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Obesity is a chronic disease and a significant public health threat predicated on complex genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. Individuals with higher body mass index are more likely to avoid health care due to weight stigma. Disparities in obesity care disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minorities. In addition to this unequal disease burden, access to obesity treatment varies significantly. Even if treatment options are theoretically productive, they may be more difficult for low-income families, and racial and ethnic minorities to implement in practice secondary to socioeconomic factors. Lastly, the outcomes of undertreatment are significant. Disparities in obesity foreshadow integral inequality in health outcomes, including disability, and premature mortality., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

While the prevalence of obesity in US men and women is nearly equivalent, obesity management in women requires a different approach that considers age and life stage in development including sexual maturation/reproduction, menopause and post-menopause. In this review, the diagnosis and treatment of obesity using lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy and metabolic and bariatric surgery are discussed from a women's health perspective, with emphasis on management during pregnancy and post-partum., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest VRJ is consultant for Novo Nordisk. FCS is advisor/consultant for Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Currax, Rhythm, Gelesis and Calibrate., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Nutrition is an important lifestyle modification used in the treatment of obesity. The purpose of this review is to highlight different dietary interventions used to promote weight loss in both adults and children., Methods: A search using PubMed was performed for articles on topics related to nutrition and management and/or treatment of obesity in adults adolescents and children. The literature was reviewed and pertinent sources were used for this narrative review., Discussion: There are many effective nutrition interventions used to treat obesity, including altering macronutrient composition, implementing different dietary patterns, and changing meal timing. Although these interventions can induce weight loss in adults, management of obesity in children is more difficult given their varied nutrition needs in growth and development. The use of food as medicine in obesity treatment is individualized based on patient's age, food preference, and concurrent medical conditions., Implications: Given the multifactorial etiology of obesity, treatment requires multidisciplinary care beyond nutrition intervention., Competing Interests: DECLARATION OF INTEREST None declared., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)