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Accurate information about the satellite transmit antennas is essential for high-precision GNSS applications. Such metadata of the GPS III satellites were publicly made available by the manufacturer Lockheed Martin. They comprise phase center offsets (PCOs), phase patterns, and directivity patterns. These calibrations are validated with ground-based measurements of a global GPS tracking network and observations of a high-gain antenna. Phase center offsets and patterns are estimated from dual-frequency observations of a ground tracking network. The ionosphere-free L1/L2 z-PCOs show a 10 cm offset w.r.t. the manufacturer calibrations due to already known inconsistencies with the ITRF2020 scale fixed in the estimation. The standard deviation of the differences between estimated and calibrated z-PCOs is 2.7 cm. The estimated phase patterns have a 0.7 mm RMS consistency with the manufacturer calibrations after minimizing the raw patterns for nadir angles between 0° and 14°. The directivity patterns are validated with the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) measured with a 30 m high-gain antenna. The measured EIRP for the L1 and L2 band is affected by M-code transmission from a distinct antenna. When modeling the additional contribution of this antenna, the nadir-angle variation of the EIRP matches the calibrated directivity patterns with a precision of 0.1 dBW. Representative transmit power values of the main navigation antenna amount to 125 W, 30 W, and 85 W in the L1, L2, and L5 bands, while the L1 and L2 M-code signals are transmitted with about 30 W and 25 W, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the Artemis era of space exploration, space agencies will be working together with their industry partners to establish systems and infrastructure that enable sustained Lunar missions and develop capabilities for Mars. Lockheed Martin has a longstanding history of designing, building, and operating systems for deep space applications, from Viking to Orion. Lockheed Martin develops concepts, trades, and early system designs for Moon and Mars exploration to enable future missions. In 2016, Lockheed Martin presented a vision for achieving crewed exploration of Mars. Known as Mars Base Camp (MBC), this design reference mission envisioned a crewed vehicle in Martian orbit from which astronauts could perform excursions to Phobos and Deimos and perform telerobotic exploration of the Martian surface, including sample return. This concept served as an "existence proof" for a novel, practical, and affordable path to enable human exploration of the Martian system. In 2017, an update was published that included the production of propellant from water and a single-stage fully reusable Mars lander concept. Then in 2021, Lockheed Martin introduced a nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) configuration of Mars Base Camp, a technology that will be greatly enabling for crewed missions to Mars. This paper matures the design of the NTP configuration of Mars Base Camp and explores the Mars mission capabilities that the NTP technology will enable. These investigations include optimized trajectories for faster transit to Mars and an analysis of abort scenarios that are made possible by the high thrust and performance of NTP. The results provide insight into the performance and capabilities that are realized when NTP technology is matured and integrated into a Mars transit vehicle. The paper will also describe initial surface infrastructure capabilities that significantly enhance sortie science operations, including mobility and power. The resulting updated Mars Base Camp serves as an example of what is possible with current technologies and technologies under development. The MBC reference mission builds on the capabilities that will be developed and demonstrated through Artemis missions, enabling a viable, sustainable long-term Mars exploration program, with the first crewed Mars mission possible in the 2030s. • Matures design of nuclear thermal propulsion configuration of crewed Mars mission • Explores Mars mission capabilities and trajectories enabled by nuclear propulsion • Describes initial infrastructure to support sustainable long-term Mars exploration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Digital Engineering Strategy released in June 2018 outlined the DoD's strategic goals which "promote the use of digital artifacts as a technical means of communication across a diverse set of stakeholders." Ultimately, by involving a variety of perspectives in the design decisions, one can increase quality and speed without increasing risks. "In addition to build, test, field and sustainment of defense systems, emphasis was placed on the acquisition and procurement of systems and the importance of digital engineering. This was further reinforced in the Feb 2022 release of the Engineering of Defense Systems Guidebook which contains Digital Engineering sections in each chapter. The norm for Systems Engineering has become Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) in which models are used at all phases of development. To complete the digital thread from concept to disposal, models will be required for the acquisition phase. This paper will describe Model‐Based Acquisition (MBAcq), and how it can be used to increase clarity for compliance and understanding in Systems and Software Acquisition." (Hause, Hart, 2022) MBAcq can supplant the use of document‐based specification but only if we come together as an industry to develop and agree upon some standardization. A word of caution, model‐based approaches will only be successful if they are grounded in sound systems engineering practices. The thought process to create the models are as equally important as the resulting models themselves. This paper will discuss the work being done by the OMG MBAcq User Group, which is a broad industry body with participation from INCOSE, Armed Services, OUSD, DoD CIO, NDIA, DAU, FFRDCs and many industry suppliers, such as Boeing, Northrup Grumman, and Lockheed Martin, working together to successfully create both the standardization and guidance to successfully deploy MBAcq to the larger community. Parts of this paper were first published by the authors in (Hause, Hart, 202) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arms sales cause serious harm and the public is – on some level – aware of this, yet their sale continues apace. Militarisation is the engendering of support for war, broadly understood, and this includes the manufacture/sale of weapons. This article examines the Twitter feeds of three large US arms manufacturers: Lockheed Martin, Raytheon and Northrop Grumman (as part of a larger project where approximately 900 tweets were examined). It argues that productive tensions of exposure (knowing) and revelation (societal acknowledgement) engender militarisation within arms manufacturers' Twitter feeds. It finds that arms manufacturers represent themselves as accessible/transparent through regular updates and high volumes of information. They also distract from the violence of their products by presenting themselves as drivers of human progress, which occurs in social, environmental and technological dimensions. Taken as a whole, the representations of accessibility and distracting content on social media function to facilitate the arms trade in this case. Accessible, transparente, progressive : conceptualiser la militarisation de l'espace numérique à travers la présence de fabricants d'armes sur les réseaux sociaux [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall efforts and expenses put across by the organizations and institutions to protect their sensitive information from the larceners has drastically elevated in the recent past with the enhancement and sophistication of advanced persistent threats (APT) attacks, yet obfuscation that these APTs create while in business are proving these organization's and institution's security systems feeble. To prevent the APT's proliferation, the computer security systems shall get out-of-the-box solutions that can challenge the invaders. The proposed comprehensive event-time-action (CETA) threat intelligence has come up with such a model. The basic cons of the existing security systems is to go with the flow which they have found in forensic investigation of the attacks that APTs have made. The CETA model uses the pattern and procedures that the APTs follow, as proposed by Lockheed Martin's intrusion kill chain (IKC), with a new shade every-time. CETA with the consolidation of shuffle-selective-search module, octa-secured entry module, ensnare the invader module and machine learning tools has successfully detected and with better efficiency has prevented the APT's attacks trails. The rigorous experiments with penetration tests and vulnerability exploitations the CETA model has found that sensitive information system could not be breached with success rate of 97.43% of prevention and 98.67% accuracy of detection of the attacks by the APT's spear phishing and social engineering attack vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of a wing dihedral on sonic boom reduction are systematically studied for a realistic supersonic transport. The LM1021, which was designed in detail by Lockheed Martin Corporation (U.S.A.), is used as the baseline analysis model. The aerodynamic coefficients and near-field pressure signatures are obtained using CFD for inviscid flows, and then the sonic boom intensity on the ground is calculated with the pressure wave propagation analysis by solving the augmented Burger's equation. The "Xnoise" code developed by JAXA is used for the wave propagation analysis. The results clearly show a reduction in the sonic boom intensity not only on the undertrack, but also on the off-track. One representative result is that the pressure peak of the tail boom at the flight Mach number of 1.6 is reduced more than 15% by a 10-deg dihedral compared to a 0-deg dihedral at the cost of a 2% increase in drag. Variations of the lateral/directional static stability are also studied, and the results show improved lateral stability while there are mild directional instabilities caused by the dihedral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than 20 years, Edward H. Allen served as Chief Scientist of Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Programs ('the Skunk Works') and then as Chief Scientist for the Lockheed Martin Corporation as a whole. He established nearly a hundred external and internal scientific research programs for Lockheed Martin and other sponsors, investing in quantum information sciences at universities and research laboratories worldwide, and most of those programs are still going on. Born in 1943, his formal education spans mathematics, physical and social sciences, and the law at the Universities of Chicago (Chicago, IL), Stanford (Stanford, CA), Swarthmore (Swarthmore, PA), Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA), and New Hampshire Law (Concord, NH). His work continues under the auspices of Alcority LLC (Dallas, TX), which manages an international collaboration he leads. Here, he recounts his intellectual development in scientific methodology and philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite what many saw as a détente in US–China relations as presidents Biden and Xi met at the G20 Summit in November 2022, both countries have continued to develop and deploy sanctions against one another. Among the most recent actions by the US is the continued use of export controls, particularly to limit China’s access to advanced computing chips. Meanwhile, China has continued to use sanctions to target US firms, recently in the form of a national security investigation into US chip maker, Micron, and “countermeasures” against major US arms manufacturers such as Raytheon and Lockheed Martin. This Article examines the range of economic sanctions that the US and China have and could deploy against one another, the lawfulness of these measures, and the likely effects of these sanctions for the future of international sanctions law. Although unilaterally imposed economic sanctions remain a deeply contested area of international law, an unintended consequence of the increasing use of sanctions by the world’s two largest economies will be to lend legitimacy and legality to their use. Although the economic costs of a US–China sanctions war would be staggering, such a war would only further entrench unilateral sanctions as a fundamental tool of national security and foreign relations. This Article describes how international law is likely to develop as a consequence of the proliferation of sanctions, arguing that, far from undermining their lawfulness, increased state practice will support a customary norm of unilaterally imposed sanctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents two methods to improve the efficiency of supersonic flow simulation using arbitrarily shaped unstructured grids. The first method promotes increasing the numerical solution convergence rate and is based on the geometric multigrid method for initialization of the flow field. The method is used to obtain the initial field of distributed physical quantity values, which maximally corresponds to the converged solution. For this purpose, the problem simulation is performed on a series of coarse grids beginning from the coarsest one in this series. Upon completion of simulations, the solution obtained is interpolated to a finer grid and used for initialization of simulations on this grid. The second method allows increasing the numerical solution accuracy and is based on statically adapting the computational grid to the flow specifics. The static adaptation algorithm provides automatic refinement of the computational grid in the region of specific features of flow, such as shock waves typical for supersonic flows. This algorithm provides a better description of the shock-wave front owing to the local grid refinement, with the local refinement region being automatically selected. Results of using these methods are demonstrated for the two supersonic aerodynamics problems: the simulation of the bow shock strength at a given distance under axially symmetric body Seeb-ALR and a mock-up aircraft Lockheed Martin 1021. It is shown that in both cases, the numerical solution convergence rate is increased owing to the use of the geometric multigrid method for initialization and a higher quality and a higher accuracy of solution is gained owing to the local grid refinement (using static adaptation means) near the shock-wave front. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]