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As temporary employment has become a pervasive feature of modern labor markets, reasons for wage growth have become less well understood. To determine whether these two phenomena are related, the authors investigate whether the dualized structure of labor markets affects macroeconomic developments. Specifically, they incorporate involuntary temporary workers into the standard wage Phillips curve to examine wage growth in 30 European countries for the period 2004–2017. Relying on individual-level data to adjust for a changing employment composition, their findings show, for the first time, that the incidence of involuntary temporary workers has strong negative effects on permanent workers' wage growth, thereby dampening aggregate wage growth. This effect, which the authors name the competition effect, is particularly pronounced in countries where wage bargaining institutions are weak. The findings shed further light on the reasons for the secular slowdown of wage growth after the global financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an in-depth examination of gender differences in informal employment and its time evolution in Brazil, uses an LSTM model to quantitatively predict gender differences in informal employment and its evolution in Brazil, and explores the deeper reasons that lead to gender differences in informal employment based on labor market segmentation theory and gender role theory. The predictive analysis shows that Brazilian male and female informal employment will show a slight downward trend from the fourth quarter of 2023 to the third quarter of 2026, and that male informal employment is generally higher than that of females throughout the time series. In addition, market segmentation theory reveals that the structural segmentation of the informal employment market as a peripheral component of lower wages and social security affects the sexes differently, while gender role theory further expands on socio-cultural expectations of men's and women's behaviors and occupational choices, highlighting the reinforcement of gender differences by these structural barriers. Ultimately, the study makes policy recommendations to promote gender equality and improve the conditions of informal employment in support of the sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand the changing dynamics of internal labour market segmentation intertwined with the history of working-class struggle in an industrial belt in India's National Capital Region (NCR). Nuances of workers' class struggle in the automobile sector in Delhi-NCR over the last 15 years have shown that unity between permanent and contract workers was key to several successful struggles against worsening work conditions and management control within the global value chains of automobile production. Our fieldwork findings, along with direct and indirect political engagement in the region, reveal that increasing salaries and allotment of supervisory roles to small sections of permanent workers, coupled with the simultaneous fragmentation a lower strata of workers into multiple categories with very low salaries, benefits and heavy workloads, have been significant attempts by capital to break class solidarity among different sections of workers. Relatively pro-labour legislation and trade unions tend to concentrate in high-wage zones, while low-wage and precarious employment remains unprotected by such institutional mechanisms. Labour segmentation is inherent to capitalist exploitation, guarded by institutional mechanisms. Advanced mechanisation reduces distinction of skill requirements between highly paid permanent and lowly paid contract workers. In this context, labour segmentation is a political response to trade unionism from the side of capitalist management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on the notion of the migration state, this article introduces the concepts of 'migration rent' and 'immigration rentier states' to describe how states that rely heavily on immigration for their wealth derive unearned income from immigration. Both concepts contribute to better understand of the role of migration in the historical transformation of states and the relationship between state, market and society in rentier monarchies and non-rentier states. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data, I show that the Gulf monarchies, and Saudi Arabia in particular, progressively governmentalized direct and indirect forms of migration rent through migration control and taxation of migrants, both of which were initially brokered by private actors, notably through the kafala or sponsorship system. In doing so, states institutionalise labour market segmentation and differential exclusion of migrants intersecting class, race, nationality, gender, and age. This produces a 'skill-based order of things'. Rather than outliers, Saudi Arabia offers a magnifying glass that reveals global dynamics of state-led migration control and class-based differential exclusion. Beyond empirical findings, this article thus demonstrates the potential for theoretical innovation in the social sciences based on non-Western polities calling to test the notions of 'migration rent' and 'immigration rentier states' across contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different life paths of the generation following immigration have become a matter of public discussion and scholarly research in the past decades in many migrant-receiving countries. These differences would be key points for the immigration decision made by first-generation immigrants. This paper adopts a new perspective to study the differences in task supplies and economic status between natives and two generations of immigrants to see their different life paths. This paper estimates differences in task supply and earnings between natives and immigrants in 1970 and 2015, which are the beginning and end of the fifth (and current) wave of immigration to Canada. Furthermore, using a three-fold Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition, I link the average weekly wage of workers to their task productivity, and try to find the effects of the returns to tasks as well as different task supplies on the average wage gap between natives and immigrants. Finally, I use ordered probit and logit models to demonstrate and measure the significant effects of immigrant status on an employee's labour market segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of multidimensional segregation in Stockholm. Drawing on official statistics and existing empirical research, spatial and socio-economic segregation are found to be increasingly tied to ethnicity, in a global city largely divided between affluent inner-city and marginalized peripheral boroughs. The analysis finds that migration flows' impact on Stockholm's asymmetric development must be understood in a historical perspective, as particular interactions between structural constraints and individual factors, generated by ongoing processes of residential segregation and labour market segmentation. Coinciding with Sweden's shift towards refugee and family dependent immigration, these processes are traced to public policies driving housing market liberalization and financialization, and labour market bifurcation. Reversal of the city's pronounced segregation, where cumulative interactions of segmentation processes cause a vicious circle of downward assimilation of less-qualified migrants and reactive ethnicity among marginalized immigrant youths, constitutes a formidable task Swedish Governments have so far failed to properly address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Johan Sandberg's article offers a tale of socio-economic polarization in the processes of immigration, as found in the mutual conditioning of residential segregation and segmented labour markets. The analysis offers a way to link specific to more general mechanisms generating social inequalities; for example, the specific mechanisms of filtering, gentrification, and (informal) social network ties produce a hard-to-reverse ratchet effect. Future analysis could gain from looking at potential counter-tendencies in housing areas not yet considered. Johan Sandberg's article raises fascinating questions in a comparative European perspective, in particular with respect to uneven neoliberalization in a social democratic welfare state and its effects on segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic labor markets often exhibit steep hierarchies, with institutions at the top attempting to attract newly minted doctorates from similarly situated institutions in an effort to maintain or improve their reputations. Yet, despite recent research on labor market segmentation in academe, the literature has heretofore been under-theorized. This paper provides a straightforward formal model that generates a three-tiered hierarchy of academic institutions, wherein academic departments affiliated with top-tier universities endeavor to hire only from within the group, while those in the bottom tier are unable to employ faculty with degrees from top departments. The results from statistical tests applied to data from economics departments in the U.S. indicate that top-tier departments employ 3.5 to 3.8 (2.5 to 2.9) more assistant professors from top-tier institutions, ceteris paribus, than bottom (middle) tier departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a multidimensional synthetic index for measuring the quality of employment using the Alkire–Foster method. The results generated by this index highlight important differences between Chile's regions, but also a process of convergence, which has been mostly driven by regulatory changes and public policy rather than economic growth. The paper shows how much a synthetic index can contribute to regional analysis and how it can inform policymakers by focusing attention on the most vulnerable workers in regional labour markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to residential segregation, housing for low-income households is priced significantly lower than it should be. Market price is significantly lower than it should be, and the price of housing for upper- and middle-class households is much higher. To reach these to these conclusions, this article explores the links between different segments of the residential market and residential segregation. Monopoly rent segregation is the type of land rent that best explains these linkages, as it is a concept that connects the existence of social classes. The concept connects the existence of social classes and the confinement of social groups in contemporary metropolises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: El objetivo de este número monográfico es enriquecer el debate sobre la nueva regulación («rerregulación») del derecho individual del trabajo, aplicando el concepto de segmentación legal desde una perspectiva mundial y distinguiendo tres funciones de la legislación laboral: estandarización, constitución de privilegios e igualación. En este artículo introductorio se utiliza una nueva base de datos creada por los autores, que permite agrupar los países según una tipología de segmentación legal. Además de abordar las cuestiones metodológicas, se exponen las conclusiones preliminares, contrastándolas con los estudios regionales y temáticos de este monográfico, que proponen políticas destinadas a crear y aplicar normas protectoras inclusivas para todos los trabajadores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Tras estudiar el consenso bibliográfico sobre la interacción de la legislación laboral con el género, se distinguen las siguientes funciones del ordenamiento jurídico: constituir las instituciones del mercado laboral, sostenerlas, corregir sus resultados indeseados y transformarlas. La relación de trabajo típica y las instituciones del empleo formal, constituidas en virtud de ese proceso, tienen efectos segmentadores de género. La corrección normativa de esos efectos tiende a perpetuarlos. Los autores propugnan una alternativa transformadora de formulación de nuevas normas basadas en dos principios generales: universalización del ámbito de aplicación y adaptación del contenido a los intereses de mujeres y hombres en diferentes situaciones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Al configurar la relación de trabajo a nivel internacional, la OIT reprodujo inicialmente la narrativa normativa occidental de la relación de trabajo típica. Cuando el Sur global y las mujeres ganaron voz, una narrativa igualitaria alternativa se opuso a la hegemonía de la relación de trabajo típica y generó una estratificación de narrativas. Desde el institucionalismo histórico y la teoría de la estructuración, los autores observan la trayectoria de estas narrativas y tratan de explicarlas por la evolución de la composición de la OIT y de la representación femenina en la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo. De ello extraen una serie de conclusiones jurídico‐políticas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Los mercados laborales de África Subsahariana se caracterizan por una división de género entre los sectores formal e informal, que proviene de una racionalidad introducida por la segmentación legal colonial racista con sesgo de género en varios regímenes jurídicos dentro y fuera de la legislación laboral. La segmentación en los entornos poscoloniales no puede entenderse ni superarse sin analizar los orígenes institucionales coloniales específicos de mercantilización del trabajo. El «empleo típico colonial en condiciones de explotación» en África Subsahariana favorecía la contratación formal de hombres negros africanos al servicio de empleadores europeos, excluyendo o marginando a las mujeres y las relaciones laborales domésticas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Se estudia el impacto de la legislación laboral en la segmentación de facto del mercado de trabajo en 22 países europeos de 1991 a 2014. Se distinguen tres funciones de la legislación laboral basadas en el concepto de segmentación legal —estandarización (protectora), constitución de privilegios e igualación— y se estudian sus efectos sobre el empleo global, típico y atípico, masculino y femenino mediante estadísticas descriptivas y multivariantes. Fuertes privilegios, combinados con un alto grado de estandarización, favorecen el empleo típico masculino y atípico femenino, mientras que la igualación en favor de las mujeres y demás grupos marginados aumenta el empleo atípico masculino. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: En el presente artículo se examina cómo han evolucionado las funciones reguladoras de la legislación laboral en la región de la Comunidad de África Meridional para el Desarrollo (SADC) y se señalan casos de segmentación legal del mercado de trabajo. Los autores explican las características demográficas de la economía informal en los Estados miembros de la SADC y concluyen que, a pesar de la constitucionalización del derecho del trabajo, los mecanismos de legislación laboral de la región contribuyen sustancialmente a la segmentación legal de la economía. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Siguiendo el marco de Dingeldey et al. (2021), pero con un enfoque cualitativo, se analiza la segmentación legal del trabajo en China, la India, Malasia y Viet Nam, prestando atención a los niveles de exclusión y a las jerarquías de protección otorgada. El autor observa varios factores que diferencian a estos países de los del Norte y que determinan sus mercados de trabajo: el tamaño relativo de la población activa que opera fuera de la cobertura efectiva de la reglamentación laboral; la terminología jurídica, de difícil traducción a los idiomas occidentales; y la historia jurídica, especialmente en lo que respecta al desajuste entre los marcos jurídicos y el mercado laboral resultante del colonialismo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Usando la tipología de regímenes laborales de Dingeldey et al. (2021), basada en tres funciones —estandarización, constitución de privilegios e igualación— se estudia la segmentación legal del trabajo en cinco países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, México y Uruguay), distinguiendo tres modalidades —ausencia de cobertura, trato diferenciado y elusión de las normas— que se traducen en desigualdad y precariedad laboral. Las legislaciones estudiadas cubren el trabajo asalariado pero no el independiente. La informalidad resulta de la falta de fiscalización y de un entorno productivo desfavorable. Se observan diferentes formas y grados de protección del empleo estándar y no estándar, así como reglas compensatorias junto a otras destinadas a eliminar el trato desigual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital (SC) plays a fundamental role in immigration by easing entry into a new environment. We advance a novel approach to assessing the role of SC for immigrants' labor market incorporation. First, we isolate the impact of SC activation from the mere presence of potential help. Second, we disentangle the diverse components of migration-related SC by distinguishing between individual migration- (IM) and community migration-level (CM) connections in the country of destination. Third, we trace the roles of IM SC and CM SC across multiple labor market outcomes, ranging from the search to secure the first job to the quality of the first job to longer-term occupational mobility. Absent activation, IM SC has virtually no impact on any of the outcomes. Rather, migrants' IM SC yield their fundamental impact when activated, contributing to a successful job search while steering them into first jobs that are of lower-quality relative to their pre-migration occupation. By contrast, CM SC facilitates the initial job search and filters immigrants into higher-quality first jobs. Moreover, immigrants who arrive when CM SC is at its most mature stage reap the clearest benefits in improving their occupational status. These findings underscore the importance of both early settlement IM SC and CM SC in the processes of immigrants' labor market stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant interest in the changing nature of employment as a critical social and economic challenge facing society—especially the decline in the so-called Standard Employment Relationship (SER) and rise in more insecure, precarious forms of employment—scholars have struggled to operationalize the multifaceted and heterogeneous nature of contemporary worker-employer relationships within empirical analyses. Here we investigate the character and distribution of employment relationships in the U.S., drawing on a representative sample of wage-earners and self-employed from the General Social Survey (2002–2018). We use the multidimensional construct of employment quality, which includes both contractual (e.g., wages, contract type) and relational (e.g., employee representation and participation) aspects of employment. We further employ a typological measurement approach, using latent class analysis, to explicitly examine how the multiple aspects of employment cluster together in modern labor markets. We present eight distinct employment types in the U.S., including one resembling the historical conception of the SER model (24% of the total workforce), and others representing various constellations of favorable and adverse employment features. These employment types are unevenly distributed across society, in terms of who works these jobs and where they are found in the labor market. Importantly, women, those with lower education, and younger workers are more likely to be in precarious forms of employment. More generally, our typology reveals limitations associated with binary conceptions of standard vs. non-standard employment, or insider–outsider dichotomies envisioned within dual labor market theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Academic labor markets often exhibit steep hierarchies, with institutions at the top attempting to attract newly minted doctorates from similarly situated institutions in an effort to maintain or improve their reputations. Yet, despite recent research on labor market segmentation in academe, the literature has heretofore been under-theorized. This paper provides a straightforward formal model that generates a three-tiered hierarchy of academic institutions, wherein academic departments affiliated with top-tier universities endeavor to hire only from within the group, while those in the bottom tier are unable to employ faculty with degrees from top departments. The results from statistical tests applied to data from economics departments in the U.S. indicate that top-tier departments employ 3.5 to 3.8 (2.5 to 2.9) more assistant professors from top-tier institutions, ceteris paribus, than bottom (middle) tier departments.

This paper is motivated by a puzzling observation made when conducting a case study of ProCredit (PC), a well-known social bank. The HR practices that this social enterprise (SE) adopted to cultivate mission identification were unfavorably impacting its retention rate. Building on prior research and our analysis of the case, we argue the need for SEs to embrace HRM systems that are both mission-identification proactive and employee-retention preemptive. It theorizes that these HRM systems should be attuned to the labor market conditions (e.g., market segmentation and competition for employees) that frame how SEs develop and sustain Person-Organization (P-O) fit. Attuned HRM systems are adapted to labor market conditions and tuned to support SEs' adeptness to operate against the grain of country and industry norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Since the XXI century, different governments in Latin America implemented social policies to promote the «Social, Solidarity and / or Popular Economy» (SSE). In Argentina, these emerging programs in the heat of the 2001 crisis and since then undergo different modifications associated with: the different phases of the economic cycle and the political sign of the different government administrations. Main objective Therefore, this research aims to study the main trends and transformations suffered by policies aimed at SSE in Argentina during the period 2001-2019. Method and technique From the perspective of critical theory and from the content analysis of different secondary sources, the different programs implemented from the portfolio of the Ministry of Social Development that are oriented towards the SSE implemented between 2001 and 2019 are studied. Results Both the appearance of SSE programs and their transformations are linked, on the one hand, to the impact of neoliberalism on the segmentation of the labor market and the consequent massification of social policies; and, on the other, to the gravitation of the levels of conflict of the unemployed movement in our country. Conclusion The analysis makes it possible to postulate that the trend towards the massification of social policy is a characteristic that runs through the entire period, regardless of the political sign of the government. At the same time, transformations are registered -especially during the Macri government-towards the weakening of cooperativism and the associative components and a tendency towards individual responsibility and the individualized transfer of recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]