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Prema narudžbi naručitelja na lokaciji Jakuševac u veljači 2022. izvršeno je mjerenje infiltracije na 8 točaka. Na svakoj točki je mjerenje izvršeno dvostrukim prstenastim infiltrometrom u triplikatu. Sveukupna prosječna vrijednost brzine infiltracije u sjeveroistočnom dijelu plohe na svih 5 točaka mjerenja iznosi 10, 2 cm/h, dok u južnom dijelu plohe iznosi 2, 7 cm/h. Iz navedenog se može zaključiti da brzina infiltracije u sjeveroistočnoj plohi odgovara infiltraciji u srednje teškim, a u južnom dijelu infiltraciji u teškim tlima, odnosno da je južna ploha slabije propusna u odnosu na sjeveroistočnu.

Najznačajniji pritisak na području doline Neretve koji može negativno utjecati na održivost poljoprivrednih površina i cijelog ekosustava je zaslanjivanje tala, što je povezano sa stupnjem zaslanjenosti površinske i podzemne vode. Hidrogeološka struktura aluvijalne doline Neretve vrlo je složena te uvjetuje kompleksne procese kretanja vode. Zbog neposredne blizine mora i okršenih vapnenačkih stijena vodonosnika rijeke, prodor morske vode u dolinu Neretve je vrlo izražen i do nekoliko 10-taka km. Posljedica toga su povremeno ili trajno zaslanjeni izvori vode koji se koriste za navodnjavanje, a što može imati brojne negativne posljedice za agrobiocenozu delte. Primarno su ugrožena tla u kojima zbog visokih koncentracija klorida i natrija dolazi do strukturnih promjena, a pojava pokorice i alkalizacija tala jedni su od dijagnostičkih znakova koji ukazuju na smanjenje plodnosti i uporabne vrijednosti tla. U takvom ionskom okolišu kod većine nehalofitnih biljnih vrsta dolazi do brojnih nespecifičnih i specifičnih promjena. Nespecifične promjene usko su povezane s vodnim stresom, a odnose se na promjene u osmotskoj ravnoteži između biljke i tla, gubitku turgora i smanjenju stope rasta. Neki od specifičnijih učinaka posljedica su toksičnosti pojedinačnih iona koji mogu izazvati promjene u staničnoj strukturi, inhibiciju fotosinteze, smanjenje sinteza klorofila, promjene u mineralnoj ishrani biljke te promjene u metabolizmu N. Takvo tlo postaje medij koji ograničava rast poljoprivrednih kultura. Prinosi mogu biti smanjeni i za više od 50% što izravno umanjuje ekonomsku dobit poljoprivrednih proizvođača. Također, brojna znanstvena istraživanja su pokazala da u zaslanjenim uvjetima biljka može pojačano primati i akumulirati određene elemente koji su štetni za ljudsko zdravlje. Stoga se neizostavno nameće potreba za uspostavom kontrole nad daljnjim procesima zaslanjivanja vode i tla u dolini Neretve kako bi se iskoristio puni potencijal ovog područja za održivu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju, ali i zaštitili prirodni resursi što je i glavni cilj ovoga monitoringa. U ovom dokumentu prikazani su rezultati monitoringa koji je proveden u 2021. godini.

The Neretva River Delta is one of the most vulnerable coastal areas to soil salinization as a result of climate change, especially sea level rise and seawater intrusion. In 2020, as part of the DELTASAL project (funded by the European Union - European Regional Development Fund), on location Vidrice frequency-domain soil sensors (FDR) were installed at four depths from 25 cm to 1 m monitoring soil temperature, water content, and soil electrical conductivity (ECb) at high temporal resolution. The objective of this work was to assess the seasonal variation of soil ECb considering irrigation and rainfall in mandarin orchards in 2021. During the irrigation season, the mean value of water EC used for irrigation was 2.1 dS m-1 with a maximum value of 2.6 dS m-1 (August). Prior to the irrigation season (January- June), ECb values were stable at all horizons because most salts leached before January 2021 (475 mm of precipitation fell from October 2020 to January 2021). More significant changes in ECb occurred during and especially after the irrigation season. Mean values of ECb before the start of irrigation were 2.4 dS m-1 (25 cm), 3.5 dS m-1 (50 cm), 4.0 dS m-1 (75 cm), and 4.9 dS m-1 (100 cm). After irrigation started, only the mean value of the first horizon was higher than before irrigation (3.2 dS m-1). The most important observation was that the maximum values of ECb changed from 3.2 dS m-1 to 4.9 dS m-1 in the first horizon and from 4.0 dS m-1 to 5.2 dS m-1 in the second horizon. Although the results presented cover only one season, they demonstrate the importance of monitoring soil salinity in irrigated coastal areas, especially for sensitive crops such as citrus, where elevated salt concentrations can lead not only to yield losses but also to more serious consequences such as permanent soil degradation.

In 2019, wheat was grown on 141, 602 ha in the Republic of Croatia, making it the second most widely grown crop. The success of cultivation depends not only on the yield, but also on the quality of wheat grains. The specifi c eff ects of climate change can be seen in the variation of grain yields and quality even in growing areas that have traditionally had stable production. In this sense, insuffi cient crop water supply and pest infestations, especially in sensitive phenophases, are the most pronounced threats to production stability. Adapted varieties in terms of drought and pest sensitivity, as well as early detection of stress indicators, are important for wheat production management. Proximal and remote sensing are tools whose potential for early detection of stress indicators is increasingly being exploited in many crops. Proximal sensing using a spectroradiometer in the wavelength range of 350 to 2500 nm is being conducted on experimental crops of fi ve wheat cultivars in the cereal breeding program at two locations in diff erent phenophases. This Summary represents an ongoing study using spectroradiometric methods to detect and evaluate the eff ects of two types of stress in w. wheat crops. Chemometric analysis of spectral response patterns is used to isolate specifi c spectral bands that indicate early signs of stress. The spectroradiometric method will allow the developed spectral vegetation indices to be tested as indicators of the condition of fi ve w. wheat cultivars.

Metal contaminated soils (MCS) are raising global issue which threats human and environmental health and safety. A controlled pot study was performed to investigate the effect of two different wood- derived bioash types (fly - FA and bottom – BA from cogeneration biomass plant) at 1% and 4% w/w rates on: i) release of metals from the MCS matrix (collected near a former mine and metallurgical plant in the town of Zerjav, Slovenia) and ii) their chemical speciation in the water leachate 175 days after the incubation period. The highest pH reaction (7.13), electrical conductivity (EC 27.3 dS/m), Pb (1.40 mg/L), Cd (0.96 mg/L) and Cu (0.18 mg/L) concentration in water percolates were detected in FA 4% treatment. In addition, the lowest pH reaction (6.52) followed by the highest Zn concentration (0.95 mg/L) were found in the water percolates from the Control (MCS without bioash addition) treatment. Chemical speciation modeling performed in Visual Minteq software using the NICA-Donnan approach indicated that all examined metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) were dominated in all water leachates (including the MSC control without bioash treatment) exclusively as organo- complexes, oscillating among humate and fulvate pools. The most toxic free metallic forms (of Cd and Zn) and chloro-complexes (of Cd) were present in negligible portions (

Urban soils require special attention, either due to various ways of environment usage, the large number of pollution sources or other types of soil quality degradation. Soil pollution in urban environments depends on the type of pollutant, intensity of soil exploitation and environmental conditions. It ultimately affects human health through direct intake through the skin, respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, it is important to recognize in time possible threats caused by polluted urban soils, but as well to suggest best practices to sue such soils according to the quality indicators. Urban soils' quality monitoring programme in Zagreb commenced in 2015 and is still ongoing. During 2021 activities of the Programme included soil sampling at 30 urban locations where during 2015. high levels of potentially toxic elements (i.e., higher than the maximum allowed concentrations according to Croatian government regulation on the protection of the agricultural land from pollution) were recorded. Soil analyses included measurements of main chemical properties and trace elements. Results were compared with available governmental data, but as well Central Croatia soil data, soil worldwide and average continental crust composition. Furthermore, soil quality was evaluated using statistical analyses and geostatistics. Results show that although concentrations of some metals (Cd, Cr and Cu) decreased, others (Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) are still above legally set maximum values.

Although the problem of sea intrusion and salinization of surface and groundwater, and thus the risk of land degradation, occurs throughout the coastal area of Croatia. The objective of this paper was to investigate and compare two different soil monitoring approaches, classical long-term monitoring and monitoring using automatic soil sensors at two locations in Neretva River Valley. For SMS1 mean values for EC were similar both in long-term and automatic sensor monitoring. At SMS2, mean EC value obtained by the sensors was higher compared to long-term monitoring. Variation coefficient on SMS1 vas low in both monitoring approaches indicating low soil EC varibality in the profile. On the other hand, variation coefficient was high at SMS2 especially in the long-term monitoring indicating high soil EC variability in the profile.