15 results on '"KUMRAL, Nabi Alper"'
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2. Evaluation of Matrix Effects for the Analysis of Some Pesticide Residues in Citrus Fruits, Pepper, Tomato and Lettuce Samples using a Multi-residue Analysis Method
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Kumral, Nabi Alper, primary, Hazarhun, Gülden, additional, Gumul, Burcu, additional, Ertas Ozkan, Simge, additional, Ayyildiz, Kubra, additional, Kumral, Aysegul, additional, Maden, Busra, additional, and Arabaci, Ecem Ezgi, additional
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- 2024
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3. Effect of washing method on the reduction of insecticide residues and quality characteristics of sweet cherry fruits
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HAZARHUN, Gülden, primary, KUMRAL, Nabi Alper, additional, GÜMÜL, Burcu, additional, KOLCU, Ayşenur, additional, and ÖZKAN, Simge, additional
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- 2024
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4. Farklı Domates Çeşitlerinde Zararlılara Karşı Savunma Yapıları olan Trikom Yoğunluğunun ve Acylsugar Konsantrasyonunun Belirlenmesi
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GÖK, Narin, primary, ÖZKAN, Simge, additional, KUMRAL, Nabi Alper, additional, AKBUDAK, Nuray, additional, ÇOBANOĞLU, Sultan, additional, and GENÇER, Nimet Sema, additional
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- 2024
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5. The toxic effects of some acaricides on the tomato russet mite and its predator Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, 1962 (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
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KOLCU, Ayşenur, primary and KUMRAL, Nabi Alper, additional
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- 2023
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6. Validation of LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, imidacloprid and some of their metabolites in maize silage
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Azar, İsmail, primary and Kumral, Nabi Alper, additional
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- 2022
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7. Toxic effects of some acaricides on Aceria oleae (Nalepa, 1900) (Acari: Eriophyidae) and its predator Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor, 1954) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under laboratory conditions
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KUMRAL, Nabi Alper, primary, ÇOBANOĞLU, Sultan, additional, HEPHIZLI GÖKSEL, Pınar, additional, and AKSOY, Anıl, additional
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- 2021
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8. An Acid Hydrolysis Method for the Detection of Twelve Pesticides Approved by TestQual and QS Proficiency Tests.
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Hazarhun, Gülden, Gümül, Burcu, Maden, Büşra, Ayyıldız, Kübra, Özkan, Simge Ertaş, Arabacı, Ecem Ezgi, and Kumral, Nabi Alper
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HYDROLYSIS ,PESTICIDE residues in food ,QUIZALOFOP ,NEUROTOXIC agents ,ACETONITRILE - Abstract
Pesticides with acidic properties, such as 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, acibenzolar-S-methyl, clopyralid, dichlorprop, haloxyfop, fluazifop, fluroxypyr, mecoprop, MCPA, MCPB and quizalofop, could pose health risks, because of their neurotoxicant potentials and adverse effects on endocrine and reproduction systems. Since the use of these compounds are still permitted in several countries, their residues on fresh agricultural commodities should be monitored with proper analysis methods. Unfortunately, determination of their residues is difficult due to their tendencies to form various conjugates with matrix components. Although the QuEChERS method is commonly used for extraction of pesticide residues on fresh vegetables and fruits [1], it is not appropriate for reliable and accurate analysis of the acidic pesticides due to transform their several esters and conjugates [2]. To overcome the drawbacks of QuEChERS method during the analysis of acidic pesticides, addition of a hydrolysis step in sample preparation may be taken into consideration [2,3]. The aim of the current study was to optimize and validate an LC-MS/MS method for the detection of acidic pesticides on fresh foods using alkaline hydrolysis of their esters and conjugates. The multi-residue analysis of 12 active compounds was found compatible with the SANTE/11312/2021 Guidelines. [4]. The quality of the developed method was also testified by both TestQual and QS proficiency tests. The scope of these proficiency tests is the evaluation of the performance of laboratories for the determination of pesticide residues on foods and they provide information to demonstrate the quality of the analysis. Thus, our method was found as reliable and effective to use for the detection of acidic pesticides in fresh foods using LC-MS/MS. In the current method, these pesticides were extracted by using a modified QuEChERS method (AOAC 2007.01) involving the addition of acetonitrile and NaOH together to the sample tube for simultaneous extraction and hydrolysis. The tubes were shaken for 30 min in water bath set at 40°C and then the reaction was neutralized by the addition of H
2 SO4 . After the addition of buffer-salt mixture, the sample was immediately shaken vigorously and centrifuged. Lastly, the supernatant was transferred to vials and tested with LC-MS/MS. PSA-clean up step is not performed in the method. This study was funded with as a research project (grant number ULUTEK STB079417) by Perla Fruit Company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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9. Evaluation of Matrix Effects for the Analysis of Some Pesticide Residues in Citrus Fruits, Pepper, Tomato and Lettuce Samples using a Multi-residue Analysis Method.
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Hazarhun, Gülden, Gümül, Burcu, Maden, Büşra, Ayyıldız, Kübra, Özkan, Simge Ertaş, Arabacı, Ecem Ezgi, Kumral, Ayşegül, and Kumral, Nabi Alper
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PESTICIDE residues in food ,CITRUS fruits ,LETTUCE ,TOMATOES ,PEPPER (Spice) ,LIQUID chromatography-mass spectrometry - Abstract
LC-MS/MS methods are widely used for pesticide analysis, because of their high sensitivity and selectivity with short analysis time. Nevertheless, LC-MS/MS has some disadvantages owing to the matrix effects. Matrix of the sample has a remarkable impact on the sensitivity and reproducibility of trace analysis of the pesticides [1]. The signal intensities of some pesticides, namely atrazine, avermectin, benzobicylon, bifenazate, bupirimate, chlormequate, cyromazine, fluopicolide, fluxapyroxad, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, triazophos and valifenalate, could be affected by different food matrices. In the current study, the effects of four different matrices such as citrus fruits, pepper, tomato, and lettuce were demonstrated during the analysis of 13 pesticides using the QuEChERS procedure and LC-MS/MS [2]. The multiresidue analysis of the 13 active compounds on tomato matrix was found compatible with the SANTE/11312/2021 Guidelines. [3]. 11 of analysed pesticides from pepper, tomato and lettuce showed negligible matrix effects (-20-20%) compared with the responses obtained in acetonitrile. But, in all matrices signal suppressions of 69.34-80.11% and 36.91-55.71% were detected for chlormequate and cyromazine respectively. In addition, significant signal suppressions were observed for 10 pesticides in citrus fruit samples. The rates of signal suppressions for atrazine, avermectin, bupirimate, chlormequate, cyromazine, fluopicolide, fluxapyroxad, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, triazophos and valifenalate were detected as 22.85, 84.57, 80.11, 55.71, 91.38, 93.95, 42.64, 50.99, 52.53 and 50.02%, respectively, for citrus matrix. However, a strong signal enhancement (38.46 and 236.95%) occurred for a bifenazate metabolite (bifenazate diazen) for pepper and lettuce matrices. Changing some steps in the extraction process can help to improve sensitivity of the analysis. [4]. For that reason, profiles of diluted citrus extracts were generated in this study. Dilution for citrus fruits led to a significant decrease in the matrix effects. With the modified extraction methods, the rates of signal suppressions were significantly reduced for atrazine, avermectin, fluopicolide, terbuthylazine, terbutryn and triazophos in citrus samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Development and Validation of A Fast Multi Residue Method For 15 High Polar Pesticides in Tomato Samples Using LCMS/MS.
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Hazarhun, Gulden, Gümül, Burcu, Maden, Büşra, Arabacı, Ecem Ezgi, Ertaş, Simge, and Kumral, Nabi Alper
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TOMATO yields ,PESTICIDES ,BROMATES ,MASS spectrometry - Abstract
The high polar chemicals, such as aminomethylphosphonic acid, bromate, bromide, chlorate, chlormequat, cyromazine, diquat, ethephon, fosetly-al, mepiquat, N-acetyl-glufosinate, perchlorate, phosphonic acid, propylene-thiourea and trimethyl sulfonium, are plant growth regulators, fertilizers, pesticides or pesticide metabolites. Their residual level in fresh foods is regulated in European Union and Türkiye. But, direct analysis of these compounds have always been challenging since they cannot be extracted easily using Quick Polar Pesticides Extraction (QuPPe) method. Unstable retention times and chromatographically very long detection periods are the other major problems of the analysis. It is necessary to develop a more rapid and robust chromatographic analysis method. In this study, a multiresidue analysis method was developed and verified for the detection of polar compounds in tomato matrix using LC MS/MS. The compounds were extracted using a methanolbased very short sample preparation method. All 15 compounds were analysed simultaneously in a single run with a total analysis period of less than 4 minutes though changing column specification and buffer formulation. The validation data of all compounds obtained in LC-MS/MS analysis was quite reliable and were in line with the SANTE 11312/2021 Guideline. Calibration results for 6 concentrations from 10 to 400 µg kg
-1 , showed good linearity (R² = 0.990 - 0.999). In addition, interference and retention time shift were not detected. Average recovery rates were between 84.03 and 119.65% for all compounds, when tested with 10 and 50 µg kg-1 concentrations, respectively. The maximum RSD values of repeatability (RSDr ) varied between 0.74 and 18.31% for same concentrations of the compounds. The maximum RSD values of reproducibility (RSDwR ) for same concentrations were between 2.94 and 18.62%. Low LOQ values (6.00 to 8.09 µg kg-1 ) were achieved for all compounds. The validated LOQ values were under the lowest Maximum Residue Limits of European Union of the compounds for tomato sample. This study was funded by Perla Fruit Company with the grant number ULUTEK STB079417. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
11. Analysis of Ethylene Oxide and 2-Chloroethanol Residues in Walnut Samples Using GC-MS/MS.
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Hazarhun, Gulden, Gümül, Burcu, Maden, Busra, Arabacı, Ecem Ezgi, Ertaş, Simge, and Kumral, Nabi Alper
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ETHYLENE oxide ,WALNUT ,ANTIBACTERIAL agents ,MARKET volatility - Abstract
Ethylene oxide (EO) is widely used as a food fumigant due to its strong antibacterial properties. Because of its carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic potentials, EO has been banned in European Union (EU) countries in recent years. But, the use of this compound is still permitted in several countries and numerous alerts for EO residues in various food samples, especially sesame, were reported by European Commission (EC) Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed portal (RASFF)1. In the last two years, EO was detected in only 8 samples of food additives originated from Türkiye. Because of its high volatility, EO rapidly dissipates to its less volatile metabolite "2-chloroethanol (2-CE)". Based on the EC Regulation (396/2995), EO residue is defined as sum of ethylene oxide and its main metabolite 2-CE. The aim of the present study was to validate a reliable chromatographic method for the determination of EO and 2-CE by GC-MS/MS in commodities with high oil content. Dried walnut samples were chosen as a representative of this commodity group and validation studies were performed according to the SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines3. After a pretreatment at 70°C for 40 min, the extraction and cleaning up procedures were conducted with QuEChERS method2. Matrix-matched internal curves of EO and 2-CE in the range of 5-100 µg kg
-1 showed good linearity. Average recovery rates were 96.4 and 100.3% for EO and 95.9 and 89.3% for 2-CE, when tested at 2 concentration levels of 10 and 40 µg kg-1 , respectively. The maximum RSD values of repeatability (RSDr) were 12.7 and 15.6% for EO; 11.8 and 16.2% for 2-CE for 10 and 40 µg kg-1 concentrations of the compounds, respectively. The maximum RSD values of reproducibility (RSDwR) for same concentrations were 14.7 and 15.3% for EO; 10.9 and 13.6% for 2-CE, respectively. Limit of quantification (LOQ) values for 5 µg kg-1 of both compounds were found as 7.6 and 8.9 µg kg-1 for EO and 2-CE. The validated LOQ values for EO and 2-CE were under the lowest Maximum Residue Limits of EU (50 and 10 µg kg-1 , respectively) of the compounds for walnut sample. The validation data of both compounds obtained in GC-MS/MS analysis was quite reliable and were in line with the SANTE/11312/2021 Guideline3. This study was funded by Perla Fruit Company with the grant number of ULUTEK STB079417. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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12. Investigation on biology of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) feed on tomato russet mite under laboratory and greenhouse conditions
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Oylum, Çetin, Kumral, Nabi Alper, and Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı.
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Aculops lycopersici ,Mite ,Life table ,Neoseiulus californicus ,Akar ,Biological control ,Release ,Hayat tablosu ,Biyolojik mücadele ,Phytoseiidae ,Domates ,Salım ,Tomato - Abstract
Domates pas akarı, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophydae) domatesin önemli zararlılarından biridir. Domates bitkisinde yaprak, sap ve gövdede paslanmaya ve kurumalara neden olarak meyvenin ekonomik değerini ve verimini düşürmektedir. Bu nedenle, domateste zararlının mücadelesinde biyolojik mücadelenin kullanımı bu tezin ana konusudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı 2020-2021 yıllarında laboratuvar koşullarında 2 sırık çeşit (TGB230312, BT-TAYLİN) ve 2 oturak çeşit (RİO GRANDE, SC2121) üzerinde Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor)’un A. lycopersici ile beslenmesi sonucu avcının hayat tablosu ve avlanma kapasitesi parametrelerinin, sayısal ve işlevsel tepkilerinin incelenmesidir. Tezin ikinci bir amacı ise 2021 yaz-sonbahar sera koşullarında aynı domates çeşitlerinde yapay olarak bulaştırılan A. lycopersici’ye karşı N. californicus salımı (avcı:av; 1:20) yapıldıktan sonra zararlı ve avcının popülasyonlarının izlenmesidir. Neoseiulus californicus’un A. lycopersici üzerinde beslenmesi sonucunda farklı domates çeşitlerinde 1,15-1,43 günde yumurtalarının açıldığını, ortalama 5,96-6,27 günde bırakılan yumurtaların %74-97’sinin ergin olduğu, ergin dönemde dişi başına toplam 2,17-7,73 yumurta bıraktığı, net üreme gücünün (R0) 1,91-9,71, kalıtsal üreme yeteneğinin (rm) 0,043-0,136, artış oranı sınırı (λ) 1,04-1,15 ve ortalama döl süresinin (T0) 15,09-16,77 gün arasında değiştiği bununla birlikte işlevsel tepkisinin Tip II olduğu belirlenmiştir. Onbeş gün ara ile yapılan dört salımın arkasından salım yapılmayan kontrol parsellerine göre N. californicus salımı yapılan parsellerde önemli düzeyde A. lycopersici popülasyonu düşük bulunmuştur. Kontrol parsellerindeki en yüksek A. lycopersici popülasyonu haziran ortası ve eylül ortasında görülürken N. californicus salımı yapılan parsellerde sadece haziran ortasında görülmüştür. Ayrıca en yüksek N. californicus popülasyonları da eylül ortası ve sonunda belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, ardışık salımlardan sonra N. californicus’un A. lycopersici popülasyonunu baskıladığını göstermiştir. Tomato rust mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophydae) is one of the important pests of tomato. It reduces the economic value and yield of the fruit by causing rusting and drying on the leaves and stems of the tomato plant. Therefore, the use of biological control of pests in tomato is the main subject of this thesis. The aim of this study is to investigate the feeding of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) with A. lycopersici on 2 indeterminate cultivars (TGB230312, BT-TAYLİN) and 2 determinate cultivars (RİO GRANDE, SC2121) of tomato plants under laboratory conditions and to investigate the life table and predatory capacity parameters (numerical and functional responses) of the predator mite in 2020-2021 years. A second aim of the thesis is to monitor pest and predator populations after the release of N. californicus (predator:prey; 1:20) against artificially infested A. lycopersici in the tomato cultivars in 2021 during summer-autumn season in greenhouse conditions. As a result of N. californicus feeds on A. lycopersici, eggs of the predator hatched in 1,15-1,43 days in different tomato cultivars, 74-97% of the eggs laid in an average of 5,96-6,27 days are mature. Neoseiulus californicus lay a total of 2,17-7,73 eggs per female. Its lifetable parameters [the net reproductive rate (R0), the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), the finite rate of increase (λ), and the mean generation time (T0) varied between 1,91-9,71; 0,043-0,136; 1,04-1,15; 15,09-16,77, respectively. Additionaly, its functional response was determined to be Type II. After four releases with an interval of 15 days, the population of A. lycopersici was found to be significantly lower in the N. californicus released plots compared with the control plots (no release). The highest A. lycopersici population in the control plots was seen in mid-June and mid-September, while N. californicus was seen only in mid-June in the released plots. In addition, the highest N. californicus populations were determined from mid to late September. These results showed that N. californicus suppressed the A. lycopersici population after consecutive releases. Türkiye Tohum Gen Bankası Bursa Tohum Altın Tohumculuk
- Published
- 2023
13. Investigation of trichomes as defence structures against plant pests in different tomato cultivars
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Ertaş, Simge, Akbudak, Nuray, Kumral, Nabi Alper, and Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı.
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Trikom ,Zararlı ,Defense structures ,Çeşit ,Pest ,Variety ,Savunma mekanizması ,Domates ,Trichome ,Tomato - Abstract
Ülkemizde domates yetiştiriciliği beslenme ve ekonomik getiri açısından büyük öneme sahiptir. Domates yetiştiriciliğinin en önemli sorunlarından bir tanesi zararlı böcek ve akarlardan kaynaklı ürün kayıplarıdır. Bugüne kadar domates kök hastalık ve nematotlarına karşı dayanıklı bazı domates çeşitleri ruhsatlanmasına rağmen; akar ve böcek zararlılarına karşı tescilli dayanıklı bir çeşit bulunmamaktadır. Domateslerde, böcek ve akar zararına hatta doğal düşmanın aktivitesine olumsuz etki eden en önemli faktörlerden biri de domates yaprak, sap ve dalllarında bulunan keseli ve kesesiz trikomlardır. Özellikle keseli trikomların içeriğinde bulunan methyl-ketonegrubundan "2-tridecanone (2-TD), sesquiterpene'lerden zingiberene'in vepoliester'lerden acylsugar'ın bitki savunma mekanizmasında rolü yüksektir. Bu nedenle, bu tez çalışmasında 29 domates çeşidinin trikom yapıları incelenmiştir. İnceleme yapılan çeşitlerdeki trikomların tipleri ve yoğunluklarının belirlenmesiyle hem potansiyel dayanıklı çeşitlerin hem de ileride zararlılara dayanıklı domates çeşitlerinin melezleme çalışmalarına temel oluşturulacak bilgilerin sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca, bazı doğal düşmanların (phytoseiid akarlar) etkinliğini sınırlaması nedeniyle; trikom yoğunlukları ayrı bir önem arz etmektedir. Bu tez çalışması sonuçlarına göre; inceleme yapılan çeşitlerde TİP III ve TİP V kesesiz; TİP IV ve TİP VI keseli trikomların yoğunlukları belirlenmiştir. Yaprak, sap ve dallar ayrı ayrı değerlendirildiğinde; trikom tiplerinin ve yoğunluklarının çeşitlere göre önemli düzeyde farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Kümeleme analizine göre trikom yoğunlukları düşük, orta ve yüksek olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Bu çalışmayla, ele alınan her çeşitin trikom yoğunlukları gösterilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, hem çeşit dayanıklılığı hem de biyolojik mücadele için temel veri sağlayacaktır. Tomato cultivation in our country has a great importance in terms of nutrition and economic return. One of the most important problem of tomato cultivation is yield losses caused by insect and mite pests. Although some tomato cultivars resistant to root diseases and nematodes of tomato plantshave been licensed, there is no registered resistant variety against mite and insect pests. One of the most important defensive structures are glandular and unglandular trichomes found in leaves, stems and branches of tomato plants, because they are negatively affect the insect and mite damage and even the activity of natural enemies. Particularly, 2-tridecanone (2-TD), from the methyl-ketone group in the content of glandular trichomes, zingiberene from sesquiterpenes and acylsugar from polyesters have a great role in the plant defense mechanism. Therefore, in this thesis study, trichome structures of 29 tomato cultivars were investigated. By determining the types and densities of trichomes in the examined cultivars, it is aimed to provide information that will form the basis for hybridization studies of both potential resistant cultivars and tomato cultivars resistant to pests in the future. Also, trichome densities have got particular importance due to limiting the effectiveness of some natural enemies (phytoseiid mites). According to the results of this thesis study; the densities of both unglandular thichomes, TYPE III and TYPE V, and glandular trichomes, TYPE IV and TYPE VI, in the examined in different tomato cultivars. When leaves, stems and branches are evaluated separately; it was determined that trichome types and densities differed significantly according to the cultivars. According to cluster analysis, trichome densities were grouped as low, medium and high. In this study, the trichome densities of each cultivar were shown. The findings will provide basic data for both cultivar resistance and biological control.
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- 2022
14. The effect of uridine and acaricide treatments against damage of tomato russet mite
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Atay, Özge, Cansev, Asuman, Kumral, Nabi Alper, and Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı.
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Aculops lycopersici ,Kimyasal mücadele ,Üridin ,Chemical control ,Acaricide ,Solanum lycopersicum L ,Uridine ,Akarisit - Abstract
Domates (Solanum lycopersicum L.) bitkisi anavatanı Güney Amerika’nın batı kıyıları olan Solanaceae familyası türlerinden biridir. Sebze üretimi ve tüketimi içerisinde hem ülkemizde hem de dünya genelinde en çok üretilen ve tüketilen bitkiler arasında yer almaktadır. Domatesin pas akarına karşı toleransını arttıracak (zararın azalması ve hızlıca iyileşmesi ile bitki gelişimini teşvik etme gibi) alternatif çözümlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmayla birlikte, kontrollü koşullarda domates pas akarı bulaştırılan domates fidelerinde sadece üridin veya sadece akarisitlerin (abamectin, acequinocyl, pyridaben, spiromesifen) yarı dozlarının uygulaması ila bunların kombinasyonlarının akar zararına olan etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Literatür taraması yapıldığında bu konuyla ilgili herhangi bir araştırmanın mevcut olmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Denemede akarisit uygulanan kombinasyonlarda abamectin 0,25 mg/L, acequinocyl 62,5 mg/L, pyridaben 15 mg/L ve spiromesifen 25 mg/L konsantrasyonları kullanılmıştır. Bitkilerde büyüme oranı, klorofil miktarı, yaprak oransal su kapsamı ve turgor kaybı gibi fizyolojik parametreler ölçülmüştür. Bununla birlikte MDA, glutatyon ve askorbik asit miktarı ile antioksidatif savunma sistemine ait bazı enzimlerin CAT, APOX ve SOD aktivitesindeki değişimler de incelenmiştir. Çalışmada yapılan analizler sonucunda genel olarak tüm parametreler p
- Published
- 2022
15. Determination of some insecticide and ther toxic metabolites residues in maize silage
- Author
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Azar, İsmail, Kumral, Nabi Alper, and Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Insecticides ,Fermantasyon ,Feed ,Fermentation ,Metabolites ,Maize silage ,LC-MS/MS ,Metabolitler ,Yem ,Multiresidue ,Çoklu kalıntı ,Mısır silajı ,İnsektisitler - Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin ve imidacloprid’in 200 günlük fermantasyon süresince mısır silajı içerisindeki degredasyonunu ve bazı metabolitlerine [3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, diethyl phosphate, diethyl thiophosphate, chlorpyrifos-oxon, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid, imidacloprid-olefin, imidacloprid guanidine, 6-hydroxynicotinic acid ve 6-chloronicotinic acid] dönüşümünü izlemektir. Çalışmada, fermantasyon sürecinin insektisitlerin parçalanması ve metabolitlere dönüşmesi üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Laktik asit bakterilerinin fermantasyonu mısır silajında asidik koşulların oluşumuna neden olmaktadır. İnsektisitler fermantasyon ortamında bulunan bu mikroorganizmalar tarafından metabolize edilebilmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında insektisitler blank örneklere (pestisit kullanılmadan yetiştirilen mısırlar) laboratuvar ortamında ayrı ayrı uygulanmıştır. İnsektisit spike edilmiş mısır bitkilerinin bir kısmı kurumaya bırakılmış, bir kısmı kavanozlarda silaj yapılmıştır. Fermantasyonun etkisini belirlemek için örneklerde, spike edilmiş olan insektisitler ve metabolitleri LC-MS/MS kullanılarak periyodik olarak analiz edilmiştir. Analizlerde kullanılan yöntemin verifikasyonu SANTE/12682/2019 rehberine göre yapılmıştır. LOD değerleri 2,76 mg/kg ile 53,61 mg/kg arasında, LOQ değerleri ise 9,19 mg/kg ile 178,71 mg/kg arasında bulunmuştur. Analitlerin geri kazanımları %93,7-109,2, tekrarlanabilirlik RDSr değerleri %1-15 ve tekrarüretilebilirlik RDSR değerleri %1-13 arasında hesaplanmıştır. İnsektisit uygulanmasından 200 gün sonra silaj örneklerinde chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin ve imidacloprid bozunma oranları sırasıyla %46, %45 ve %30 olarak tespit edilirken bu oran kontrol (kurutulmuş mısır) örneklerinde %67, %55 ve %61 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, mısır silajındaki düşük pH ortamının insektisitlerin bozunmasını yavaşlattığını, dolayısıyla pestisit kalıntılarının aerobik koşullara kıyasla silaj ortamında daha uzun süre stabil kalabildiğini göstermiştir. The aim of this study was to monitor the degradation of chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin and imidacloprid and transformation to their some metabolites [3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, diethyl phosphate, diethyl thiophosphate, chlorpyrifos-oxon, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid, imidacloprid-olefin, imidacloprid guanidine, 6-hydroxynicotinic acid and 6-chloronicotinic acid] during the 200-day fermentation period of maize silage. The effect of the fermentation process on the degradation of insecticides and the transforming to metabolites was investigated. The fermentation of lactic acid bacteria causes the acidic conditions in maize silage and insecticides can be metabolized by the microorganisms in the fermentation medium. In this study, each insecticide was applied separately under laboratory conditions to blank sample (maize plants grown without pesticides). A part of the maize plants spiked with insecticide were left to dry and the other part was ensiled in jars. Spiked insecticides and their metabolites were analyzed periodically using LC-MS/MS in samples to determine the effect of fermentation. Analytical method was verified according to the SANTE/12682/2019 Guideline. The LOD and LOQ values were between 2,76 mg/kg to 53,61 mg/kg and 9,19 mg/kg to 178,71 mg/kg, respectively. The recovery, repeatability RDSr and reproducibility RDSR values of compounds were calculated between 93,7-109,2%, 1-15%, and 1-13%, respectively. In silage samples, the degradation of chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin and imidacloprid was less with rates of 46, 45 and 30%, respectively, compared with the control samples (67, 55 and 61%). This study showed that the low pH in maize silage decelerate the degradation of insecticides, so pesticide residues can remain stable for longer in the silage environment compared to aerobic conditions. TAGEM/HSGYAD/A/19/A3/P1/1250
- Published
- 2022
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