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The present study examined the efficacy of Hopeful Minds, a 12 week hope based school intervention programme in a sample of 153 pre- and early- adolescent secondary school children (11-14 years) in the North West of Ireland. This study used a one-group, pretest-posttest design to determine whether participants experienced changes regarding their hope, well-being, and a range of known protective factors. Results from a Wilcoxin Signed Ranks test showed significant increases in children's hope scores post intervention. Resilience and adaptive coping skills of stoicism and social support seeking were also significantly improved. Although pre-post intervention improvements in well-being or emotional regulation/arousal scores were observed, results were non-significant. However, further analysis examined associations between hope and a range of well-being and protective factors using linear regression. Hope was found to be significantly associated with improvements in each of the well-being scores of anxiety, depression, resilience, positive emotion, reduced negative emotion, emotional control, stoicism, social support seeking and self-care. No associations were found between hope and rumination. This study builds upon the extant evidence for the implementation of the Hopeful Minds school based intervention. Further, the study demonstrates that teaching and thereby increasing hope has a significant positive impact on child and adolescent well-being and a range of protective factors; factors known to buffer against mental ill health and suicide.

The present study examined the efficacy of Hopeful Minds, a 12 week hope based school intervention programme in a sample of 153 pre- and early- adolescent secondary school children (11–14 years) in the North West of Ireland. This study used a one-group, pretest-posttest design to determine whether participants experienced changes regarding their hope, well-being, and a range of known protective factors. Results from a Wilcoxin Signed Ranks test showed significant increases in children's hope scores post intervention. Resilience and adaptive coping skills of stoicism and social support seeking were also significantly improved. Although pre–post intervention improvements in well-being or emotional regulation/arousal scores were observed, results were non-significant. However, further analysis examined associations between hope and a range of well-being and protective factors using linear regression. Hope was found to be significantly associated with improvements in each of the well-being scores of anxiety, depression, resilience, positive emotion, reduced negative emotion, emotional control, stoicism, social support seeking and self-care. No associations were found between hope and rumination. This study builds upon the extant evidence for the implementation of the Hopeful Minds school based intervention. Further, the study demonstrates that teaching and thereby increasing hope has a significant positive impact on child and adolescent well-being and a range of protective factors; factors known to buffer against mental ill health and suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unknown how the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment markers-negative affect, sensation seeking, and executive function-contribute to substance use development. This study examined whether associations of negative affect and sensation seeking with substance use vary by executive function. Participants were 167 adolescents (47% female) who participated annually for four years (M age  = 14.07, SD age  = 0.54 at Time 1). There were within-person bidirectional associations between higher negative affect and higher substance use for adolescents with lower executive function. Adolescents with higher sensation seeking at age 14 exhibited increasing substance use trajectories from age 14 to 17, regardless of executive function level. Negative affect and substance use influence each other within individuals, whereas sensation seeking predicts substance use between individuals., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Posttraumatic stress disorder is a prolonged stress and anxiety response that occurs after exposure to a traumatic event. Research shows that both parental and child posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are correlated but parental executive functions (EFs) could buffer this link. EFs refers to a group of high-level cognitive processes that enable self-regulation of thoughts and actions to achieve goal-directed behaviours and can be of importance for both positive parenting interactions and effective coping skills for PTSS. Our study aimed to (1) examine the link between maternal and child PTSS and the moderating role of varying degrees of exposure to severe security threats context, and (2) to identify the moderating role of maternal EFs in this interaction, among families living in southern Israel. Our sample included 131 mothers in their second pregnancy and their firstborn children. Mothers performed computerised tasks to assess their EFs and they reported on their own and their child's PTSS. Results revealed a positive correlation between maternal PTSS and child PTSS. However, the link between maternal and child PTSS was moderated by maternal working memory updating abilities and threat context severity. Among mothers with lower updating capacities, the association between maternal and child symptoms was stronger under higher threat contexts; conversely, among mothers with higher maternal updating abilities, threat context did not modulate the link between maternal and child PTSS, suggesting a stress-buffering effect. Our study contributes to the growing literature on the significant role of parental EFs in the context of parent-child interactions., (© 2024 The Author(s). Stress and Health published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Mortality reviews examine US military fatalities resulting from traumatic injuries during combat operations. These reviews are essential to the evolution of the military trauma system to improve individual, unit, and system-level trauma care delivery and inform trauma system protocols and guidelines. This study identifies specific prehospital and hospital interventions with the potential to provide survival benefits., Methods: US Special Operations Command fatalities with battle injuries deemed potentially survivable (2001-2021) were extracted from previous mortality reviews. A military trauma review panel consisting of trauma surgeons, forensic pathologists, and prehospital and emergency medicine specialists conducted a methodical review to identify prehospital, hospital, and resuscitation interventions (e.g., laparotomy, blood transfusion) with the potential to have provided a survival benefit., Results: Of 388 US Special Operations Command battle-injured fatalities, 100 were deemed potentially survivable. Of these (median age, 29 years; all male), 76.0% were injured in Afghanistan, and 75% died prehospital. Gunshot wounds were in 62.0%, followed by blast injury (37%), and blunt force injury (1.0%). Most had a Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale severity classified as 4 (severe) (55.0%) and 5 (critical) (41.0%). The panel recommended 433 interventions (prehospital, 188; hospital, 315). The most recommended prehospital intervention was blood transfusion (95%), followed by finger/tube thoracostomy (47%). The most common hospital recommendations were thoracotomy and definitive vascular repair. Whole blood transfusion was assessed for each fatality: 74% would have required ≥10 U of blood, 20% would have required 5 to 10 U, 1% would have required 1 to 4 U, and 5% would not have required blood products to impact survival. Five may have benefited from a prehospital laparotomy., Conclusion: This study systematically identified capabilities needed to provide a survival benefit and examined interventions needed to inform trauma system efforts along the continuum of care. The determination was that blood transfusion and massive transfusion shortly after traumatic injury would impact survival the most., Level of Evidence: Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level V., (Copyright © 2024 Written work prepared by employees of the Federal Government as part of their official duties is, under the U.S. Copyright Act, a “work of the United States Government” for which copyright protection under Title 17 of the United States Code is not available. As such, copyright does not extend to the contributions of employees of the Federal Government.)

Dried blood spots (DBS) provide a minimally invasive method to assess inflammatory markers and can be collected remotely at-home or in-person in the lab. However, there is a lack of methodological information comparing these different collection methods and in older adults. We investigated the feasibility (including adherence, yield, quality, and participant preferences) and measurement properties (reliability, validity) of remotely collected DBS inflammatory markers in older adults. Participants (N = 167, mean age = 72, range: 60-96 years) collected their own DBS (finger prick on filter paper) during three remote interviews over ∼ 6 months. Within 4-5 days on average of their last remote interview, a subset of 41 participants also attended an in-person lab visit that included a researcher-collected DBS sample, venous blood draw, and survey to assess participant preferences of DBS collection. DBS and venous blood were assayed for CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α. Adherence: 98% of expected DBS samples (493 out of 501) were completed and mailed back to the lab. Yield: 97% of DBS samples were sufficient for all assays. Quality: On average, 0.80 fewer optimal spots (60uL of blood that filled the entire circle) were obtained remotely vs. in-person (p = 0.013), but the number of useable or better spots (at least 30-40uL of blood) did not differ (p = 0.89). Preference: A slight majority of participants (54%) preferred in-person DBS collection. Reliability: DBS test-retest reliabilities were good: CRP (ICC = 0.74), IL-6 (ICC = 0.76), and TNF-α (ICC = 0.70). Validity: Inflammatory levels from DBS correlated strongly with levels from venous blood (r = 0.60-0.99) and correlated as expected with sociodemographic and physical health and function variables. Older adults can remotely collect their own DBS to acquire reliable and valid inflammatory data. Remote DBS collection is highly feasible and may allow for inflammatory markers to be assessed in larger, more representative samples than are possible with lab- or clinic-based research designs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We examined whether cultural values, conformity and parenting behaviours were related to child adjustment in middle childhood in the United States. White, Black and Latino mothers (n = 273), fathers (n = 182) and their children (n = 272) reported on parental individualism and collectivism, conformity values, parental warmth, monitoring, family obligation expectations, and child internalising and externalising behaviours. Mean differences, bivariate correlations and multiple regression analyses were performed on variables of interest. Collectivism in mothers and fathers was associated with family obligation expectations and parental warmth. Fathers with higher conformity values had higher expectations of children's family obligations. Child internalising and externalising behaviours were greater when Latino families subscribed to individualistic values. These results are discussed in the context of cultural values, protective and promotive factors of behaviour, and race/ethnicity in the United States., (© 2024 International Union of Psychological Science.)

This study investigated how individualism, collectivism and conformity are associated with parenting and child adjustment in 1297 families with 10-year-old children from 13 cultural groups in nine countries. With multilevel models disaggregating between- and within-culture effects, we examined between- and within-culture associations between maternal and paternal cultural values, parenting dimensions and children's adjustment. Mothers from cultures endorsing higher collectivism and fathers from cultures endorsing lower individualism engage more frequently in warm parenting behaviours. Mothers and fathers with higher-than-average collectivism in their culture reported higher parent warmth and expectations for children's family obligations. Mothers with higher-than-average collectivism in their cultures more frequently reported warm parenting and fewer externalising problems in children, whereas mothers with higher-than-average individualism in their culture reported more child adjustment problems. Mothers with higher-than-average conformity values in their culture reported more father-displays of warmth and greater mother-reported expectations for children's family obligations. Fathers with higher-than-average individualism in their culture reported setting more rules and soliciting more knowledge about their children's whereabouts. Fathers who endorsed higher-than-average conformity in their culture displayed more warmth and expectations for children's family obligations and granted them more autonomy. Being connected to an interdependent, cohesive group appears to relate to parenting and children's adjustment., (© 2024 International Union of Psychological Science.)

Background: There are increasing demands on Emergency Medical Services. More efficient treatment pathways are required to support conveyance decision making and patient referral in prehospital care. Point of Care testing is increasingly available and utilised across the NHS to support optimal ways of working. We aimed to design and conduct a Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis to prioritise in vitro point of care tests and use cases for inclusion in a platform trial of in vitro point of care testing in UK Emergency Medical Services., Methods: We designed a Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis that included systematic scoping reviews stakeholder recruitment, two stakeholder surveys and two stakeholder workshops to scope the use cases, explore criteria and map use cases, evaluate the criteria and measure the use cases against the criteria., Results: We recruited 32 stakeholders. We developed a scoring matrix with 4 criteria for scoring the use cases and 8 criteria for scoring the point of care tests and applied weighting determined from survey results. Use cases were scored by the stakeholders against 4 criteria. The 3 highest scoring use cases were point of care troponin testing in: possible Acute Myocardial Infarction, lactate testing in suspected sepsis and in trauma. We developed the process for scoring the point of care tests to be completed close to a proposed trial to allow for a changes in technology., Conclusions: We successfully designed a Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis to identify use cases and candidate tests for inclusion in a future platform trial of in vitro point of care testing in UK Emergency Medical Services. We identified 3 use cases for evaluation in a platform trial of in vitro point of care testing: troponin testing in possible acute myocardial infarction, lactate testing in suspected sepsis and lactate testing to identify occult haemorrhage in trauma., Competing Interests: Competing interests: AT reports consultancy fees from Siemens Healthineers and Perspectum. RB reports research grants with Roche Diagnostics, Siemens Healthineers and Abbott Point of Care; consultancy with Roche Diagnostics, Siemens Healthineers, Abbott Point of Care, Beckman Coulter, Radiometer, LumiraDx, Aptamer Group and Psyros Diagnostics (money to institution); speaker fees with EMCREG (Emergency Medicine Cardiac Research and Education Group) International (personal honoraria). support for travel/accommodation to conferences: Siemens Healthineers, Roche Diagnostics, Astra Zeneca. No other competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2024 Kirby K et al.)

Introduction: Parents who use donated gametes or embryos to form their families struggle with telling their children about their genetic origins. We developed the Tool to Empower Parental Telling and Talking (TELL Tool) to support parents in disclosure to their children and an eBook attention control., Method: A randomized parallel, two-group, attention-controlled clinical pilot trial was conducted online during COVID-19. Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects among parents with children aged 1-16 years were examined., Results: Over 10 months, our target of 75 parents were enrolled (85% of eligible [95% confidence interval (CI), 76% to 91%]), and 68% (95% CI: 57% to 78%) were retained at 12 weeks. At 4 and 12 weeks, positive trends were found for parental disclosure, telling confidence, and anxiety compared with attention controls., Discussion: The study protocol is feasible, and the TELL Tool is acceptable to parents and demonstrates a positive effect on parents' ability to tell their children. The results support the implementation of a large efficacy trial., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest Dr. Hershberger is the Past Chair of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine Nurses Professional Group Executive Board. She reports honoraria from the Midwest Reproductive Symposium International and The Donor Egg Meeting 2024. The Tool to Empower Parental Telling and Talking intervention is copyrighted by the Regents of the University of Michigan Innovation Partnerships Invention Number 2023–596 and the University of Illinois Board of Trustees, University of Illinois Chicago Invention ID no.UIC–2020–151. The authors receive no monetary compensation for the use of the Tool to Empower Parental Telling and Talking. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors sincerely thank the participants and the wider community of clinicians, stakeholders, and donor-conceived people who assisted with our social media recruitment campaign., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Surface segregation, whereby the surface composition of an alloy differs systematically from the bulk, has historically been hard to study, because it requires experimental and modeling methods that span alloy composition space. In this work, we study surface segregation in catalytically relevant noble and platinum-group metal alloys with a focus on three ternary systems: AgAuCu, AuCuPd, and CuPdPt. We develop a data set of 2478 fcc slabs with those compositions including all three low-index crystallographic orientations relaxed with Density Functional Theory using the PBEsol functional with D3 dispersion corrections. We fine-tune a machine learning model on this data and use the model in a series of 1800 Monte Carlo simulations spanning ternary composition space for each surface orientation and ternary chemical system. The results of these simulations are validated against prior experimental surface segregation data collected using composition spread alloy films for AgAuCu and AuCuPd. Our findings reveal that simulations conducted using the (110) orientation most closely match experimentally observed surface segregation trends, and while predicted trends qualitatively match observation, biases in the PBEsol functional limit numeric accuracy. This study advances understanding of surface segregation and the utility of computational studies and highlights the need for further improvements in simulation accuracy., (© 2024 The Authors. ChemPhysChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Objective:  This study aimed to describe postpartum contraception preferences in the context of pregnancy intention (PI)., Study Design:  A prospective cohort study analyzing postpartum contraceptive choice (PCC) in 431 postpartum women who delivered at a single academic medical center. PCC in women with an unintended or mistimed pregnancy was compared to contraceptive choice in women with an intended pregnancy using the adapted National Survey of Family Growth categorization. Mistimed and unintended pregnancies were grouped for analysis. Generalized linear modeling estimated the relative influence of PI on PCC adjusting for maternal age, race, and parity., Results:  Nearly three out of four (71.9%) pregnancies were mistimed or unintended. These pregnancies were more likely in women who were non-Hispanic Black (62.3%), unmarried (86.3%), 18 to 24 years (51.3%), and insured by Medicaid or Medicare (82.1%), compared to women with an intended pregnancy, p -value <0.001. Women with mistimed or unintended pregnancy were 83% more likely to choose highly effective, user-independent methods compared to any other or no method, adjusted relative risk (aRR) = 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36, 2.47), and more likely to desire voluntary sterilization, aRR = 2.70 (95% CI: 1.58, 4.59). Additionally, women with these pregnancies were 56% more likely to use user-independent methods compared to user-dependent methods, aRR = 1.56 (95% CI: 1.18, 2.06)., Conclusion:  Women with mistimed or unintended pregnancies are 83% more likely to choose highly effective postpartum contraception or voluntary sterilization, and thus initiatives are necessary to increase access and affordability to these methods before hospital discharge after delivery., Key Points: · Nearly three out of four pregnancies in this study were mistimed or unintended.. · Women with mistimed or unintended pregnancies are more likely to choose highly effective postpartum contraception or voluntary sterilization.. · Public health initiatives to improve access to family planning services and postpartum contraception, including surgery for bilateral tubal ligation before discharge from the hospital postdelivery, are important areas of focus to help attenuate the rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States.., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Creating romantic relationships characterized by high-quality, satisfaction, few conflicts, and reasoning strategies to handle conflicts is an important developmental task for adolescents connected to the relational models they receive from their parents. This study examines how parent-adolescent conflicts, attachment, positive parenting, and communication are related to adolescents' romantic relationship quality, satisfaction, conflicts, and management., Method: We interviewed 311 adolescents at two time points (females = 52%, ages 15 and 17) in eight countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). Generalized and linear mixed models were run considering the participants' nesting within countries., Results: Adolescents with negative conflicts with their parents reported low romantic relationship quality and satisfaction and high conflicts with their romantic partners. Adolescents experiencing an anxious attachment to their parents reported low romantic relationship quality, while adolescents with positive parenting showed high romantic relationship satisfaction. However, no association between parent-adolescent relationships and conflict management skills involving reasoning with the partner was found. No associations of parent-adolescent communication with romantic relationship dimensions emerged, nor was there any effect of the country on romantic relationship quality or satisfaction., Conclusion: These results stress the relevance of parent-adolescent conflicts and attachment as factors connected to how adolescents experience romantic relationships., (© 2024 Foundation for Professionals in Services to Adolescents.)

The high affinity interaction between P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and P-selectin is mediated by a multimotif glycosulfopeptide (GSP) recognition domain consisting of clustered tyrosine sulfates and a Core 2 O -glycan terminated with sialyl Lewis X (C2- O -sLe X ). These distinct GSP motifs are much more common than previously appreciated within a wide variety of functionally important domains involved in protein-protein interactions. However, despite the potential of GSPs to serve as tools for fundamental studies and prospects for drug discovery, their utility has been limited by the absence of chemical schemes for synthesis on scale. Herein, we report the total synthesis of GSnP-6, an analogue of the N-terminal domain of PSGL-1, and potent inhibitor of P-selectin. An efficient, scalable, hydrogenolysis-free synthesis of C2- O -sLe X -Thr-COOH was identified by both convergent and orthogonal one-pot assembly, which afforded this crucial building block, ready for direct use in solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). C2- O -sLe X -Thr-COOH was synthesized in 10 steps with an overall yield of 23% from the 4- O ,5- N oxazolidinone thiosialoside donor. This synthesis represents an 80-fold improvement in reaction yield as compared to prior reports, achieving the first gram scale synthesis of SPPS ready C2- O -sLe X -Thr-COOH and enabling the scalable synthesis of GSnP-6 for preclinical evaluation. Significantly, we established that GSnP-6 displays dose-dependent inhibition of venous thrombosis in vivo and inhibits vaso-occlusive events in a human sickle cell disease equivalent microvasculature-on-a-chip system. The insights gained in formulating this design strategy can be broadly applied to the synthesis of a wide variety of biologically important oligosaccharides and O -glycan bearing glycopeptides.

The present study examined whether internalizing and externalizing symptoms may mediate the association between adolescent-mother and adolescent-father attachment and substance use. The sample included 167 adolescents (47% girls) who were assessed at five time points with approximately 1 year between each assessment, beginning in middle adolescence (M age  = 14.07) and ending in the transition to young adulthood (M age  = 18.39). The adolescents reported their perceived attachment with both their mother and father during middle adolescence (Times 1 and 2), their internalizing and externalizing symptoms during late adolescence (Times 3 and 4), and their alcohol use during the transition to young adulthood (Time 5). The results showed that less secure adolescent-father attachment, but not adolescent-mother attachment, was predictive of heightened externalizing and internalizing symptoms. In turn, heightened externalizing symptoms were predictive of heightened alcohol use. Despite the nonsignificant direct association between adolescent-father attachment and alcohol use, less secure adolescent-father attachment was indirectly predictive of greater alcohol use, mediated through heightened externalizing symptoms. The findings highlight the importance of close and trusting father-adolescent relationships in the development of psychopathology and substance use behaviors. The developmental cascade from a less secure adolescent-father attachment to greater externalizing symptoms and heightened substance use, as well as implications for prevention and intervention of young adult substance use, are discussed. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The differential pathways from adolescent-mother and adolescent-father attachment to substance use during the transition to young adulthood are not well known. Longitudinal data were used to test whether internalizing and externalizing symptoms may mediate the association between adolescent-mother and adolescent-father attachment and substance use. Less secure adolescent-father attachment predicted heightened internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and less secure adolescent-father attachment predicted greater alcohol use, mediated through heightened externalizing symptoms. The findings suggest that addressing insecure attachment with fathers during adolescence may reduce unhealthy substance use during the transition to young adulthood., (© 2024 The Author(s). Developmental Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Crying is a typical infant behavior that activates parental caregiving behaviors, acting as "human alarms" important for the infant's survival. When living under war-related threat, the auditory system may be sensitized given its importance for survival, potentially impacting maternal cry processing. Children living in armed-conflict zones are at increased risk for behavior problems, which may relate to both direct exposure and indirect effects through their parents' perceptions and behaviors. This hypothesis was examined in a sample of mothers and their first-born children (aged 10-45 months) living in the Gaza vicinity area in Israel, chronically exposed to missile alarms (high-exposure; n = 45), and a comparison group (low-exposure; n = 86). Group differences in child behavior problems and maternal perceptions of and responsiveness to cry were investigated. A moderated indirect-effect of maternal cry perceptions on child behavior problems via maternal responsiveness to cry was examined. In the high-exposure group, children had more externalizing problems and mothers rated cries as more aversive. Maternal cry perception was indirectly related to child behavior problems via responsiveness to cry only in the high-exposure group: higher perceptions of cry as aversive or the child as distressed were related to faster responding to crying, and faster cry responsiveness was linked with fewer behavior problems. Results suggest that in armed-conflict zones with auditory warning signals, the parental caring system may be easily activated by cries due to the strong association between alarms and threat. Furthermore, children may need their mothers to react faster when feeling distressed, possibly because of the surrounding threat., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: International infectious disease/obstetrical societies have recently recommended universal hepatitis C virus (HCV) prenatal screening and these same recommendations are forthcoming in Canada. At present, there is no formal analysis of universal HCV screening or linkage to care of pregnant people in Ontario. The objectives of our study were to determine the seroprevalence of HCV using 2 different methods to evaluate universal screening, as well as identify opportunities that may improve linkage to care., Methods: To assess seroprevalence in a large urban area, we aimed to test 12 000 de-identified samples submitted for prenatal HIV testing in the catchment area of Toronto Public Health for HCV antibodies. Then, to assess the seroprevalence as well as the operational impact and follow-up in a real-world setting, we completed a Quality Improvement Project (QIP) for 1 year at a large tertiary care obstetrical centre in London, Ontario., Results: From 2019 to 2021, 11 999 de-identified samples were screened from Toronto with a seroprevalence of 0.40 (95% CI 0.29-0.53). In London, 5771 people were screened in 2021 with a seroprevalence of 0.55% (95% CI 0.38-0.78). Taken together, those aged 26-35 years had the highest positivity; in the QIP, 9% had no documented risk factor, and 59% of individuals were not linked to the next step in HCV care., Conclusions: HCV prenatal seroprevalence in Ontario is comparable to hepatitis B virus, and ∼15-30-fold higher than HIV. Diagnosis in pregnancy is critical to facilitate referrals for treatment between pregnancies and could increase screening among children born to positive women., (Crown Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: As a major animal control service provider in the city of Guelph and Wellington County in Ontario, the Guelph Humane Society transports and presents injured or ill raccoons requiring humane euthanasia to the Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre (OVC-HSC). Issues around handling, transportation, and delays before euthanasia have recently raised some concerns for welfare and the need for means of improving this process., Objective: Investigation of a noncontrolled sedation and analgesia protocol for injured or ill raccoons intended to improve animal welfare by allowing humane handling, transport, and euthanasia following administration by an animal protection officer (APO)., Animals and Procedure: Twenty-seven injured or ill raccoons requiring transport and euthanasia, as determined by the Guelph Humane Society APOs, were included in the study. Each raccoon was administered acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg), alfaxalone (4 mg/kg), and medetomidine (0.15 mg/kg), intramuscularly, before being transported to the OVC-HSC for humane euthanasia., Results: The combination of acepromazine, alfaxalone, and medetomidine was suitable for administration by APOs and provided the desired sedation depth to allow transport and humane euthanasia. Transit time was the only predictor of sedation depth upon arrival at the OVC-HSC. Two raccoons showed mild physical response to intracardiac injection for euthanasia. Numerical cutoff points of an in-hospital visual analog score of sedation of ≥ 70/100 and duration of sedation of < 62 min showed zero probability of response to euthanasia., Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Administration of acepromazine, alfaxalone, and medetomidine at the stated doses provided acceptable sedation and analgesia to improve animal welfare during transport and eventual euthanasia of raccoons., (Copyright and/or publishing rights held by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.)

Greater neural similarity between parents and adolescents may reduce adolescent substance use. Among 70 parent-adolescent dyads, we tested a longitudinal path model in which family economic environment is related to adolescent substance use, directly and indirectly through parent-adolescent neural similarity and parental monitoring. Neural similarity was measured as parent-adolescent pattern similarity in functional brain connectivity at Time 1. Parents reported socioeconomic status and parental monitoring at Time 1. Adolescents reported parental monitoring at Time 1 and substance use at Time 2. Higher family socioeconomic status was associated with greater neural similarity. Greater neural similarity was associated with lower adolescent substance use, mediated through greater adolescent-perceived parental monitoring. Parent-adolescent neural similarity may attenuate adolescent substance use by bolstering parental monitoring. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Parkinson's disease (PD) rodent models provide insight into the relationship between nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) signaling and locomotor function. Although toxin-based rat models produce frank nigrostriatal neuron loss and eventual motor decline characteristic of PD, the rapid nature of neuronal loss may not adequately translate premotor traits, such as cognitive decline. Unfortunately, rodent genetic PD models, like the Pink1 knockout (KO) rat, often fail to replicate the differential severity of striatal DA and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss, and a bradykinetic phenotype, reminiscent of human PD. To elucidate this inconsistency, we evaluated aging as a progression factor in the timing of motor and non-motor cognitive impairments. Male PINK1 KO and age-matched wild type (WT) rats were evaluated in a longitudinal study from 3 to 16 months old in one cohort, and in a cross-sectional study of young adult (6-7 months) and aged (18-19 months) in another cohort. Young adult PINK1 KO rats exhibited hyperkinetic behavior associated with elevated DA and TH in the substantia nigra (SN), which decreased therein, but not striatum, in the aged KO rats. Additionally, norepinephrine levels decreased in aged KO rats in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), paired with a higher DA levels in young and aged KO. Although a younger age of onset characterizes familial forms of PD, our results underscore the critical need to consider age-related factors. Moreover, the results indicate that compensatory mechanisms may exist to preserve locomotor function, evidenced by increased DA in the SN early in the lifespan, in response to deficient PINK1 function, which declines with aging and the onset of motor decline., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Loneliness has increased since the COVID-19 pandemic and negatively impacts mental health. This study examined relationships between loneliness and mental health among adults using a digital mental health platform., Methods: A purposive sample of 919 participants (97% response rate) who were newly enrolled in the platform completed a survey on loneliness, depression, anxiety, well-being, stress, social support, and comorbidities at baseline and 3 months. Platform engagement was tracked during this period. We examined baseline differences between lonely and non-lonely participants; associations between loneliness, mental health symptoms, and comorbidities; and changes in loneliness and mental health through engagement in any form of care., Results: At baseline, 57.8% of the sample were categorized as lonely. Loneliness was associated with younger age, fewer years of education, and the presence of a comorbidity (p values < .05). Baseline loneliness was associated with greater depression, anxiety, and stress and lower well-being and social support (ps < .001). The percentage of lonely participants decreased at follow-up (57.6% to 52.9%, p = .03). Those who improved in loneliness improved in mental health symptoms, well-being, and social support (ps < .001). Lonely participants who engaged in any form of care reported a greater reduction in loneliness than those who did not engage (p = .04)., Conclusions: This study confirms previous findings of the high prevalence of loneliness among adults and risk factors for increased loneliness. Findings highlight the potential of digital platforms to reach lonely individuals and alleviate loneliness through remote mental health support., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Although several technologies have been developed to isolate cells of interest from a heterogenous sample, clogging and impaired cell viability limit such isolation. We have developed the Enrich TROVO system as a novel, nonfluidic technology to sort live cells. The TROVO system combines imaging-based cell selection and photo-crosslinking of (gelatin methacrylate) gelMA-hydrogel to capture cells. After capture, cells are released by enzymatic digestion of the hydrogel and then retrieved for downstream analysis or further cell culturing. The system can capture cells with a recovery rate of 48% while maintaining 90% viability. Moreover, TROVO can enrich rare cells 506-fold with 93% efficiency using single step isolation from a 1:10 4 cell mixture, and can also capture one target cell from 1 million cells, reaching an enrichment ratio of 9128. In addition, 100% purity and 49% recovery rate can be achieved by a following negative isolation process. Compared to existing technologies, the TROVO system is clog-resistant, highly biocompatible, and can process a wide range of sample sizes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors of this manuscript declare that they have no competing financial, professional, or personal interests that could have influenced the work reported in this paper. The research conducted and presented in this manuscript was carried out independently and without any external influence. This research was funded by NIAID R44AI147734, but the funding agency had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or writing of this manuscript. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors, and there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. We understand that any undisclosed competing interests may result in the retraction of the manuscript, and we agree to promptly inform the journal editor if any potential competing interests arise in the future. Please let us know if you require any further information or clarification regarding our declaration of interest statement., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Children with disability face many barriers to participating in community sports. Little Athletics Australia aims to increase fair and meaningful inclusion via a new structure which will enable all children to take part in the same contest by competing for their 'personal best' score. Named the True Inclusion Method (TIM), this new structure will be piloted in 13 sites across six states. Formative evaluation of this pilot will critique TIM and its implementation using observations of events, and interviews and surveys with child athletes with and without disability, their parents/carers and Little Athletics volunteers. Implementation outcomes are acceptability, appropriateness, adoption, feasibility and fidelity. Qualitative data will be analysed thematically. TIM is designed to encourage inclusive participation by children with disability in sporting events, and to improve the competitive experience for all children by celebrating personal achievement and fostering fun., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Haynes, Pearce, Kirby, Moritz, West, Green, McCoombes and Sherrington.)

Purpose: The Finke Desert Race is an offroad motorbike and buggy race held annually in central Australia. Owing to the treacherous conditions, this race sees a significant influx of trauma presentations to Alice Springs Hospital, the closest rural hospital. Completion of a tertiary trauma survey (TTS) within 24 hours of a patient's admission is part of standard trauma management., Method: A retrospective analysis was undertaken of trauma presentations managed by general surgery over a 5-day period of the Finke Desert Race weekend, compared to a 3-month control period from February to April of the same year. To be included, patients met the criteria for completion of a TTS., Results: The total number of trauma presentations over the 5-day period of the race weekend was 18 (an incidence rate of 3.6 cases/day), compared to a total of 31 in the 3-month control period (an incidence rate of 0.36 cases/day). The daily rate of major trauma presentations during the Finke race weekend was 9.9 times greater than during the control period. Completion of TTS was missed in only 5.6 % of patients over the Finke weekend, compared to 14.3 % of patients in the control period. The median time from presentation to the emergency department to completion of TTS during the Finke weekend was 20 h 19 min, compared to 20 h 36 min during the control period., Conclusion: Despite the substantial influx of trauma during the race weekend, fewer patients missed having a TTS completed compared to the control period. The median time taken to completion of TTS was similar between the two time periods. These findings suggest that the general surgery department was able to maintain standard trauma management principles., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (© 2024 The Authors.)

This commentary examines key mental health policies across four transformative historical periods in America: the aftermath of World War II (1939-1946), the Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968), the Great Recession (2007-2009), and the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2023). The post-WWII era established today's foundational mental health system, emphasizing military personnel, as reflected in the National Mental Health Act of 1946. During the Civil Rights Movement, the focus shifted toward community equality, leading to the Community Mental Health Act of 1963. The economic challenges of the Great Recession, especially affecting young adults, prompted a deep dive into the Affordable Care Act. The social isolation and economic suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic led to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. The article highlights the need for a more inclusive policy development approach, one that recognizes and integrates the unique perspectives of young adults in shaping mental health policies and discourse. It concludes with recommendations to guide future policy evolution for enhanced mental health and societal well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Little is known about the developmental trajectories of parental self-efficacy as children transition into adolescence. This study examined parental self-efficacy among mothers and fathers over 3 1/2 years representing this transition, and whether the level and developmental trajectory of parental self-efficacy varied by cultural group. Data were drawn from three waves of the Parenting Across Cultures (PAC) project, a large-scale longitudinal, cross-cultural study, and included 1178 mothers and 1041 fathers of children who averaged 9.72 years of age at T1 (51.2% girls). Parents were from nine countries (12 ethnic/cultural groups), which were categorized into those with a predominant collectivistic (i.e., China, Kenya, Philippines, Thailand, Colombia, and Jordan) or individualistic (i.e., Italy, Sweden, and USA) cultural orientation based on Hofstede's Individualism Index (Hofstede Insights, 2021). Latent growth curve analyses supported the hypothesis that parental self-efficacy would decline as children transition into adolescence only for parents from more individualistic countries; parental self-efficacy increased over the same years among parents from more collectivistic countries. Secondary exploratory analyses showed that some demographic characteristics predicted the level and trajectory of parental self-efficacy differently for parents in more individualistic and more collectivistic countries. Results suggest that declines in parental self-efficacy documented in previous research are culturally influenced., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction: Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in patients with biliary atresia (BA). Data on impact of ACLF on postoperative outcomes, however, are sparse., Method: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with BA aged <18 years who underwent LT between 2011 and 2021 at our institution. ACLF was defined using the pediatric ACLF criteria: ≥1 extra-hepatic organ failure in children with decompensated cirrhosis., Results: Of 107 patients (65% female; median age 14 [9-31] months) who received a LT, 13 (12%) had ACLF during the index admission prior to LT. Two (15%) had Grade 1; 4 (30%) had Grade 2; and 7 (55%) had Grade ≥3 ACLF. ACLF cohort was younger at time of listing (5 [4-8] vs. 9 [6-24] months; p < .001) and at LT (8 [8-11] vs. 16 [10-40] months, p < .001) compared to no-ACLF group. Intraoperatively, ACLF patients had higher blood loss (40 [20-53] vs. 10 [6-19] mL/kg; p < .001) and blood transfusion requirements (33 [21-69] vs. 18 [7-25] mL/kg; p = .004). Postoperatively, they needed higher vasopressor support (31% vs. 10.6%; p = .04) and had higher total hospital length of stay (106 [45-151] vs. 13 [7-30] days; p = .023). Rate of return to the operating room, hospital readmission rates, and 1-year post-LT survival rates were comparable between the groups., Conclusion: Despite higher perioperative complications, survival outcomes for ACLF in BA after LT are favorable and comparable to those without ACLF. These encouraging data reiterate prioritization during organ allocation of these critically ill children for LT., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Alfaxalone is a commonly employed veterinary anaesthetic induction and sedation agent. A 4% w/v preserved, aqueous formulation of alfaxalone 'RD0387' (A4%) has recently been developed. To evaluate the sedative effects of A4%, three doses, 5 mg kg -1 (A5); 7.5 mg kg -1 (A7.5) and 10 mg kg -1 (A10) were administered intramuscularly into the epaxial musculature of six healthy adult mixed-breed dogs in an experimental, randomized, blinded, crossover study. Sedation time variables, quality of sedation (including onset of sedation and recovery), physiological variables, response to cephalic vein catheterization and frequency of undesirable events were recorded. Continuous variables were analysed between treatments (one-way ANOVA or restricted maximum likelihood modelling) and within treatments compared with baseline (Tukey's test). Categorical data were analysed between treatments (Kruskal-Wallis' test) and within treatments from baseline (Dunn's test). Significance was set at p < .05. All dogs became sedated (laterally recumbent) and sedation onset was significantly faster in groups A7.5 (9.8 ± 5.3 min) and A10 (9.1 ± 5.6 min) compared to A5 (25.6 ± 16.1 min) (p = .033, p = .027, respectively). Duration of sedation was significantly longer in A10 (168.5 ± 70.6 min) and A7.5 (143.8 ± 58 min) compared to A5 (63.8 ± 28.2 min) (p = .005 and p = .003, respectively). Dogs in A10 had a superior quality of onset of sedation compared to A5 (p = .028). Sedation scores and quality of recovery from sedation were not significantly different between doses. Two dogs (2/6) in A5 were insufficiently sedated for cephalic catheterization. Ataxia was the most frequently observed undesirable event with an overall frequency of 78% (14/18) and 89% (16/18) during sedation onset and recovery, respectively. Overall, A4% administered IM in dogs at 7.5 and 10 mg kg -1 resulted in sufficient sedation for IV catheterization in dogs. To improve the speed and quality of the sedation, it is recommended that future research focuses on combining A4% with other sedative or analgesic drugs., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Many people with CF (pwCF) desire a reduction in inhaled treatment burden after initiation of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor. The randomized, open-label SIMPLIFY study showed that discontinuing hypertonic saline (HS) or dornase alfa (DA) was non-inferior to continuation of each treatment with respect to change in lung function over a 6-week period. In this SIMPLIFY substudy, we used gamma scintigraphy to determine whether discontinuation of either HS or DA was associated with deterioration in the rate of in vivo mucociliary clearance (MCC) in participants ≥12 years of age. While no significant differences in MCC endpoints were associated with HS discontinuation, significant improvement in whole and peripheral lung MCC was observed after discontinuing DA. These results suggest that pwCF on ETI with mild lung disease do not experience a subclinical deterioration in MCC that could later impact health outcomes after discontinuing HS, and in fact may benefit from improved MCC after stopping DA treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Unrelated to the submitted work, SHD reports research funding from Chiesi USA, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Calithera Biosciences, and 4D Molecular Therapeutics, and consulting income from Boehringer Ingelheim and Abbvie. PJM reports grant funding from Vertex Pharmaceuticals and Eloxx. SMR reports grant funding from Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Galapagos/Abbvie, Eloxx, Synspira, Translate Bio, Arcturus, Astra-Zenica, and Ionis, and consulting income from Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Synspira, Renovion, Cystetic Medicines, and Arcturus; all personal conflicts to SMR were resolved or ended in 2022 or before. AHG has clinical trial agreements with AbbVie, 4D Molecular Therapeutics, and Insmed. TEC reports research funding from NIH, Astra Zeneca, Regeneron, Pieris, and the CF Foundation through a Research Development Program award. NMH reports grants from CFF, NIH, and FDA, and DSMB membership for the NIH., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objectives: To examine inequalities in birth before arrival (BBA) at hospitals in South West England, understand which groups are most likely to experience BBA and how this relates to hypothermia and outcomes (phase A). To investigate opportunities to improve temperature management advice given by emergency medical services (EMS) call-handlers during emergency calls regarding BBA in the UK (phase B)., Design: A two-phase multimethod study. Phase A analysed anonymised data from hospital neonatal records between January 2018 and January 2021. Phase B analysed anonymised EMS call transcripts, followed by focus groups with National Health Service (NHS) staff and patients., Setting: Six Hospital Trusts in South West England and two EMS providers (ambulance services) in South West and North East England., Participants: 18 multidisciplinary NHS staff and 22 members of the public who had experienced BBA in the UK., Results: 35% (64/184) of babies conveyed to hospital were hypothermic on arrival. When compared with national data on all births in the South West, we found higher percentages of women with documented safeguarding concerns at booking, previous live births and 'late bookers' (booking their pregnancy >13 weeks gestation). These women may, therefore, be more likely to experience BBA. Preterm babies, babies to first-time mothers and babies born to mothers with disability or safeguarding concerns at booking were more likely to be hypothermic following BBA. Five main themes emerged from qualitative data on call-handler advice: (1) importance placed on neonatal temperature; (2) advice on where the baby should be placed following birth; (3) advice on how to keep the baby warm; (4) timing of temperature management advice and (5) clarity and priority of instructions., Conclusions: Findings identified factors associated with BBA and neonatal hypothermia following BBA. Improvements to EMS call-handler advice could reduce the number of babies arriving at hospital hypothermic., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

This article provides a brief introduction to human rights, describes why human rights are intrinsic to psychology, and introduces the "Five Connections Framework," which was adopted by the American Psychological Association in 2021. This framework articulates five distinct relationships between human rights and psychology: (a) Psychologists possess rights by virtue of being human, as well as specific rights essential to their profession and discipline; (b) Psychologists apply their knowledge and methods to the greater realisation of human rights; (c) Psychologists respect human rights and oppose the misuse of psychological science; (d) Psychologists ensure access to the benefits of psychological science and practice; and, (e) Psychologists advocate for human rights. Each of the five connections is described, highlighting implications for psychological research, practice, training and advocacy, with suggestions for how these connections can guide and inspire individual psychologists and psychological associations worldwide., (© 2023 The Author. International Journal of Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Union of Psychological Science.)

The Pennsylvania State University (PSU) Child Pump, a centrifugal continuous-flow ventricular assist device (cf-VAD), is being developed as a suitable long-term implantable device for pediatric heart failure patients between 10 and 35 kg, body surface area (BSA) of 0.5-1.2 m2, 1-11 years of age, and requiring a mean cardiac output of 1.0-3.5 L/min. In-vitro hydraulic and hemodynamic performances were evaluated on a custom mock circulatory loop with ovine blood. Normalized index of hemolysis (NIH) was evaluated under four conditions: 1) 8,300 rpm, 3.5 L/min, ΔP = 60 mm Hg, 2) 8,150 rpm, 5.1 L/min, ΔP = 20 mm Hg, 3) 8,400 rpm, 3.2 L/min, ΔP = 70 mm Hg, and 4) 9,850 rpm, 5.0 L/min, ΔP = 80 mm Hg, resulting in normalized index of hemolysis = 0.027 ± 0.013, 0.015 ± 0.006, 0.016 ± 0.008, and 0.026 ± 0.011 mg/dl, respectively. A mock fit study was conducted using a three-dimensional printed model of a 19 kg patient's thoracic cavity to compare the size of the PSU Child Pump to the HeartMate3 and the HVAD. Results indicate the PSU Child Pump will be a safer, appropriately sized device capable of providing the given patient cohort proper support while minimizing the risks of blood trauma as they wait for a transplant., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors have no conflicts of interest to report., (Copyright © ASAIO 2024.)

Neuroscience research underscores the critical impact of adverse experiences on brain development. Yet, there is limited understanding of the specific pathways linking adverse experiences to accelerated or delayed brain development and their ultimate contributions to psychopathology. Here, we present new longitudinal data demonstrating that neurocognitive functioning during adolescence, as affected by adverse experiences, predicts psychopathology during young adulthood. The sample included 167 participants (52% male) assessed in adolescence and young adulthood. Adverse experiences were measured by early maltreatment experiences and low family socioeconomic status. Cognitive control was assessed by neural activation and behavioral performance during the Multi-Source Interference Task. Psychopathology was measured by self-reported internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. Results indicated that higher maltreatment predicted heightened frontoparietal activation during cognitive control, indicating delayed neurodevelopment, which, in turn predicted higher internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. Furthermore, higher maltreatment predicted a steeper decline in frontoparietal activation across adolescence, indicating neural plasticity in cognitive control-related brain development, which was associated with lower internalizing symptomatology. Our results elucidate the crucial role of neurocognitive development in the processes linking adverse experiences and psychopathology. Implications of the findings and directions for future research on the effects of adverse experiences on brain development are discussed.

Parenting that is high in rejection and low in acceptance is associated with higher levels of internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) problems in children and adolescents. These symptoms develop and can increase in severity to negatively impact adolescents' social, academic, and emotional functioning. However, there are two major gaps in the extant literature: (a) nearly all prior research has focused on between-person differences in acceptance/rejection at the expense of examining intraindividual variability (IIV) across time in acceptance/rejection; and (b) no prior studies examine IIV in acceptance/rejection in diverse international samples. The present study utilized six waves of data with 1,199 adolescents' families living in nine countries from the Parenting Across Cultures study to test the hypotheses that (1) higher amounts of youth IIV in mother acceptance/rejection predict higher internalizing and (2) externalizing symptoms, and (3) that higher youth IIV in father acceptance/rejection predict higher internalizing, and (4) externalizing symptoms. Meta-analytic techniques indicated a significant, positive effect of IIV in child-reported mother and father acceptance/rejection on adolescent externalizing symptoms, and a significant positive effect of IIV in father acceptance/rejection on internalizing symptoms. The weighted effect for mother acceptance/rejection on internalizing symptoms was not statistically significant. Additionally, there was significant heterogeneity in all meta-analytic estimates. More variability over time in experiences of parental acceptance/rejection predicts internalizing and externalizing symptoms as children transition into adolescence, and this effect is present across multiple diverse samples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The authors examined task-based (i.e., executive function), surveyed (i.e., effortful control), and physiological (i.e., resting cardiac respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) measures of child and maternal regulation as distinct moderators of longitudinal bidirectional links between child externalizing (EXT) behaviors and harsh parenting (HP) from 6 to 9 years. The sample size was 299 (50.9% female; 1% Asian, 4% multiple races; 14% Black; 78% White), and participants were recruited in the United States (a rural college town in Virginia and a midsized city in North Carolina). Higher child EXT at 6 years predicted higher HP at 7-8 years, which predicted higher EXT at 9 years. Also, this path was moderated by 6-year child effortful control, 6-year resting RSA, and 9-year executive function. In contrast, there was no moderating effect of any measure of maternal regulation. Findings suggest it is important to consider child self-regulation when examining bidirectionality in parent and child effects for HP and child EXT. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).