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The action of an ultrashort laser pulse on a thin gold film was studied using a single-speed nonequilibrium combined continuum-atomistic model, which was further developed in the work. Three ablation modes were studied: supercritical expansion, phase explosion and mechanical spallation. The simulation results are compared with experimental data. The dependence of the amount of removed substance on the fluence of laser radiation was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Properties of porous materials prepared from glasses of the Na2O–B2O3–SiO2–GeO2 system have been studied using low-temperature nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements. The results demonstrate that germanium substitution for silicon in the glasses studied leads to an increase in pore volume at SiO2/GeO2 ratios of down to 0.5. The porous glass with this composition has the largest specific surface area and micro- and mesopore volumes. We assume that the observed changes in the porosity parameters of glass in the case of complete germanium substitution for silicon are related to structural features of the borogermanate glass network, associated with B–O–B bond breaking and the formation of non-bridging oxygen atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of atomistic modeling of the equilibrium thermophysical properties of gold in a wide temperature range (T~ 0.3-3.50 kK), covering the regions of first-order phase transitions of melting and evaporation. The temperature dependences of the density, linear size of the sample, coefficient of linear expansion, enthalpy, and heat capacity are determined. The obtained dependences of the properties of gold are approximated by polynomials of low degrees. There is an acceptable agreement between the obtained characteristics of gold and the experimental data. Numerical and graphic information on the obtained properties and results of comparison with experimental data is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By constructing the thermal hysteresis of the enthalpy and density of the noble metals of gold (Au) and copper (Cu), non-equilibrium processes are investigated during the melting - crystallization phase transformations, i.e. during the solid-liquid transition. Thermal hysteresis is obtained from the atomistic modeling. The limiting temperatures of superheating of the solid phase during melting and undercooling of the liquid phase during crystallization of gold and copper are obtained. The possibility of the formation of highly superheatedundercooled metastable states of solid and liquid phases with rapid heating-cooling of the studied metals has been confirmed. The results obtained are compared with the results of alternative calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and cathepsin release typifies lysosome-dependent cell death (LDCD). However, LMP occurs in most regulated cell death programs suggesting LDCD is not an independent cell death pathway, but is conscripted to facilitate the final cellular demise by other cell death routines. Previously, we demonstrated that Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) null for a cysteine protease inhibitor, srp-6, undergo a specific LDCD pathway characterized by LMP and cathepsin-dependent cytoplasmic proteolysis. We designated this cell death routine, lysoptosis, to distinguish it from other pathways employing LMP. In this study, mouse and human epithelial cells lacking srp-6 homologues, mSerpinb3a and SERPINB3, respectively, demonstrated a lysoptosis phenotype distinct from other cell death pathways. Like in C. elegans, this pathway depended on LMP and released cathepsins, predominantly cathepsin L. These studies suggested that lysoptosis is an evolutionarily-conserved eukaryotic LDCD that predominates in the absence of neutralizing endogenous inhibitors., (© 2022. The Author(s).)