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We study the blocking effect of patents on follow-on innovation by others. We posit that follow-on innovation requires freedom to operate (FTO), which firms typically obtain through a license from the patentee holding the original innovation. Where licensing fails, follow-on innovation is blocked unless firms gain FTO through patent invalidation. Using large-scale data from post-grant oppositions at the European Patent Office, we find that patent invalidation increases follow-on innovation, measured in citations, by 16% on average. This effect exhibits a U-shape in the value of the original innovation. For patents on low-value original innovations, invalidation predominantly increases low-value follow-on innovation outside the patentee's product market. Here, transaction costs likely exceed the joint surplus of licensing, causing licensing failure. In contrast, for patents on high-value original innovations, invalidation mainly increases high-value follow-on innovation in the patentee's product market. We attribute this latter result to rent dissipation, which renders patentees unwilling to license out valuable technologies to (potential) competitors. This paper was accepted by Ashish Arora, entrepreneurship and innovation. Funding: This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [Collaborative Research Center TRR 190]. F. Gaessler acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación through the Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D [Barcelona School of Economics CEX2019-000915-S]. Supplemental Material: The online appendices and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.02294. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policymakers aiming to increase access to health care while simultaneously keeping costs low and quality high are considering expanding the practice authority and prescriptive authority of nurse practitioners in order to address primary care shortages. While we know this increases access, some researchers argue that the expansion of job autonomy of nurse practitioners can compromise the quality and safety of rendered medical services. This paper investigates quality and safety outcomes in prescribing behaviors of nurse practitioners who have prescribed opioids for Medicare Part D beneficiaries using a unique source of policy variation, nurse practitioners with the ability to prescribe medication who move to either states with or without physician supervision. We find that scope of practice expansions do not compromise quality and safety in terms of potential abuse or misuse of prescriptive authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the optimal strategy of an outside innovator owning a quality-improved product when licensing it to a Stackelberg duopoly. We show that only a single licence is granted, regardless of whether there is quantity or price competition in the marketplace. However, both the licensee and contractual terms in each context differ. Under quantity competition, the licence is granted to the market-leading firm by means of a non-distorting contract, whereas under price competition the licence is granted to the market-following firm by means of a distorting two-part tariff contract with per-unit royalty. From a welfare perspective, exclusive licensing is beneficial in both contexts compared to the pre-licensing scenario, although under price competition, consumers can be harmed if the innovation is small. Finally, licensing leads price competition to yield a less efficient outcome than quantity competition due to greater market collusion. Licensing by means of three-part tariff contracts is also discussed, as well as licensing when potential licensees operate as a mixed duopoly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we talk about the optimal public policy towards technology transfer between competitors of different productivity. Two technology diffusion methods will be introduced, knowledge spillovers and licensing. In the previous studies, the discussions on these two methods are usually conducted in isolation and the links between them are rarely of concern to researchers. However, in reality knowledge spillovers and licensing coexist with each other and there are important interactions between them. Aware of this in mind, we contribute to the literature by including both knowledge spillovers and the possibility of licensing in an asymmetric duopoly model, analyzing the interactions between them and incorporating this aspect into the policy making process. The new derived policy in this paper is a significant improvement of the traditional one developed in the past literature. Roughly speaking, switching from the traditional policy to the new one can raise the expected social welfare by 2.1 percents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers general theoretical legal approaches to understanding the essence and content of the legitimation of legal entities, emphasizes its complexity and interdisciplinary nature, defines the general concept of the legitimation of a legal entity, which is based on the meaning of the term «legitimation» and the essence of the procedure itself. Also, an etymological and scientific comparative analysis of the concepts of «legalization» and «legitimation» was conducted to denote the process of legalizing a legal entity, and concluded that the term «legitimation» is the most acceptable and reflects the essence of the procedure for legalizing or ganizations with the status of a legal entity. The authors determined that the legitimation of legal entities is a set of legally significant actions and procedures aimed at the state's recognition of the fact of the emergence of new legal entities with the status of a legal entity and the legalization of their activities on the grounds and under the conditions provided for by law. The content of legitimation consists of a number of legal procedures, the main of which are state registration of the creation of a legal entity; licensing; permitting procedures. Legitimation of legal entities may also include a number of actions and procedures that precede the state registration of the creation of a legal entity or are carried out after it. As a rule, the need for such procedures is directly provided for by law, which is why they are an integral part of the legitimation of legal entities. The legitimation of a legal entity itself is also a procedure, since it involves a certain sequence of actions to legitimize a legal entity and through which the most important part of the process of its creation is implemented. Legitimation procedures are regulated by law, their completion is accompanied by imperative requirements at all stages, and therefore the legitimation procedure itself is public law, administrative, which distinguishes it from other stages and actions in the process of creating a legal entity. The authors concluded that the content of the legitimation procedure is individual for each specific legal entity, contains its own set of legal actions and procedures and depends on the legal qualities of the legal entity (organizational and legal form, form of ownership, field of activity, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to general analysis of the current legislation in the field of ensuring financial security of the non-banking sector of the economy. The author considers theoretical developments of domestic scholars on this topic, namely namely, the definition and approach to the term 'financial security'. It is established that financial security is an important part of the national security mechanism that ensures sustainability and efficiency of development of any state. The risks and obstacles that a national that Ukraine's national security may face, namely, the growth of the of the shadow economy and criminalisation of almost all areas of economy, which leads to a decrease in public confidence in democraticinstitutions and values. The importance of the importance of the Concept of National Security in the Financial Sector and the Strategy of Economic Security of Ukraine until 2025 as key documents in the field of financial security, documents in the field of financial security. Since the latest information and developments in this area pointed to the unsatisfactory state of financial security in Ukr aine. The author characterises the role of licensingand state registration in ensuring financial market stability, the essence and nature of licensing as a legal category are analysed. Thus, the main function of licensing is to minimise the risk of admission to the financial market of non-bank financial institutions whose activities whose activities may threaten the interests of market participants. And the main task of state registration is to support the protection of the interests of financial services consumers, ensuring state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a research laboratory that owns a patented process innovation and two firms producing differentiating goods in a Bertrand setting. The laboratory considers the possibility to license the innovation as an outsider patentee or to merge with one of the firms in the industry, becoming an incumbent patentee. Licensing takes place through observable two‐part tariff contracts. We show that the merger is profitable only for small innovations and increases social welfare for both small and large innovations. Even though we allow the royalty to be higher than the size of the innovation, and opposite to the result in a Cournot setting, we find a region where the merger is both profitable and welfare improving. This occurs only for small innovations and sufficiently differentiated goods. The same result arises for consumer surplus which allows us to derive the optimal merger policy: compared with Cournot competition, a Bertrand setting calls for a more lenient merger policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokine(s) pre-activation/licensing is an effective way to enhance the immunomodulatory potency of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Currently, IFN-γ licensing received the most attention in comparison with other cytokines. After licensing human bone marrow-derived MSCs with pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β1 alone or in combination, the in vitro immunomodulatory potency of these MSCs was studied by incubating with allogeneic T cells and macrophage-like THP-1 cells. In addition, immunomodulation-related molecules filtered by bioinformatics, complement 1 subcomponent (C1s), and interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 (MX2), were studied to verify whether to reflect the immunomodulatory potency. Herein, we reported that different cytokines cause different effects on the function of MSC. While TGF-β1 licensing enhances the capacity of MSCs to induce T cells with an immunosuppressive phenotype, IFN-γ-licensing strengthens the inhibitory effect of MSC on T cell proliferation. Both TGF-β1 and IFN-γ licensing can enhance the effect of MSC on reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by M1 macrophage-like THP-1 cells. Interestingly, IFN-γ upregulates potential potency markers extracellular C1s and kynurenine (KYN) and intracellular MX2. These 3 molecules have the potential to reflect mesenchymal stromal cell immunomodulatory potency. In addition, we reported that there is a synergistic effect of TGF-β1 and IFN-γ in immunomodulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Medical laboratories play a crucial role in the healthcare system but often face regulatory challenges, particularly in the context of licensing. The amendment to the Ministry of Health Regulation on the Standards of Business Activities and Risk-Based Licensing in the Health Sector, which requires Clinical Pathology Specialists (DSPK) as the responsible physician, replacing general practitioners, has created difficulties for medical laboratory operators. The main issue is the uneven distribution of DSPK across Indonesia, which impacts the operation of medical laboratories. This research aims to analyze the legal protection of medical laboratories concerning the fulfillment of risk-based business licensing standards, particularly regarding the requirement for DSPK. The research employs a normative juridical method by examining relevant laws, government regulations, and judicial decisions. The results indicate that in the formulation of regulation, the legislative rationale must consider philosophical, sociological, and juridical aspects. However, the sociological aspects is not fully addressed due to the uneven distribution of DSPK, rendering the regulation ineffective at the national level. This issue hampers public access to quality laboratory services. Therefore, legal protection is needed to ensure that national health standards are achieved without creating disparities in access to healthcare services across different regions.

In recent years, the number of drug shortages has increased both locally and internationally. The sudden and unpredictable occurrence of drug shortages negatively affects the daily lives of healthcare workers and patients. Physicians are sometimes forced to prescribe alternative treatments considered less effective or even less well tolerated. These alternatives make it more difficult for patients to adhere to treatment and increase the risk of medication errors.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the results of the study of certain legal features of the regulation of educational activities in Ukraine, which arose as a result of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine's application of the concept of "licensed amount" to regulate the maximum total number of applicants of free and fee basis higher education in state, communal and private educational institutions, including those students who can apply to a higher education institution within one calendar year or resume studies or transfer to it from other institution s. When conducting this study, the main conditions for licensing educational activities were analyzed, taking into account the need to observe the basic rights and freedoms of people, as well as considering the basic principles of licensing of economic activity established by the legislation of Ukraine and international acts that regulate or influence the process of regulating basic rights and freedoms in the field of education in Ukraine. At the same time, during the analysis of the conditions of licensing of educational activity, certain legal conflicts and features of unconstitutionality of some provisions of Ukrainian legislation on higher education were identified along with incorrect application of the licensing procedure and the term "licensed amount" in education al activity. According to the results of the study, the necessity of distinguishing between the processes of regulating educational activity (including the use of the licensing procedure) that can be applied to the control of the activities of state and communal institutions of higher education and those processes that can be applied to the activities of private institutions of higher education has been proven. Additionally, the necessity of distinguishing the conditions of regulation of educational activity that can be applied to providing free education and fee-based education in the form of an economic service has been proven. With this in mind, separate variants of the possible application of the term "licensed amount" were proposed, which can ensure the observance of constitutional rights and freedoms and the illegality of using this term in other cases. The article is the fifth article from the cycle of research and includes the results of a legal study of the process of education regulation in Ukraine, in particular, the principles, limits, and features of licensing of educational activities as well as the conditions of applicat ion of the term "licensed amount". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is currently revising some Government Regulations regarding the licensing process of the nuclear power plant. In the current revision process, the latest technology such as small modular reactors and floating nuclear power plants are also considered to be regulated specifically. In current regulations, regardless of the type and technology, the licensing for nuclear power plants is regulated generally. Considering its unique nature and character, the floating nuclear power plant should have more specific requirements for the licensing process. This paper is carried out to analyze the specific requirements that should be considered for the licensing process of the floating nuclear power plant in Indonesia. The results of this study are expected to be a suggestion for the Government Regulations revision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In alignment with the financial regulatory reform agenda after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis which sharpened the focus on the promotion and maintenance of financial stability, South Africa reformed its model of financial regulation, transitioning from a silo sectoral model of financial regulation to a Twin Peaks model of financial regulation by objective as introduced by the Financial Sector Regulation Act 9 of 2017. Commercial banks in South Africa are now no longer regulated and supervised by the South African Reserve Bank as central bank but by the Prudential Authority, recently established in terms of South Africa's new Twin Peaks model. Bank licensing, being of cardinal importance in enabling the supervision of banks and applying measures to keep them safe and sound, thereby promoting and maintaining financial stability, is part of the mandate of the Prudential Authority. This contribution benchmarks the South African bank licensing regime for commercial banks against the Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision to determine the South African commercial bank licensing regime's level of compliance with international best practice and to assess whether there is any need for reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for stable development and effective use of non-banking financial services market tools, as well as the imperfection of the current legislation in this area characterize the unconditional relevance of the topic of this article. The purpose of the article is to determine the purpose of state regulation of nonbank financial services markets, to define the concept of the principles of state regulation of professional financial activity, and to highlight and analyze the main principles of such regulation. It is noted that one of the main elements of state regulation of non-bank financial services markets is the purpose of such regulation. In view of the analyzed scientific positions and legislative provisions, it is concluded that the main goal of state regulation of non-banking financial services markets is: 1) ensuring transparency, reliability and openness in the markets of non-banking financial services; 2) coordination of activities of state authorities on the functioning of non-bank financial services markets; 3) protection of rights, legitimate interests and satisfaction of socio-economic needs of consumers of non-banking financial services; 4) prevention of abuses and violations in the markets of non-banking financial services. It is proposed to define the principles of state regulation of professional financial activity as the main ideas, basic principles, and general provisions of the implementation by the Regulators of a set of measures to regulate, control and supervise the activities of non-banking organizations and other participants in the markets of non-banking financial services in order to create favorable conditions for their functioning., preventing and countering abuses and violations in the markets of non-banking financial services and ensuring the protection of the legitimate interests of clients. The main principles of state regulation of professional financial activity are highlighted: the principle of legality; principle of commensurability (proportionality); the principle of guaranteeing the rights and legitimate interests of participants in the financial services market (in particular, the rights of consumers); the principle of assessment by the Regulators of transactions, operations, circumstances and events taking into account their economic and factual content; the principle of mandatory licensing of professional financial activity; the principle of exclusivity of professional financial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I consider a technology holder that has to decide whether to file for a patent or rely on secrecy, and a competing firm that can enter the market through technology transfer or imitation. Acknowledging that imitation is uncertain, imperfect, and takes time to materialise, as well as that intellectual property protection is not absolute, I find that technology transfer will always occur if the technological efficiency to imitate is sufficiently low. This will happen regardless of the protection choice of the inventor. Conversely, highly efficient imitation technologies will lead to imitation instead of licensing. I also consider that a trade secret might accidentally leak and thus lose its economic value, thereby rendering secrecy less preferable to patenting. Additionally, the risk of leakage might also lead to more imitation than licensing. Finally, considering that, in practice, the probability of leakage might increase with the number of firms practising a secret, I suggest an increase in the attractiveness of the patent system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers hotel licensing and gender across New Zealand, New South Wales and Victoria in the long nineteenth century, creating timelines of legislative changes and exploring the impact of business regulation and its implementation on women. It exposes a disconnect between law and licensing court practices, indicative of the ways entrenched understandings of gendered behaviours and local conditions affected women in business. It demonstrates that women's rights as publicans went backwards in New Zealand and New South Wales, just as other rights were expanding. It explores Victorian exceptionalism, Victoria legalising female licensees when others did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Licensing business services through the SiCantik Cloud application system at the Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services office in Banda Aceh City is an implementation of business licensing services that are integrated electronically to speed up business licensing in Banda Aceh City. By providing one-stop integrated services, people can get services that are easier, faster, and more effective. One of the regulatory targets implemented by the government is the SiCantik Cloud application system, which is a smart application for integrated licensing services for the public. The theoretical benefits based on the results of this research provide an embodiable design for the SiCantik Cloud application system at DMP-PTSP in Banda Aceh City. The practical use of this research is expected to be input and consideration in the implementation of non-business licensing services through the SiCantik Cloud application system at DPM-PTSP in Banda Aceh City. This research approach was carried out using qualitative descriptive methods through interview techniques, documentation, observation, and drawing conclusions to obtain business licensing services through the SiCantik Cloud application system in Banda Aceh City. The research results show that the business licensing services through the SiCantik Cloud application system at the Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services office in Banda Aceh City mean that the applicant's ability is only limited to fulfilling the business licensing documents being carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sister Formation Conference originated as a movement of Catholic women's religious community leaders to improve a new member's understanding of her spiritual compatibility with her religious community and her training in the professional apostolate(s) engaged in by her community. This study documents the pre-history and first two decades of the Sister Formation Conference as it sought to advance professionalism within the ministries of women religious. During those years, Sister Formation influenced both regionally and nationally the standards for training and certifying religious sisters, especially those engaged in teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was conducted to explore the continuing professional development (CPD) preferences of occupational therapists in Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania for identifying and developing CPD opportunities to meet professional licensure requirements that are new to these countries. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study design was conducted using a 28-item electronic survey that targeted occupational therapists in Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, and qualitative data were studied through content and thematic analysis. Results: Seventy-eight (78) participants completed the study, and the majority were male (60.5%). Most of the participants were from Tanzania, and most participants had a diploma in occupational therapy education. The participants identified many preferred CPD topics according to their practice areas including sensory integration/processing, health promotion, depression, home modifications, stroke management, community support groups, telehealth intervention ideas, vocational rehabilitation, professional skill development, and applying evidence in practice. The most preferred method of CPD was online with the preferred time commitment of 2 hr. Quantitative results were supported by qualitative findings. Conclusion: These results show interest in and need for CPD opportunities that match preferences of occupational therapists in Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania, which creates opportunity to collectively support advancement of occupational therapy in East Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Workplace-Based Assessment (WPBA) forms a major component of the UK General Practitioner (GP) licensing, together with knowledge and clinical skills examination. WPBA includes Case-based Discussion, Consultation Observation Tool, Mini-Consultation Exercise, Multisource Feedback, Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire, Clinical Examination and Procedural Skills, Clinical Supervisor's Report, and Educational Supervisor Review. We aimed to investigate GP trainees' and trainers' perceptions and experiences of WPBA regarding validity and fairness. Methods: We used a national online survey, with Likert-scaled and free-text responses, to a convenience sample of GP trainees and trainers, on perceptions and experiences of WPBA. Analysis included descriptive statistics, scale development, and regression models to investigate factors associated with attitudes towards WPBA, with thematic analysis of free text responses supported by NVivo 12. Results: There were 2,088 responses from 1,176 trainees and 912 trainers. Both groups were generally positive towards WPBA, with trainers more positive or similar to trainees towards individual assessments. In a multivariable regression model, accounting for sex, ethnicity and country of primary medical qualification, trainees were significantly less positive (p < 0.001) while international medical graduates (IMGs) trained outside the European Economic Area (EEA) were significantly more (p < 0.001) positive towards WPBA. Qualitative analysis revealed varying concerns about validity and relevance, assessment burden, potential for bias, fairness to protected characteristics groups, gaps in assessment, and perceptions of individual assessments. Discussion: Trainers' greater positivity towards elements of WPBA accords with their role as assessors. Despite concerns about bias, IMGs from outside the EEA were significantly more positive towards WPBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Innovation in licensing services is key to creating a more effective and efficient system, particularly in the context of one-stop licensing in Dili, Timor Leste. This research aims to describe the innovation of SERVE licensing services and identify new concepts that can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of one-stop licensing services. The method used is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, which allows indepth analysis of the constraints and opportunities for innovation in the licensing system. The results showed that the one-stop licensing system in Dili has not run optimally, with overlapping division of authority between institutions, as well as challenges in terms of policy, budget support, human resources, infrastructure, and service systems that have not been integrated. This research recommends the implementation of the Integrated Digital Service System (IDSS), which is a digitally integrated licensing service system through one national portal, to provide convenience, speed, and accuracy in applying for licenses. The implications of this research show that the use of more advanced and integrated technology can improve the quality of public services, provide the value of justice, and create a system that is more responsive to the needs of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on sequential choice has extensively demonstrated moral licensing across traits such as fairness, compassion, and honesty; however, the impact of moral licensing on industriousness remains unexplored. To establish the robustness of moral licensing, diverse moral traits must be considered. This article explores moral licensing versus consistency in sequential behaviour paradigms, specifically focusing on industriousness across three experiments. Employing a single-factor between-subjects design, the first two experiments reveal that individuals engaged in moral activities are subsequently more likely than those who are not involved in moral activities to accept difficult tasks. The third experiment extends these findings, showing that those involved in moral activities are more inclined than those who are not involved in moral activities to choose products requiring effort. Moreover, it confirms the mediating role of positive moral identity in explaining the connection between past moral actions and subsequent industrious behaviours. In contrast to prior research, which emphasised the potential of moral behaviours leading to subsequent unethical actions, this study contributes to the moral licensing literature by demonstrating the positive influence of past moral actions on subsequent industrious behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consider a market with an incumbent and a potential entrant. The potential entrant owns an innovation so that it can produce more efficiently than the incumbent if it enters themarket by starting a new firm. The potential entrant can license the innovation to the incumbent. The gain from licensing is higher if the potential entrant does not enter the market. It is possible that the potential entrant enters without licensing and does not enter with licensing. Licensing may reduce social welfare if it induces the potential entrant not to enter the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally alcohol consumption is a leading risk factor for premature death and disability and is associated with crime, social and economic consequences. Local communities may be able to play a role in addressing alcohol-related issues in their area. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and cost–benefit of an asset-based community development approach to reducing alcohol-related harm and understand the context and factors that enable or hinder its implementation. Design: A mixed-methods evaluation. Area-level quasi-experimental trial analysed using four different evaluation methods (a stepped-wedge design where each area was a control until it entered the intervention, comparison to matched local/national controls and comparison to synthetic controls), alongside process and economic evaluations. Setting: Ten local authorities in Greater Manchester, England. Participants: The outcomes evaluation was analysed at an area level. Ninety-three lay persons representing nineareas completed questionnaires, with 12 follow-up interviews in five areas; 20 stakeholders representing ten areas were interviewed at baseline, with 17 follow-up interviews in eight areas and 26 members of the public from two areas attended focus groups. Interventions: Professionals in a co-ordinator role recruited and supported lay volunteers who were trained to become alcohol health champions. The champion's role was to provide informal, brief alcohol advice to the local population and take action to strengthen restrictions on alcohol availability. Main outcome measures: Numbers of alcohol-related hospital admissions, accident and emergency attendances, ambulance call-outs, street-level crime and antisocial behaviour in the intervention areas (area size: 1600–5500 residents). Set-up and running costs were collected alongside process evaluation data exploring barriers and facilitators. Data sources: Routinely collected quantitative data on outcome measures aggregated at the intervention area and matched control and synthetic control areas. Data from policy documents, licensing registers, meeting notes, invoices, time/cost diaries, training registers, questionnaires, interviews, reflective diaries and focus groups. Results: The intervention rolled out in nine out of ten areas, seven of which ran for a full 12 months. Areas with better-established infrastructure at baseline were able to train more champions. In total, 123 alcohol health champions were trained (95 lay volunteers and 28 professionals): lay volunteers self-reported positive impact. Champions engaged in brief advice conversations more readily than taking action on alcohol availability. There were no consistent differences in the health and crime area-level indicators between intervention areas and controls, as confirmed by using three different analysis methods for evaluating natural experiments. The intervention was not found to be cost-beneficial. Limitations: Although the sequential roll-out order of the intervention was randomised, the selection of the intervention areas was not. Self-reported impact may have been subject to social desirability bias due to the project's high profile. Conclusions: There was no measurable impact on health and crime outcomes. Possible explanations include too few volunteers trained, volunteers being unwilling to get involved in licensing decisions, or that the intervention has no direct impact on the selected outcomes. Future work: Future similar interventions should use a coproduced community outcomes framework. Other natural experiment evaluations should use methodological triangulation to strengthen inferences about effectiveness. Trial registration: This trial is registered as ISRCTN81942890. Funding: This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme (NIHR award ref: 15/129/03) and is published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 12, No. 9. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. Plain language summary: What was the question?: Alcohol consumption puts an individual's health and social relationships at risk of harm. The more a person drinks, the more harmful it is. The harmful effects can place a burden on emergency services and hospitals. We wanted to find out whether community members can make a difference by taking action to address alcohol harm in their local area. What did we do?: Local councils in Greater Manchester developed a project called Communities in Charge of Alcohol, where volunteers in targeted local areas were trained to become 'alcohol health champions'. Alcohol health champions gave alcohol-related brief advice to people to help them drink less. They had a say about when, where and how alcohol is sold by reporting issues to their local council. We compared numbers of alcohol-related hospital admissions, accident and emergency attendances, ambulance call-outs and reports of crime and antisocial behaviour between areas that had alcohol health champions with other similar areas in England that did not. We calculated how much it costs to run and whether Communities in Charge of Alcohol could save society money. What did we find?: Not as many volunteers came forward to become an alcohol health champion as hoped for. Those who did give alcohol-related brief advice to people. They preferred not to report issues about alcohol sales to their local council, either because it was too complicated or because they did not want to be called a 'grass'. We did not find levels of alcohol harm changed in the Communities in Charge of Alcohol areas. Because of this, we could not demonstrate that Communities in Charge of Alcohol could save society money. What does this mean?: Getting involved in alcohol licensing decisions needs to be made easier for communities, with more anonymity, through the support of professionals. More work needs to be done to understand whether giving brief advice can reduce alcohol harm in whole communities. Scientific summary: Background: The availability of, and access to, alcohol is a key determinant of alcohol harm, and powers exist within the Licensing Act 2003 of England and Wales that enable the public to influence the local sale and supply of alcohol. At an individual level, implementing programmes to promote early risk identification and brief advice have the potential to reduce alcohol consumption and prevent alcohol-related harm, but there is a dearth of evidence to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of lay people having a role. The Greater Manchester (GM) Combined Authority (GMCA) and Greater Manchester Health and Social Care Partnership (GMHSCP) designed a new programme, 'Communities in Charge of Alcohol' (CICA) in 2017 to train lay volunteers to become alcohol health champions (AHCs), who would be able to (1) give alcohol-related brief advice to individuals and (2) help communities influence alcohol availability and strengthen restrictions in alcohol risk environments. Overall aims: To evaluate the effectiveness and cost–benefit of implementing a locally delivered AHC intervention and understand the context and factors that enable or hinder the intervention. Objectives: Relating to the outcome evaluation: to determine the effect on area-level key health performance indicators: alcohol-related hospital admissions (narrow measure), weekend accident and emergency (A&E) attendances (Friday 3 p.m.–Sunday 3 p.m.), weekday A&E attendances (Monday–Friday 9 a.m.–5 p.m. each day), weekend ambulance call-outs (Friday 3 p.m.–Sunday 3 p.m.), weekday ambulance call-outs (Monday–Friday 9 a.m.–5 p.m. each day) to determine the effect on key crime indicators (street-level crime data) at the weekend (Friday 3 p.m.–Sunday 3 p.m.) and weekday (Monday–Friday 9 a.m.–5 p.m. each day) to determine the effect on key antisocial behaviour (ASB) indicators (police recorded calls for service were classified as ASB according to the National Standard for Incident Recording). Relating to the process evaluation: to explore policy context and variation in licensing practice, including any impact of devolution in GM to explore barriers and facilitators at key stages of the implementation of the intervention: recruitment of AHCs to initial training and cascade training, delivery of initial training and cascade training, use of skills beyond the training in AHC activity, retention of AHCs to explore responses to AHC training, modelling of health behaviours, perceptions of community cohesion and development to determine numbers of brief interventions applied and community awareness events organised/participated in to examine and quantify the amount and success of community involvement in licensing issues to determine whether there was a change in composite measures of alcohol availability. Relating to the economic evaluation: to identify set-up and running costs using a standardised costing exercise to resolve costs by sector (health, ambulance and police) before, during and after set-up to quantify benefits due to reduced hospital admissions, ambulance call-outs, A&E use, crime and ASB. Methods: Communities in Charge of Alcohol was a complex intervention already planned by the GMCA in 10 small local authority areas (~1600–5500 residents each) and was outside direct researcher control. Intervention areas were chosen by each local authority public health team as having high levels of alcohol harm in comparison to the rest of the local authority. All intervention areas were at the bottom of the deprivation index, in deprivation decile 1 or 2. Using a stepped-wedge design, researchers were able to randomise the order of roll-out of intervention areas to bring a quasi-experimental approach to the evaluation. Two additional evaluation designs were used in order to triangulate findings, namely comparison to matched controls and comparison to synthetic controls. Ethical approval was received from the University of Salford Research Ethics Committee on 17 May 2017 (reference number: HSR1617–135) and obtained from the University of Bristol on 16 May 2019 (reference number: 82762). Outcome evaluation data sources: Routinely collected data at the lower-layer super output area (LSOA) level for intervention areas was compared with control areas. Data sources were as follows: alcohol-related hospital admissions data – Public Health England (now Office for Health Improvement and Disparities) accident and emergency department attendance data – NHS Digital ambulance call-out data – North West Ambulance Service reported crime and ASB data – GM Police. Analysis spanned a 10-year period (7 years pre intervention and a maximum of 3 years post implementation), ending in January 2020. Data were analysed using log-rate growth models and time series analyses to quantify the effect of the CICA programme on key performance indicators. Process evaluation data sources: Pre-implementation phase document review of local Statements of Licensing Policy (n = 9), alcohol availability composite score of on- and off-licensed premises (n = 9 areas), roll-out preparatory meeting notes. Train-the-Trainer attendance registers by area (n = 5, representing 9 areas, attended by 48 lay participants and 25 professional participants). Cascade training attendance registers by area (n = 11, representing 7 areas, attended by 47 lay participants and 3 professional participants). Pre- and post-training questionnaires (n = 93 lay people, 98% response rate). Baseline interviews with stakeholders (n = 20) (initial implementation phase); interviews with lay volunteer AHCs (n = 5, representing 3 areas) within 3–6 months of initial training (implementation phase). Follow-up interviews (12 months) with stakeholders (n = 11, representing eight areas), licensing officers (n = 6, representing six areas) and lay volunteer AHCs (n = 7, representing four areas); follow-up questionnaires with AHCs (n = 11); focus groups with local residents (n = 3 groups, representing two areas, with a total of 26 participants). Economic evaluation data sources: Time and transportation costs incurred during project meetings aggregated from meeting minutes and stakeholder time/cost diaries. Invoices for the design, development and delivery of training packages and accreditation fees. Invoices for the qualification and assessment fees, time and miscellaneous (transportation, room hire, catering, printing costs). AHC time and costs aggregated from volunteer diaries and stakeholder time/cost diaries. Invoices for engagement materials (AUDIT-C scratchcards). Greater Manchester Combined Authority research team's (formerly New Economy) cost–benefit analysis (CBA) tool was populated using aggregated outcome evaluation data to resolve costs for each key performance indicator before, during and after CICA setup. Results: Nine out of 10 local authorities rolled out the CICA intervention on their given start date: seven areas completed a full year, carrying out cascade training in the first 12 months, two areas withdrew at 6 and 9 months and one area withdrew in the pre-implementation phase. There were 118 [interquartile range (IQR): 60–205] alcohol-related hospital admissions per month per pre-intervention LSOA , rising to 134 (IQR : 67–203) post intervention. Some outcomes had very small counts at the LSOA level; notably, there were only 2 (IQR : 1–3) weekend crimes per month pre-intervention and 4 (IQR : 2–6) post intervention. The primary, stepped-wedge analyses provide weak evidence of an average increase in alcohol-related hospital admissions following the implementation of CICA of about 13%, corresponding to about 20 admissions weekly, although the confidence interval was wide, −1.98 to 31.39, and not statistically significant (p~0.09), while the analysis that made use of local controls suggested a bigger effect, at 16.4% (7.33–26.16, p < 0.001). However, the other methods of analysis (national controls and counterfactuals) indicated much smaller effect sizes and confidence intervals, including unity: 3.42% (−4.56 to 12.07; p = 0.41) and 7.14% (−9.76 to 24.04; p = 0.41), respectively. The other quantitative outcomes (A&E admissions, or ambulance call-outs to the area, nor to reported crimes or reported ASB incidents) showed some were individual statistically significant effects (with some methods and some indicators), but these were more often not in favour of the intervention. Triangulation of three methods of analysis did not indicate any consistent differences between control and intervention areas. The pre-implementation phase was defined as the period leading up to the roll-out of the first Train-the-Trainer event. Several facilitating contextual factors were identified a priori. The total number of these factors in place at baseline correlated with numbers trained in the first year (Rs = 0.77, p = 0.01). Specifically, areas with a healthcare provider to co-ordinate the intervention (p = 0.02); a pool of other volunteers to recruit from (p = 0.02); a contract in place with a commissioned service (p = 0.02); and formal volunteer arrangements (p = 0.03) trained more AHCs. Across all nine areas, fewer volunteers were recruited than the anticipated target of 35 per area. In total, 123 AHCs were trained and gained a Royal Society for Public Health Level 2 qualification. Of these, 95 were lay volunteers from the intervention areas. The majority identified as white (70%), with ages ranging from 18 to 65+, and almost half aged between 41 and 60 (48%). Slightly more women volunteered compared to men (61%). Most AHCs self-reported being in the lower-risk drinking category (66% scored 0–4 on AUDIT-C). Post-training questionnaires suggested that volunteers felt more confident to talk about the harms associated with alcohol and give alcohol-related brief advice than they did pre training (91.4% compared with 79.6%, p < 0.001) and that they felt more confident to raise issues about venues selling alcohol (90.3% compared with 74.2% pre training, p < 0.001). Intervention areas that recorded AHC activity (n = 5) captured 1100 conversations, 251 AUDIT-Cs completed and 65 community events attended. Time/cost diaries suggested that AHCs spent on average 11 minutes having an informal brief advice conversation. Interviews with AHCs on self-reported activity were consistent with time/cost and reflective diaries: AHCs put into practice brief advice conversations more than community action to influence licensing. Interviews with stakeholders indicated several enabling factors to consider when rolling out and embedding an AHC intervention: a clear understanding of the place-based focus; commissioned provider services needing a clear understanding of own roles and the anticipated outcomes; and co-ordinators having the skills and capacity to support inexperienced volunteer groups. The importance of infrastructure was reflected in interviews, recognising that preparing the ground at a hyperlocal level takes time, needing to be well in advance of the formal implementation period. Recruitment strategies need to be multipronged, and stakeholders need to be prepared to provide a sustained period of support for new and existing champions. In the follow-up phase, 12 months post intervention, interviews with stakeholders revealed how the local co-ordinators' ability to operationalise and sustain CICA was significantly impacted by their lack of capacity to sustain the levels of support, as well as the complexity of skills required of the role. After 12 months, there was strong consistency in findings from follow-up interviews with stakeholders, AHCs and focus groups with members of the public. Communities in Charge of Alcohol's intended mechanism of action was to reduce alcohol-related harm through secondary prevention interventions; however perceptions of those most in need of an AHC conversation were 'problem drinkers' to signpost into tertiary interventions. Quality of local alcohol treatment services was considered to be poor, with multiple barriers to help and information seeking. Conclusions: To our knowledge, CICA is the first alcohol-focused champion role of its kind to be investigated and across multiple intervention sites. It is also the first evaluation of a health champion programme that uses methodological triangulation to strengthen inferences about effectiveness. There was evidence that lay people trained as AHCs were able to have conversations with members of their communities who were consuming alcohol at higher risk levels, demonstrating a level of skill and confidence that can sometimes be absent in health professionals. AHCs, their co-ordinators and the public valued the role. However, significant infrastructure is needed to support an intervention such as CICA , and time is needed to develop and embed a group of volunteers. Despite evidence (from the process evaluation) of the planned activity taking place at local level, we were not able to show that CICA was effective, nor was it cost-effective. There are likely to be two main reasons for this. Firstly, the number of champions trained was too small to have a sufficient number of brief advice conversations to generate any measurable effect at the area level of analysis. Moreover, brief interventions may not directly impact on primary health and crime outcomes at a population level. Secondly, the AHCs were less willing (and had less opportunity) to get involved with alcohol licensing decisions. Since licensing policies theoretically have an impact at an area level, this theoretically would have been more likely to generate a significant area-level effect. The evidence from this study is that communities continue to struggle to influence statutory processes that affect alcohol availability where they live, and further consideration of how to enable increased community engagement is necessary. Recommendations for future research (numbered in priority order): natural experiment evaluations should include methodological triangulation to guard against overinterpretation of spurious results investigate coproducing a community outcomes framework to measure reductions in alcohol harm evaluate whether rebalancing local licensing policy to be community-centred might increase community engagement in the local licensing decision-making process investigate the effectiveness of CICA in areas where indicators of alcohol harm are increasing but are not at the highest level of harm within the local authority a wider range of external contextual factors could be tested in the pre-implementation phase of a complex intervention, incorporating methods to combine factors into mean scores, to test relationships between process indicators and outcomes. Trial registration: This trial is registered as ISRCTN81942890. Funding: This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme (NIHR award ref: 15/129/03) and is published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 12, No. 9. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing food intake or eating unhealthily after exercise may undermine attempts to manage weight, thereby contributing to poor population-level health. This scoping review aimed to synthesise the evidence on the psychology of changes to eating after exercise and explore why changes to eating after exercise occur. A scoping review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute guidance. Search terms relating to exercise, eating behaviour, and compensatory eating were used. All study designs were included. Research in children, athletes, or animals was excluded. No country or date restrictions were applied. Twenty-three studies were identified. Ten experimental studies (nine acute, one chronic) manipulated the psychological experience of exercise, one intervention study directly targeted compensatory eating, seven studies used observational methods (e.g. diet diaries, 24-h recall) to directly measure compensatory eating after exercise, and five questionnaire studies measured beliefs about eating after exercise. Outcomes varied and included energy intake (kcal/kJ), portion size, food intake, food choice, food preference, dietary lapse, and self-reported compensatory eating. We found that increased consumption of energy-dense foods occurred after exercise when exercise was perceived as less enjoyable, less autonomous, or hard work. Personal beliefs, exercise motivation, and exercise enjoyment were key psychological determinants of changes to eating after exercise. Individuals may consume additional food to refuel their energy stores after exercise (psychological compensatory eating), or consume unhealthy or energy dense foods to reward themselves after exercise, especially if exercise is experienced negatively (post-exercise licensing), however the population-level prevalence of these behaviours is unknown.

The government's policy of revoking the authority of local governments to issue permits for the tourism business sector has caused chaos in the management and supervision of tourism businesses. This takeover of authority is closely related to the business licensing regulations regulated in the Omnibus Law. This research aims to determine the challenges and opportunities in licensing policy issues in the tourism sector that need reconstruction. The research method applied is normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The Omnibus Law is the prominent rule that be analyzed. Meanwhile, the concepts of licensing, authority, and the principle of community participation are used as the basis for analyzing and reconstructing regulations. The results of this research show that there are challenges in reconstructing licensing regulations in the Omnibus Law due to differences in perspectives on licensing concepts between the central government and regional governments, which have implications for shifting the objectives of issuing permits and the transfer of authority to issue licenses that the regional government initially owned created chaos in the supervision of tourism business activities. Still, the opportunity in this policy reconstruction is that it is still possible to revise laws based on the principle of real participation with community involvement mechanisms that can influence the final results of policy decisions, as well as active collaboration between governments at the central, regional and regional levels, stakeholders and the community in developing the tourism sector which can realize social welfare.

Objective: to show how the use of a new business model called Loot boxes, on which modern video games are based, has become a legal problem for jurisdictions in different countries.Methods: drawing on existing literature and contemporary sources, the article explores the potential negative consequences of Loot boxes, provides a comprehensive analysis of existing or proposed regulation, and compares the approaches taken in various national jurisdictions.Results: the article examines the growing concern surrounding the widespread use of a particular form of in-game purchases called Loot boxes. It is strongly criticized on the grounds that Loot boxes are presumed to be a form of gambling within a video game. On this basis, this article argues in favor of their legislative regulation. Having examined the regulatory framework in countries that have already taken action against the use of Loot boxes, such as Belgium, the Netherlands, China, Japan and the Republic of Korea, as well as in countries currently debating their regulation, the author emphasizes the need to adopt consumer protection measures in the gaming industry. This is particularly relevant for vulnerable strata exposed to gambling-related harms. In addition, there is a need to ensure the ethical and responsible use of Loot boxes, as well as to reduce the health and financial risks associated with the use of this business model.Scientific novelty: the paper presents a comparative study of the problems of current or projected social regulation of Loot boxes in video games. The author proposes to seek the solution in a balance between game industry innovations, consumer protection and user well-being, which will ultimately contribute to the creation of a healthier environment for gamers.Practical significance: the study highlights the international scope of the problem the difference in legal and ethical regulatory measures taken in different countries to address the psychological, social and financial consequences associated with the proliferation of lootboxes in video games. These measures are yet to be assessed, taking into account the findings concerning the gaming industry.

As the war in Ukraine poses a significant threat to national mental health, professional psychological support has become more crucial than ever for Ukrainians. The need to regulate the profession and establish a safe environment for consumers of psychological services has led to the implementation of psychologist licensing and certification. In Ukraine, this system is imperfect and requires optimisation, one of the ways to achieve which is to study and adapt the best international experience. In light of this, the aim of this article was to examine the characteristics of psychologist certification in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and China to identify prospects for developing the psychologist certification system in Ukraine. The methodological tools used included the dialectical method, as well as systemic, informational, theological, and functional approaches, which allowed for the presentation of the features of certification in the current conditions of professionalisation of psychological activities. It has been established that certification has historically been one of the methods for measuring competence in professional psychology. For this purpose, professional associations create voluntary certification systems. The features of the most developed psychologist certification systems (USA, Canada, and the United Kingdom) were examined, and an attempt was made to compare them with similar certification models in the European Union and China. Common requirements for psychologist certification in these countries were identified, including requirements for the content and duration of specialised education; requirements for supervised psychological practice; requirements for professional development in both practical and research areas; and requirements for the moral and ethical qualities of the psychologist. Conceptualising and measuring psychologist competence is an ongoing dynamic process as the field of psychological practice continues to evolve. The practical value of the results lies in their potential use to identify ways to improve the national psychologist certification system and the possibilities for transitioning from voluntary certification to mandatory certification

This work explores the coupling of person-split nominative objects with anomalous subjects (Jahnsson's Rule (JR), Person-Case Constraint (PCC)). In Breton, split-nominative objects spread from an Icelandic-like combination with oblique subjects of unaccusatives, to Finnish-like combinations with subjects of transitives in constructions like the imperative, and then retreated piecewise. These changes admit of externalist sources, such as frequency entrenchment and analogy over clitic forms, but are bounded by persistent coupling of split-nominative objects with anomalous subjects, and disfavour external sources for it like ambiguity avoidance. An approach is set out through constraints on φ-dependencies, their relationship to case and licensing, and their interaction with grammaticalisable partial φ-specification, building on other work on JR/PCC. The anomalies of the restricting subject are analysed as person-only specification, and extended from quirky obliques to pronouns minimal in absence of number + n/N: imperative pro and human impersonals. The ineffability or accusative of the restricted persons is analysed through the integration of dependent case into Φ/Case theory but apparent syntactic variation is modelled through externalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine international environmental agreements (IEAs) in which heterogeneous countries work together to not only participate in the abatement of greenhouse gas emissions but also develop breakthrough technologies. In this paper, the country with the most advanced technology (i.e. the technological leader) develops a new abatement technology and distributes it to other countries (i.e. technological laggards) through licensing. We design a new mechanism to achieve cooperation among heterogeneous countries through an initial payment and refunding (IPR) scheme and licensing involving third-party organizations (TPOs). Under our new IPR scheme with licensing, the cost incurred by a technology leader in developing new technology is covered by licensing fees using a portion of the initial payments collected from technological laggards by a TPO. As a result, TPOs sustain IEAs by flexibly adjusting technological laggards' share of costs for licensing, comprising initial payments and refunds, and the amount of the licensing payment made to the technological leader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study delves into corporate crimes, a distinct category from typical crimes, as they intersect with various economic and financial realms. This divergence from conventional criminal law norms has reshaped perspectives on privacy, criminalization, and punishment. A corporation represents a collaborative endeavour for profit among individuals, pooling resources and sharing gains or losses across diverse economic sectors like commerce, finance, industry, agriculture, and real estate. Legislation governing corporate crimes emphasizes actions over omissions, often categorized as negative crimes. Many don't necessitate specific criminal outcomes, classified as crimes of danger. Moral culpability in corporate crimes is diminishing, focusing more on offender conduct for evidence, challenging traditional burden of proof principles. The UAE's legal approach adopts a deterrent strategy, favouring fines over imprisonment for corporate wrongdoing. Complementary penalties like confiscation, business closure, or license revocation augment primary penalties, raising questions about their effectiveness against complex corporate offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The national quality framework (NQF) has been implemented to improve the safety and quality of alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment and provide a nationally consistent approach to treatment quality in Australia. At the same time, concerns have been raised that, in the absence of appropriate regulatory structures to support the NQF, the quality and safety of AOD treatment services cannot be guaranteed in Australia. An effective enforcement strategy is critical to the ability of the NQF to provide a nationally consistent approach to the delivery of AOD treatment in Australia. The monitoring and enforcement strategy proposed by the NQF encompasses two different mechanisms. For specialist AOD treatment providers in receipt of government funding, monitoring and enforcement of the NQF will occur via contractual arrangements. For providers not in receipt of government funding, monitoring and enforcement will be managed by regulatory mechanisms as decided by each jurisdiction. This proposed enforcement strategy raises the question of whether contractual arrangements are the most effective mechanism for monitoring and enforcing the NQF in publicly funded specialist AOD treatment providers. This paper considers whether a licensing regime may address the shortcomings that arise from the proposed strategy. It argues that the pluralistic approach to the monitoring and enforcement of the NQF will result in substantive differences in how the NQF is enforced both within individual jurisdictions and on a broader national level. A licensing regime, therefore, would be a more appropriate monitoring and enforcement strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the permitting process for City Plan Information (KRK) and Suitability of Space Utilization Activities (KKPR), intensive communication is required between the two implementing agencies, namely, the Investment Service and One-Stop Integrated Services (DPMPTSP) and the Public Works Office for Spatial Planning. Housing and Settlement Areas (DPUPRPKP) and the Technical Service in processing permit applications recommending KRK and KKPR. Problems with long coordination and communication meetings in recommending requests for KRK and KKPR. The research aims to identify and analyze the coordination and communication in the KRK/KKPR licensing recommendation process. This study used a qualitative method by interviewing staff of the Implementing Service and applying for KRK/KKPR permits and secondary data through journals, textbooks, and Implementing Office data. The analytical approach utilized involves reducing data, presenting data, and making inferences or doing verification. Based on Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and Government Regulation 21 of 2021 concerning Spatial Planning, this research produced recommendations for quick and consistent communication performance in licensing services issuing KRK and KKPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increasing international integration of intellectual property (IP), national laws and structures for implementing rights in music continue to vary, for better or for worse, in ways that matter to musicians and other copyright stakeholders. This article draws on oral history and archival data to examine one such variation. Where most countries have only one copyright collecting society for musical authors, there are two in Turkey (MESAM and MSG). IP experts and administrators blame competition or lack of coordination between the two societies for a host of problems, including complicating the processes of performing rights licensing and royalty distribution. Analyzing the origin story of the second collecting society through the lens of Anna Tsing’s influential concept of “friction,” I highlight the social and cultural dynamics that complicate the ongoing global integration of IP and the general development of structures for enforcing IP rights in music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the comprehensive previous research on different aspects of inventions and externalities spanning both the micro- and macrolevels, no prior studies have, to our knowledge, examined the relationship between the commercialization strategies of inventions/patents and social knowledge spillovers. To bridge this gap in the literature, we examine how such spillovers, measured as forward citations, covary with four commercialization modes: (1) setting up a new firm, (2) commercialization within an existing firm where the inventor either is employed or (3) has an ownership stake, and (4) licensing/selling patents to other firms. Alternatively, an inventor may refrain from commercialization. Utilizing unique survey data on patents owned by small- and medium-sized enterprises and individuals, we provide evidence that commercialization through licensing/selling is the most efficient way of generating knowledge diffusion. We also find some support for new ventures being an important source of knowledge spillovers. Plain English Summary: New inventions and discoveries, here defined as patents, are instrumental in promoting growth and increasing societal prosperity. To contribute to a benevolent development of societies, it is imperative that new findings and new knowledge also is disseminated to a large group of users and producers. We investigate how such diffusion is affected by the chosen strategy to commercialize patents: through a new firm, within an existing firm, or licensing/selling patents to other firms. We provide evidence that commercialization through licensing/selling, closely followed by setting up a new firm, appears to be the most efficient way to generate knowledge diffusion. Policymakers should therefore not only support technological development and encourage new firms but also facilitate for firms to interact and enhance their networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assume a multistage oligopoly wherein a given number of innovators compete by selling their substitutive technologies. Each innovator sequentially and independently chooses how many licenses to sell, and subsequently, all licensees compete à la Cournot in the product market. We show that, in equilibrium, the total number of licensees grows exponentially with the number of innovators. In addition, this sequential outcome is also obtained as a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium in pure strategies of a game with endogenous timing. Interestingly, by extending the duopoly model of Badia et al. (Math Soc Sci 108:8–13, 2020) to the case of more than two innovators and exploring pure strategy equilibria instead of mixed strategy equilibria, we derive drastically different policy implications, in terms of patent regulations. Our results suggest that more competition in the upstream market (e.g., by relaxing patent protection against the appearance of similar technologies) tends to increase downstream competition and welfare instead of discouraging or delaying technology adoption. In addition, our analysis is extended to explore the strategic role of public investment in basic R &D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the licensing of a product innovation in a duopoly by means of two-part tariff contracts composed of fixed-fee payments combined with per-unit or ad-valorem royalties. When the licensor is a firm within the industry (internal licensor), it licenses the innovation to its competitor by using a pure ad-valorem royalty, and welfare is reduced because the royalty has anticompetitive effects on market performance. On welfare grounds, fixed-fee predominates over per-unit royalty licensing, but has the disadvantage that firms sometimes fail to reach an agreement. A simple regulatory rule is then proposed for a second-best optimal policy on product innovation licensing. However, when the innovator is outside the industry (external licensor), it never uses ad-valorem royalties. Also evaluated is the value of the innovation for an internal and an external innovator, and licensing by both innovators under Bertrand competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]