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Abstract Multiple neurological disorders are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is unclear whether GI distress itself can modify aspects of behavior. Here, we show that mice that experience repeated colitis have impaired active social engagement, as measured by interactions with a foreign mouse, even though signs of colitis were no longer present. We then tested the hypothesis that individuals with ASD harbor a microbiota that might differentially influence GI health by performing microbiota transplantation studies into male germfree animals, followed by induction of colitis. Animals that harbor a microbiota from ASD individuals have worsened gut phenotypes when compared to animals colonized with microbiotas from familial neurotypical (NT) controls. We identify the enrichment of Blautia species in all familial NT controls and observe an association between elevated abundance of Bacteroides uniformis and reductions in intestinal injury. Oral treatment with either of these microbes reduces colon injury in mice. Finally, provision of a Blautia isolate from a NT control ameliorates gut injury-associated active social engagement in mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that past intestinal distress is associated with changes in active social behavior in mice that can be ameliorated by supplementation of members of the human microbiota.

Intelligence (IQ) scores are used in educational and vocational planning for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) yet little is known about the stability of IQ throughout development. We examined longitudinal age-related IQ stability in 119 individuals with ASD (3-36 years of age at first visit) and 128 typically developing controls. Intelligence measures were collected over a 20-year period. In ASD, Full Scale (FSIQ) and Verbal (VIQ) Intelligence started lower in childhood and increased at a greater rate with age relative to the control group. By early adulthood, VIQ and working memory stabilized, whereas nonverbal and perceptual scores continued to change. Our results suggest that in individuals with ASD, IQ estimates may be dynamic in childhood and young adulthood.

Studi ini mengkaji dampak fluktuasi harga komoditas terhadap volatilitas saham dan kinerja keuangan perusahaan batubara dan kelapa sawit Indonesia antara tahun 2011 dan 2022. Selama pandemi COVID-19, sektor-sektor ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh fluktuasi harga komoditas. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) dan Dynamic Conditional Correlation Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (DCC GARCH), serta regresi panel, penelitian ini menganalisis volatilitas harga dan pengaruhnya terhadap kinerja keuangan. Temuan mengungkapkan pola volatilitas yang berbeda dalam industri kelapa sawit dan batubara, memberikan wawasan berharga bagi investor untuk memahami risiko yang terkait dengan fluktuasi harga dan untuk mengidentifikasi perusahaan yang secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh volatilitas tersebut. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi untuk memahami hubungan antara fluktuasi harga komoditas dan harga saham perusahaan kelapa sawit dan batubara, serta kinerja keuangannya, dalam konteks perekonomian Indonesia yang sangat bergantung pada kedua komoditas tersebut. Dengan menekankan pentingnya memahami dinamika harga komoditas, kajian ini memberikan informasi berharga bagi investor dalam pengambilan keputusan dan manajemen risiko dalam menghadapi gejolak harga komoditas.

Introducción. Los pacientes con Covid-19 tienen el riesgo de presentar síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, por lo que pueden requerir ventilación mecánica y traqueostomía. De este modo, la decanulación es un proceso importante que está a cargo del equipo rehabilitador. Objetivos. Describir y caracterizar el proceso de decanulación en pacientes traqueostomizados con COVID-19 para identificar posibles factores que influyen en su realización exitosa. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en los pacientes que fueron sometidos a traqueostomía entre junio de 2020 y julio del 2021 en la Clínica de Alta Complejidad Santa Bárbara de Palmira, Colombia. Las variables categóricas se presentaron con porcentajes y para las cuantitativas se contrastó la hipótesis de normalidad a través de la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Resultados. Los pacientes, al momento de ingreso, tenían características de severidad, con un promedio de PaO2/FiO2 de 99,7 mmhg y bloqueo neuromuscular hasta por 20 días; el tiempo promedio de ventilación mecánica fue 17,3 días. A todos los pacientes el equipo de rehabilitación les realizó intervención; de los 15 pacientes incluidos, tres no fueron decanulados. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los objetivos y de la interven- ción realizada por cada disciplina; para los tres pacientes no decanulados se analizaron las principales barreras y los predictores del fracaso de una decanulación. Conclusión. Gracias a la instauración de un plan constante y activo de rehabilitación multidisciplinario en el que los pacientes reciben intervención desde su ingreso hasta su egreso se logró decanular de manera exitosa al 80% de los pacientes traqueostomizados.

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition commonly studied in the context of early childhood. As ASD is a life-long condition, understanding the characteristics of brain microstructure from adolescence into adulthood and associations to clinical features is critical for improving outcomes across the lifespan. In the current work, we utilized Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) and Gray Matter Based Spatial Statistics (GBSS) to examine the white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) microstructure in neurotypical (NT) and autistic males.MethodsMulti-shell diffusion MRI was acquired from 78 autistic and 81 NT males (12-to-46-years) and fit to the DTI and NODDI diffusion models. TBSS and GBSS were performed to analyze WM and GM microstructure, respectively. General linear models were used to investigate group and age-related group differences. Within the ASD group, relationships between WM and GM microstructure and measures of autistic symptoms were investigated.ResultsAll dMRI measures were significantly associated with age across WM and GM. Significant group differences were observed across WM and GM. No significant age-by-group interactions were detected. Within the ASD group, positive relationships with WM microstructure were observed with ADOS-2 Calibrated Severity Scores.ConclusionUsing TBSS and GBSS our findings provide new insights into group differences of WM and GM microstructure in autistic males from adolescence into adulthood. Detection of microstructural differences across the lifespan as well as their relationship to the level of autistic symptoms will deepen to our understanding of brain-behavior relationships of ASD and may aid in the improvement of intervention options for autistic adults.

The article presents a case study of a 5-month-old infant who developed new-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) following a COVID-19 infection. Topics discussed include the relationship between viral infections and autoimmune diabetes, the challenges in diagnosing T1DM in very young patients, and the increased incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

After conservative treatment nonunion (pseudarthrosis) of the clavicle can be observed approximately 10 times more frequently (15-24%) than after surgical treatment (1.4%). Risk factors include the fracture location, displacement, fracture type, sex, the severity of the accident and refractures. The diagnosis of pseudarthrosis of the clavicle can be made by a thorough medical history, clinical examination and imaging procedures. The main symptom is pain, often accompanied by malalignment, instability, neurological symptoms and restricted mobility of the affected shoulder. The diagnosis is confirmed by X‑ray images and, if necessary, a computed tomography (CT) scan. Pseudoarthrosis is classified according to the morphological appearance in X‑ray images and the cause. A differentiation is made between vital and nonvital pseudarthroses. Only symptomatic pseudarthrosis requires treatment. Nonoperative methods, such as magnetic field therapy or ultrasound are minimally effective. Surgical interventions are indicated for pain, movement restrictions or neurovascular problems. The goals of surgical treatment are to restore the vitality, bone length and stability through angular stable osteosynthesis. In cases of surgical pretreatment the anteroinferior plate position offers a good alternative to the superior plate position. In some cases double plating osteosynthesis can be indicated. Autogenous bone material, allogeneic substitute material and vascularized grafts are used for bony defects. Surgical treatment shows high rates of healing but also carries an increased risk of infection., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)