leading to the selective formation of dibenzo[e,l]pyrene and biphenylene dimer, respectively. By combining low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations, we unravel the underlying reaction mechanism. After debromination, a bi-radical biphenyl can be stabilized by surface Ag adatoms, while a four-radical biphenyl undergoes spontaneous intramolecular annulation due to its extreme instability on Ag(111). Such different chemisorption-induced precursor states between DBBP and TBBP consequently lead to different reaction pathways after further annealing. In addition, using bond-resolving scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we determine the bond length alternation of biphenylene dimer product with atomic precision, which contains four-, six-, and eight-membered rings. The four-membered ring units turn out to be radialene structures.

The number of square-free integers in $x$ consecutive values of any polynomial $f$ is conjectured to be $c_fx$, where the constant $c_f$ depends only on the polynomial $f$. This has been proven for degrees less or equal to 3. Granville was able to show conditionally on the $abc$-conjecture that this conjecture is true for polynomials of arbitrarily large degrees. In 2013 Shparlinski proved that this conjecture holds on average over all polynomials of a fixed naive height, which was improved by Browning and Shparlinski in 2023. In this paper, we improve the dependence between $x$ and the height of the polynomial. We achieve this via adapting a method introduced in a 2022 paper by Browning, Sofos, and Ter\"av\"ainen on the Bateman-Horn conjecture, the polynomial Chowla conjecture, and the Hasse principle on average., Comment: 21 pages

A string graph is an intersection graph of curves in the plane. A $k$-string graph is a graph with a string representation in which every pair of curves intersects in at most $k$ points. We introduce the class of $(=k)$-string graphs as a further restriction of $k$-string graphs by requiring that every two curves intersect in either zero or precisely $k$ points. We study the hierarchy of these graphs, showing that for any $k\geq 1$, $(=k)$-string graphs are a subclass of $(=k+2)$-string graphs as well as of $(=4k)$-string graphs; however, there are no other inclusions between the classes of $(=k)$-string and $(=\ell)$-string graphs apart from those that are implied by the above rules. In particular, the classes of $(=k)$-string graphs and $(=k+1)$-string graphs are incomparable by inclusion for any $k$, and the class of $(=2)$-string graphs is not contained in the class of $(=2\ell+1)$-string graphs for any $\ell$., Comment: Appears in the Proceedings of the 31st International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2023)

Selective activation and controlled functionalization of C-H bonds in organic molecules is one of the most desirable processes in synthetic chemistry. Despite progress in heterogeneous catalysis using metal surfaces, this goal remains challenging due to the stability of C-H bonds and their ubiquity in precursor molecules, hampering regioselectivity. Here, we examine the interaction between 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) molecules and Au adatoms on a Ag(111) surface at room temperature (RT). Characterization via low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, spectroscopy, and noncontact atomic force microscopy, supported by theoretical calculations, revealed the formation of organometallic DCA-Au-DCA dimers, where C atoms at the ends of the anthracene moieties are bonded covalently to single Au atoms. The formation of this organometallic compound is initiated by a regioselective cleaving of C-H bonds at RT. Hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations show that this regioselective C-H bond cleaving is enabled by an intermediate metal-organic complex which significantly reduces the dissociation barrier of a specific C-H bond. Harnessing the catalytic activity of single metal atoms, this regioselective on-surface C-H activation reaction at RT offers promising routes for future synthesis of functional organic and organometallic materials., Comment: Main: 28 pages, 5 figures, 1 TOC figure and SI: 32 pages, 16 figures

The highly variable blazar OJ~287 is commonly discussed as an example of a binary black hole system. The 130 year long optical light curve is well explained by a model where the central body is a massive black hole of 18.35$\times$10$^9$ solar mass that supports a thin accretion disc. The secondary black hole of 0.15$\times$10$^9$ solar mass impacts the disc twice during its 12 year orbit, and causes observable flares. Recently, it has been argued that an accretion disc with a typical AGN accretion rate and above mentioned central body mass should be at least six magnitudes brighter than OJ~287's host galaxy and would therefore be observationally excluded. Based on the observations of OJ~287's radio jet, detailed in Marscher and Jorstad (2011), and up-to-date accretion disc models of Azadi et al. (2022), we show that the V-band magnitude of the accretion disc is unlikely to exceed the host galaxy brightness by more than one magnitude, and could well be fainter than the host. This is because accretion power is necessary to launch the jet as well as to create electromagnetic radiation, distributed across many wavelengths, and not concentrated especially on the optical V-band. Further, we note that the claimed V-band concentration of accretion power leads to serious problems while interpreting observations of other Active Galactic Nuclei. Therefore, we infer that the mass of the primary black hole and its accretion rate do not need to be smaller than what is determined in the standard model for OJ~287.

We present a summary of the results of the OJ 287 observational campaign, which was carried out during the 2021/2022 observational season. This season is special in the binary model because the major axis of the precessing binary happens to lie almost exactly in the plane of the accretion disc of the primary. This leads to pairs of almost identical impacts between the secondary black hole and the accretion disk in 2005 and 2022. In 2005, a special flare called "blue flash" was observed 35 days after the disk impact, which should have also been verifiable in 2022. We did observe a similar flash and were able to obtain more details of its properties. We describe this in the framework of expanding cloud models. In addition, we were able to identify the flare arising exactly at the time of the disc crossing from its photo-polarimetric and gamma-ray properties. This is an important identification, as it directly confirms the orbit model. Moreover, we saw a huge flare that lasted only one day. We may understand this as the lighting up of the jet of the secondary black hole when its Roche lobe is suddenly flooded by the gas from the primary disk. Therefore, this may be the first time we directly observed the secondary black hole in the OJ 287 binary system., Comment: 24 pages, 13 figures, published in Galaxies as part of the Special Issue Distant Glowing Objects: Quest for Quasars

Performance limitations for implanted antennas, taking radiation efficiency as the metric, are presented. The performance limitations use a convex optimization procedure with the current density inside the implant acting as its degree of freedom. The knowledge of the limitations provides useful information in design procedure and physical insight. Ohmic losses in the antenna and surrounding tissue are both considered and quantitatively compared. The interaction of all parts of the system is taken into account in a full-wave manner via the hybrid computation method. The optimization framework is thoroughly tested on a realistic implanted antenna design that is treated both experimentally and as a model in a commercial electromagnetic solver. Good agreement is reported. To demonstrate the feasibility of developed performance limitations, they are compared to the performance of a loop and a dipole antenna showing the importance of various loss mechanisms during the design process. The trade-off between tissue loss and antenna ohmic loss indicates critical points at which the optimal solution drastically changes and the chosen topology for a specific design should be changed., Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures

The Single-Mirror Small-Sized Telescope, or SST-1M, was originally developed as a prototype of a small-sized telescope for CTA, designed to form an array for observations of gamma-ray-induced atmospheric showers for energies above 3 TeV. A pair of SST-1M telescopes is currently being commissioned at the Ondrejov Observatory in the Czech Republic, and the telescope capabilities for mono and stereo observations are being tested in better astronomical conditions. The final location for the telescopes will be decided based on these tests. In this contribution, we present a data analysis pipeline called sst1mpipe, and the performance of the telescopes when working independently and in a stereo regime., Comment: Submitted as proceeding for the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2023), 8 pages, 6 figures

This is the first in a collection of three papers introducing the science with an ultra-violet (UV) space telescope on an approximately 130~kg small satellite with a moderately fast re-pointing capability and a real-time alert communication system approved for a Czech national space mission. The mission, called Quick Ultra-Violet Kilonova surveyor - QUVIK, will provide key follow-up capabilities to increase the discovery potential of gravitational wave observatories and future wide-field multi-wavelength surveys. The primary objective of the mission is the measurement of the UV brightness evolution of kilonovae, resulting from mergers of neutron stars, to distinguish between different explosion scenarios. The mission, which is designed to be complementary to the Ultraviolet Transient Astronomy Satellite - ULTRASAT, will also provide unique follow-up capabilities for other transients both in the near- and far-UV bands. Between the observations of transients, the satellite will target other objects described in this collection of papers, which demonstrates that a small and relatively affordable dedicated UV-space telescope can be transformative for many fields of astrophysics., Comment: Accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews

This paper introduces a theory for assessing and optimizing the multiple-input-multiple-output performance of multi-port cluster antennas in terms of efficiency, channel correlation, and power distribution. A method based on a convex optimization of feeding coefficients is extended with additional constraints allowing the user to control a ratio between the power radiated by the clusters. The formulation of the problem makes it possible to simultaneously optimize total efficiency and channel correlation with a fixed ratio between power radiated by the clusters, thus examining a trade-off between these parameters. It is shown that channel correlation, total efficiency, and allocation of radiated power are mutually conflicting parameters. The trade-offs are shown and discussed. The theory is demonstrated on a four-element antenna array and on a mobile terminal antenna., Comment: 10 pages, 12 figures

While trust in human-robot interaction is increasingly recognized as necessary for the implementation of social robots, our understanding of regulating trust in human-robot interaction is yet limited. In the current experiment, we evaluated different approaches to trust calibration in human-robot interaction. The within-subject experimental approach utilized five different strategies for trust calibration: proficiency, situation awareness, transparency, trust violation, and trust repair. We implemented these interventions into a within-subject experiment where participants (N=24) teamed up with a social robot and played a collaborative game. The level of trust was measured after each section using the Multi-Dimensional Measure of Trust (MDMT) scale. As expected, the interventions have a significant effect on i) violating and ii) repairing the level of trust throughout the interaction. Consequently, the robot demonstrating situation awareness was perceived as significantly more benevolent than the baseline.

Open-shell benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, known as magnetic nanographenes, exhibit unconventional p-magnetism arising from topological frustration or strong electronic-electron (e-e) interaction. Imprinting multiple strongly entangled spins into polyradical nanographenes creates a major paradigm shift in realizing non-trivial collective quantum behaviors and exotic quantum phases in organic quantum materials. However, conventional design approaches are limited by a single magnetic origin, which can restrict the number of correlated spins or the type of magnetic ordering in open-shell nanographenes. Here, we present a novel design strategy combing topological frustration and e-e interactions to fabricate the largest fully-fused open-shell nanographene reported to date, a 'butterfly'-shaped tetraradical on Au(111). We employed bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy and spin excitation spectroscopy to unambiguously resolve the molecular backbone and reveal the strongly correlated open-shell character, respectively. This nanographene contains four unpaired electrons with both ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic interactions, harboring a many-body singlet ground state and strong multi-spin entanglement, which can be well described by many-body calculations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the nickelocene magnetic probe can sense highly-correlated spin states in nanographene. The ability to imprint and characterize many-body strongly correlated spins in polyradical nanographenes not only presents exciting opportunities for realizing non-trivial quantum magnetism and phases in organic materials but also paves the way toward high-density ultrafast spintronic devices and quantum information technologies., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures

The bright blazar OJ~287 routinely parades high brightness bremsstrahlung flares, which are explained as being a result of a secondary supermassive black hole (SMBH) impacting the accretion disc of a more massive primary SMBH in a binary system. The accretion disc is not rigid but rather bends in a calculable way due to the tidal influence of the secondary. Below we refer to this phenomenon as a variable disc level. We begin by showing that these flares occur at times predicted by a simple analytical formula, based on general relativity inspired modified Kepler equation, which explains impact flares since 1888. The 2022 impact flare, namely flare number 26, is rather peculiar as it breaks the typical pattern of two impact flares per 12-year cycle. This is the third bremsstrahlung flare of the current cycle that follows the already observed 2015 and 2019 impact flares from OJ~287. It turns out that the arrival epoch of flare number 26 is sensitive to the level of primary SMBH's accretion disc relative to its mean level in our model. We incorporate these tidally induced changes in the level of the accretion disc to infer that the thermal flare should have occurred during July-August 2022, when it was not possible to observe it from the Earth. Thereafter, we explore possible observational evidence for certain pre-flare activity by employing spectral and polarimetric data from our campaigns in 2004/05 and 2021/22. We point out theoretical and observational implications of two observed mini-flares during January-February 2022., Comment: 29 pages, 6 figures, 1 table. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2209.08360

Classical gradient-based density topology optimization is adapted for method-of-moments numerical modeling to design a conductor-based system attaining the minimal antenna Q-factor evaluated via an energy stored operator. Standard topology optimization features are discussed, e.g., the interpolation scheme and density and projection filtering. The performance of the proposed technique is demonstrated in a few examples in terms of the realized Q-factor values and necessary computational time to obtain a design. The optimized designs are compared to the fundamental bound and well-known empirical structures. The presented framework can provide a completely novel design, as presented in the second example., Comment: 14 pages, 15 figures