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Simple Summary: The Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in China, a highly urbanized coastal area, presents a unique opportunity to study the effects of environmental changes on the phytoplankton com-munity. In September 2018, a field study was conducted to examine how the photosynthetic status and spatial distribution of these organisms varied from freshwater to oceanic waters. Dinophyta and Haptophyta were prevalent in seawater, while Chlorophyta and Cryptophyta dominated from freshwater to estuarine water. Bacillariophyta were found across all regions. Phytoplankton in the mixing zone showed signs of stress due to fluctuating environmental conditions, whereas those in freshwater and oceanic areas appeared more photosynthetically active. Human activities have in-creased nutrient levels in the estuary, leading to higher chlorophyll concentrations and more diverse phytoplankton communities upstream. Understanding these patterns helps us assess the health of coastal ecosystems, which is crucial for managing the impacts of climate change and human development on marine environments. The Pearl River Estuary (PRE) is one of the world's most urbanized subtropical coastal systems. It presents a typical environmental gradient suitable for studying estuarine phytoplankton communities' dynamics and photosynthetic physiology. In September 2018, the maximum photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of phytoplankton in different salinity habitats of PRE (oceanic, estuarine, and freshwater zones) was studied, revealing a complex correlation with the environment. Fv/Fm of phytoplankton ranged from 0.16 to 0.45, with taxa in the upper Lingdingyang found to be more stressed. Community composition and structure were analyzed using 18S rRNA, accompanied by a pigment analysis utilized as a supplementary method. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis indicated differences in the phytoplankton spatial distribution along the estuarine gradients. Specificity-occupancy plots identified different specialist taxa for each salinity habitat. Dinophyta and Haptophyta were the predominant taxa in oceanic areas, while Chlorophyta and Cryptophyta dominated freshwater. Bacillariophyta prevailed across all salinity gradients. Canonical correlation analysis and Mantel tests revealed that temperature, salinity, and elevated nutrient levels (i.e., NO3−-N, PO43−-P, and SiO32−-Si) associated with anthropogenic activities significantly influenced the heterogeneity of community structure. The spatial distribution of phytoplankton, along with in situ photosynthetic characteristics, serves as a foundational basis to access estuarine primary productivity, as well as community function and ecosystem health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interstitial water or pore water occupies the space between soil particles and provides "hotspots" and "fluvial networks" for microbial activities in floodplain soil. However, to date, we know very little about the microorganisms living in pore water and how they respond to environmental changes. This study aimed to understand microbial distribution and assemblage in riparian pore waters, and how they respond to water chemistry and redox gradients associated with hydrological processes.We analysed the annual changes of porewater microbial communities from the east and west banks of the White Clay Creek, a site at the Christina River Basin – Critical Zone Observatory, Pennsylvania, USA. Microbial abundances were quantified by epifluorescence microscopy and detailed community structures were characterised by high‐throughput sequencing. Water chemistry and redox gradients were also monitored and recorded, and their interactions with porewater microbiomes were analysed using correlations and multivariate analyses.Abundance of microbial cells increased during summer and late autumn. Wetland porewater microbiomes mainly contained Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Nitrospirae and Proteobacteria, and microbiome structures were easily distinguishable from those in the underlying hyporheic gravel layer. Seasonal dynamics of bacterial community structure in the east and west wetlands were distinct, responding to floodplain topography and associated hydrological/geochemical processes. Iron (Fe)‐cycling bacteria (mainly Gallionellaceae and Rhodoferax spp.) dominated the porewater microbiome, and their relative abundance was significantly higher in the east than the west wetland. Furthermore, Fe‐oxidising bacteria (Gallionellaceae) were negatively correlated with Fe‐reducing bacteria (Rhodoferax spp.) at the east wetland.Microbial abundances (cell density) in pore waters showed similar seasonal patterns across stream banks, but microbial community structure did not. Microbiome assembly in pore water is correlated with water chemistry and redox gradients primarily associated with local hydrological processes.As a consequence of their significance for carbon (C) mineralisation and Fe reduction at terrestrial–aquatic interfaces, microbiomes in riparian pore waters and associated microbial activity play an essential role in C and mineral dynamics. These findings will inform future studies of the response of freshwater ecosystems to hydrological dynamics influenced by global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stream, floodplain, and wetland restorations enhance water quality and ecological function; however, soil health is prioritized infrequently in restoration planning and monitoring. Buried, historic, hydric soils—common across U.S. mid‐Atlantic valley bottoms beneath legacy sediments—are not included in most floodplain restoration designs, though they may retain favorable biogeochemical characteristics and host legacy microbial communities that could support ecosystem recovery if exhumed and preserved. To assess the efficacy of including historic hydric soils in floodplain restoration for nitrogen (N) removal, we characterized pre‐Euro‐American settlement wetland soils buried below legacy sediments and now exposed along incised streambanks across the mid‐Atlantic. We compared carbon (C) and N contents; C:N ratios; nitrate‐N and ammonium‐N concentrations; denitrification rates; functional genes for denitrification (nosZ) and nitrification (amoA for ammonia oxidizing archaea [AoA] + ammonia oxidizing bacteria [AoB]); and phospholipid fatty acid biomasses of historic wetland soils with contemporary wetland soils before and after an 1‐year incubation in a recently restored floodplain. Compared to modern wetland soils, historic hydric soils buried by legacy sediment are less nutrient‐rich, have fewer functional genes for and lower rates of denitrification, and possess significantly less microbial biomass. Following the 1‐year incubation, many of these concentrations, rates, and gene counts increased in historic soils, though not substantially. Ultimately, our results suggest that while inclusion of historic, hydric soils and their legacy microbiomes is valuable for N‐removal in floodplain restoration, the recovery of historic, hydric soils is predictably slow, and attainment of restoration goals, such as increased denitrification, may require multiple years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) were examined in the Yellowstone Lake food chain, focusing on two lake locations separated by approximately 20 km and differing in lake floor hydrothermal vent activity. Sampling spanned from femtoplankton to the main fish species, Yellowstone cutthroat trout and the apex predator lake trout. Mercury bioaccumulated in muscle and liver of both trout species, biomagnifying with age, whereas As decreased in older fish, which indicates differential exposure routes for these metal(loid)s. Mercury and As concentrations were higher in all food chain filter fractions (0.1‐, 0.8‐, and 3.0‐μm filters) at the vent‐associated Inflated Plain site, illustrating the impact of localized hydrothermal inputs. Femtoplankton and picoplankton size biomass (0.1‐ and 0.8‐μm filters) accounted for 30%–70% of total Hg or As at both locations. By contrast, only approximately 4% of As and <1% of Hg were found in the 0.1‐μm filtrate, indicating that comparatively little As or Hg actually exists as an ionic form or intercalated with humic compounds, a frequent assumption in freshwaters and marine waters. Ribosomal RNA (18S) gene sequencing of DNA derived from the 0.1‐, 0.8‐, and 3.0‐μm filters showed significant eukaryote biomass in these fractions, providing a novel view of the femtoplankton and picoplankton size biomass, which assists in explaining why these fractions may contain such significant Hg and As. These results infer that femtoplankton and picoplankton metal(loid) loads represent aquatic food chain entry points that need to be accounted for and that are important for better understanding Hg and As biochemistry in aquatic systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:225–241. © 2022 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SAR202 bacteria in the Chloroflexota phylum are abundant and widely distributed in the ocean. Their genome coding capacities indicate their potential roles in degrading complex and recalcitrant organic compounds in the ocean. However, our understanding of their genomic diversity, vertical distribution, and depth-related metabolisms is still limited by the number of assembled SAR202 genomes. In this study, we apply deep metagenomic sequencing (180 Gb per sample) to investigate microbial communities collected from six representative depths at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) station. We obtain 173 SAR202 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). Intriguingly, 154 new species and 104 new genera are found based on these 173 SAR202 genomes. We add 12 new subgroups to the current SAR202 lineages. The vertical distribution of 20 SAR202 subgroups shows their niche partitioning in the euphotic, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic oceans, respectively. Deep-ocean SAR202 bacteria contain more genes and exhibit more metabolic potential for degrading complex organic substrates than those from the euphotic zone. With deep metagenomic sequencing, we uncover many new lineages of SAR202 bacteria and their potential functions which greatly deepen our understanding of their diversity, vertical profile, and contribution to the ocean's carbon cycling, especially in the deep ocean., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Importance: Exploring microbial interactions and their stability/resilience from the surface to the hadal ocean is critical for further understanding of the microbiome structure and ecosystem function in the Mariana Trench. Vertical gradients did not destabilize microbial communities after long-term evolution and adaption. The uniform niche breadth, diversity, community complexity, and stability of microbiomes in both upper bathypelagic and hadal waters suggest the consistent roles of microbiomes in elemental cycling and adaptive strategies to overcome extreme environmental conditions. Compared with microeukaryotes, bacteria and archaea play a pivotal role in shaping the stability of the hadal microbiome. The consistent co-occurrence stability of microbiomes across vertical gradients was observed in the Mariana Trench. These results illuminate a key principle of microbiomes inhabiting the deepest trench: although distinct microbial communities occupy specific habitats, the interactions within microbial communities remain consistently stable from the upper bathypelagic to the hadal waters., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.