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4. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic management of acute dental pain in adolescents, adults, and older adults: A report from the American Dental Association Science and Research Institute, the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of Pennsylvania

Author

Carrasco-Labra, Alonso, Polk, Deborah E., Urquhart, Olivia, Aghaloo, Tara, Claytor, J. William, Jr., Dhar, Vineet, Dionne, Raymond A., Espinoza, Lorena, Gordon, Sharon M., Hersh, Elliot V., Law, Alan S., Li, Brian S.-K., Schwartz, Paul J., Suda, Katie J., Turturro, Michael A., Wright, Marjorie L., Dawson, Tim, Miroshnychenko, Anna, Pahlke, Sarah, Pilcher, Lauren, Shirey, Michelle, Tampi, Malavika, and Moore, Paul A.

Published
2024
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5. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic management of acute dental pain in children: A report from the American Dental Association Science and Research Institute, the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, and the Center for Integrative Global Oral Health at the University of Pennsylvania

Author

Carrasco-Labra, Alonso, Polk, Deborah E., Urquhart, Olivia, Aghaloo, Tara, Claytor, J. William, Jr, Dhar, Vineet, Dionne, Raymond A., Espinoza, Lorena, Gordon, Sharon M., Hersh, Elliot V., Law, Alan S., Li, Brian S.-K., Schwartz, Paul J., Suda, Katie J., Turturro, Michael A., Wright, Marjorie L., Dawson, Tim, Miroshnychenko, Anna, Pahlke, Sarah, Pilcher, Lauren, Shirey, Michelle, Tampi, Malavika, and Moore, Paul A.

Published
2023
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10. Constructing the brief diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (bDC/TMD) for field testing.

Author

Durham, Justin, Ohrbach, Richard, Baad‐Hansen, Lene, Davies, Stephen, De Laat, Antoon, Goncalves, Daniela Godoi, Gordan, Valeria V., Goulet, Jean‐Paul, Häggman‐Henrikson, Birgitta, Horton, Michael, Koutris, Michail, Law, Alan, List, Thomas, Lobbezoo, Frank, Michelotti, Ambra, Nixdorf, Donald R., Oyarzo, Juan Fernando, Peck, Chris, Penlington, Chris, and Raphael, Karen G.

Subjects
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR disorders, MEDICAL protocols, MEETINGS, CONFERENCES & conventions, EXPERIMENTAL design, DISCUSSION, RESEARCH methodology, ADULT education workshops, DELPHI method
Abstract

Background: Despite advances in temporomandibular disorders' (TMDs) diagnosis, the diagnostic process continues to be problematic in non‐specialist settings. Objective: To complete a Delphi process to shorten the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) to a brief DC/TMD (bDC/TMD) for expedient clinical diagnosis and initial management. Methods: An international Delphi panel was created with 23 clinicians representing major specialities, general dentistry and related fields. The process comprised a full day workshop, seven virtual meetings, six rounds of electronic discussion and finally an open consultation at a virtual international symposium. Results: Within the physical axis (Axis 1), the self‐report Symptom Questionnaire of the DC/TMD did not require shortening from 14 items for the bDC/TMD. The compulsory use of the TMD pain screener was removed reducing the total number of Axis 1 items by 18%. The DC/TMD Axis 1 10‐section examination protocol (25 movements, up to 12 sets of bilateral palpations) was reduced to four sections in the bDC/TMD protocol involving three movements and three sets of palpations. Axis I then resulted in two groups of diagnoses: painful TMD (inclusive of secondary headache), and common joint‐related TMD with functional implications. The psychosocial axis (Axis 2) was shortened to an ultra‐brief 11 item assessment. Conclusion: The bDC/TMD represents a substantially reduced and likely expedited method to establish (grouping) diagnoses in TMDs. This may provide greater utility for settings requiring less granular diagnoses for the implementation of initial treatment, for example non‐specialist general dental practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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11. Same data, different analysts: variation in effect sizes due to analytical decisions in ecology and evolutionary biology

Author

Gould, Elliot, primary, Fraser, Hannah, additional, Parker, Timothy, additional, Nakagawa, Shinichi, additional, Griffith, Simon, additional, Vesk, Peter, additional, Fidler, Fiona, additional, Abbey-Lee, Robin, additional, Abbott, Jessica, additional, Aguirre, Luis, additional, Alcaraz, Carles, additional, Altschul, Drew, additional, Arekar, Kunal, additional, Atkins, Jeff, additional, Atkinson, Joe, additional, Barrett, Meghan, additional, Bell, Kristian, additional, Bello, Suleiman, additional, Berauer, Bernd, additional, Bertram, Michael, additional, Billman, Peter, additional, Blake, Charlie, additional, Blake, Shannon, additional, Bliard, Louis, additional, Bonisoli-Alquati, Andrea, additional, Bonnet, Timothée, additional, Bordes, Camille, additional, Bose, Aneesh, additional, Botterill-James, Thomas, additional, Boyd, Melissa, additional, Boyle, Sarah, additional, Bradfer-Lawrence, Tom, additional, Brand, Jack, additional, Brengdahl, Martin, additional, Bulla, Martin, additional, Bussière, Luc, additional, Camerlenghi, Ettore, additional, Campbell, Sara, additional, Campos, Leonardo, additional, Caravaggi, Anthony, additional, Cardoso, Pedro, additional, Carroll, Charles, additional, Catanach, Therese, additional, Chen, Xuan, additional, Chik, Heung Ying Janet, additional, Choy, Emily, additional, Christie, Alec, additional, Chuang, Angela, additional, Chunco, Amanda, additional, Clark, Bethany, additional, Cox, Murray, additional, Cressman, Kimberly, additional, Crouch, Connor, additional, D'Amelio, Pietro, additional, de Sousa, Alexandra, additional, Döbert, Timm, additional, Dobler, Ralph, additional, Dobson, Adam, additional, Doherty, Tim, additional, Drobniak, Szymon, additional, Duffy, Alexandra, additional, Dunn, Robert, additional, Dunning, Jamie, additional, Eberhart-Hertel, Luke, additional, Elmore, Jared, additional, Elsherif, Mahmoud, additional, English, Holly, additional, Ensminger, David, additional, Ernst, Ulrich, additional, Ferguson, Stephen, additional, Ferreira-Arruda, Thalita, additional, Fieberg, John, additional, Finch, Elizabeth, additional, Fiorenza, Evan, additional, Fisher, David, additional, Forstmeier, Wolfgang, additional, Fourcade, Yoan, additional, Francesca Santostefano, Francesca, additional, Frank, Graham, additional, Freund, Cathryn, additional, Gandy, Sara, additional, Gannon, Dustin, additional, García-Cervigón, Ana, additional, Géron, Charly, additional, Gilles, Marc, additional, Girndt, Antje, additional, Gliksman, Daniel, additional, Goldspiel, Harrison, additional, Gomes, Dylan, additional, Goslee, Sarah, additional, Gosnell, J., additional, Gratton, Paolo, additional, Grebe, Nicholas, additional, Greenler, Skye, additional, Griffith, Daniel, additional, Griffith, Frances, additional, Grossman, Jake, additional, Güncan, Ali, additional, Haesen, Stef, additional, Hagan, James, additional, Harrison, Natasha, additional, Hasnain, Sarah, additional, Havird, Justin, additional, Heaton, Andrew, additional, Hsu, Bin-Yan, additional, Iranzo, Esperanza, additional, Iverson, Erik, additional, Jimoh, Saheed, additional, Johnson, Douglas, additional, Johnsson, Martin, additional, Jorna, Jesse, additional, Jucker, Tommaso, additional, Jung, Martin, additional, Kačergytė, Ineta, additional, Ke, Alison, additional, Kelly, Clint, additional, Keogan, Katharine, additional, Keppeler, Friedrich, additional, Killion, Alexander, additional, Kim, Dongmin, additional, Kochan, David, additional, Korsten, Peter, additional, Kothari, Shan, additional, Kuppler, Jonas, additional, Kusch, Jillian, additional, Lagisz, Malgorzata, additional, Larkin, Daniel, additional, Larson, Courtney, additional, Lauck, Katherine, additional, Lauterbur, M., additional, Law, Alan, additional, Léandri-Breton, Don-Jean, additional, Lievens, Eva, additional, Lima, Daniela, additional, Lindsay, Shane, additional, Macphie, Kirsty, additional, Mair, Magdalena, additional, Malm, Lisa, additional, Mammola, Stefano, additional, Manhart, Michael, additional, Mäntylä, Elina, additional, Marchand, Philippe, additional, Marshall, Benjamin, additional, Martin, Dominic, additional, Martin, Jake, additional, Martin, Charles, additional, Martinig, April, additional, McCallum, Erin, additional, McNew, Sabrina, additional, Meiners, Scott, additional, Michelangeli, Marcus, additional, Moiron, Maria, additional, Moreira, Bruno, additional, Mortensen, Jennifer, additional, Mos, Benjamin, additional, Muraina, Taofeek, additional, Nelli, Luca, additional, Nilsonne, Gustav, additional, Nolazco, Sergio, additional, Nooten, Sabine, additional, Novotny, Jessie, additional, Olin, Agnes, additional, Organ, Chris, additional, Ostevik, Kate, additional, Palacio, Facundo, additional, Paquet, Matthieu, additional, Pascall, David, additional, Pasquarella, Valerie, additional, Payo-Payo, Ana, additional, Pedersen, Karen, additional, Perez, Grégoire, additional, Perry, Kayla, additional, Pottier, Patrice, additional, Proulx, Michael, additional, Proulx, Raphaël, additional, Pruett, Jessica, additional, Ramananjato, Veronarindra, additional, Randimbiarison, Finaritra, additional, Razafindratsima, Onja, additional, Rennison, Diana, additional, Riva, Federico, additional, Riyahi, Sepand, additional, Roast, Michael, additional, Rocha, Felipe, additional, Roche, Dominique, additional, Román-Palacios, Cristian, additional, Rosenberg, Michael, additional, Ross, Jessica, additional, Rowland, Freya, additional, Rugemalila, Deusdedith, additional, Russell, Avery, additional, Ruuskanen, Suvi, additional, Saccone, Patrick, additional, Sadeh, Asaf, additional, Salazar, Stephen, additional, sales, kris, additional, Salmón, Pablo, additional, Sanchez-Tojar, Alfredo, additional, Santos, Leticia, additional, Schilling, Hayden, additional, Schmidt, Marcus, additional, Schmoll, Tim, additional, Schneider, Adam, additional, Schrock, Allie, additional, Schroeder, Julia, additional, Schtickzelle, Nicolas, additional, Schultz, Nick, additional, Scott, Drew, additional, Shapiro, Julie, additional, Sharma, Nitika, additional, Shearer, Caroline, additional, Sitvarin, Michael, additional, Skupien, Fabrício, additional, Slinn, Heather, additional, Smith, Jeremy, additional, Smith, Grania, additional, Sollmann, Rahel, additional, Stack Whitney, Kaitlin, additional, Still, Shannon, additional, Stuber, Erica, additional, Sutton, Guy, additional, Swallow, Ben, additional, Taff, Conor, additional, Takola, Elina, additional, Tanentzap, Andrew, additional, Thawley, Christopher, additional, Tortorelli, Claire, additional, Trlica, Andrew, additional, Turnell, Biz, additional, Urban, Lara, additional, Van de Vondel, Stijn, additional, van Oordt, Francis, additional, Vanderwel, Mark, additional, Vanderwel, K., additional, Vanderwolf, Karen, additional, Verrelli, Brian, additional, Vieira, Marcus, additional, Vollering, Julien, additional, Walker, Xanthe, additional, Walter, Jonathan, additional, Waryszak, Pawel, additional, Weaver, Ryan, additional, Weller, Daniel, additional, Whelan, Shannon, additional, White, Rachel, additional, Wolfson, David, additional, Wood, Andrew, additional, Yanco, Scott, additional, Yen, Jian, additional, Youngflesh, Casey, additional, Zilio, Giacomo, additional, Zimmer, Cédric, additional, Zitomer, Rachel, additional, Villamil, Nora, additional, and Tompkins, Emily, additional

Published
2023
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12. Will they be back? A framework to guide rare macrophyte conservation decisions in lakes

Author

Bennion, Helen, primary, Sayer, Carl, additional, Baker, Ambroise, additional, Bishop, Isabel, additional, Glover, Azra, additional, Jones, Viv, additional, Law, Alan, additional, Madgwick, Genevieve, additional, Peglar, Sylvia, additional, Roberts, Carole, additional, Rose, Neil, additional, Turner, Simon, additional, Willby, Nigel, additional, and Yang, Handong, additional

Published
2023
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13. Constructing the brief Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (bDC/TMD)

Author

Durham, Justin, primary, Ohrbach, Richard, additional, Baad-Hansen, Lene, additional, Davies, Stephen, additional, De Laat, Anton, additional, Gonclaves, Daniela, additional, Gordon, Valeria, additional, Goulet, Jean-Paul, additional, Haggman-Henrikson, Birgitta, additional, Horton, Mick, additional, Koutris, Michail, additional, Law, Alan, additional, List, Thomas, additional, Lobbezoo, Frank, additional, Michelotti, Ambra, additional, Nixdorf, Don, additional, Oyarzo, Juan Fernando, additional, Peck, Chris, additional, Penlington, Chris, additional, Raphael, Karen, additional, Santiago, Vivian, additional, Sharma, Sonia, additional, Svensson, Peter, additional, Visscher, Corine, additional, Yoshiki, Imamura, additional, and Alstergren, Per, additional

Published
2023
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14. Will they be back? A framework to guide rare macrophyte conservation decisions in lakes.

Author

Bennion, Helen, Sayer, Carl, Baker, Ambroise, Bishop, Isabel, Glover, Azra, Jones, Viv, Law, Alan, Madgwick, Genevieve, Peglar, Sylvia, Roberts, Carole, Rose, Neil, Turner, Simon, Willby, Nigel, and Yang, Handong

Subjects
LAKE restoration, POTAMOGETON, LAKES, MACROPHYTES, PLANT species, PALEOECOLOGY
Abstract

Shallow lake restoration typically focusses on the re‐establishment of macrophytes. The likelihood of a species returning to a site is contingent on dispersal, proximity to propagule sources, and the on‐site propagule‐bank viability. We explore the potential of palaeoecological records in combination with botanical surveys and distribution maps, to ascertain the loss of three submerged macrophytes (Littorella uniflora, Najas flexilis, and Elatine hydropiper) from, respectively, two lakes (Barton Broad, Norfolk and Esthwaite Water, Cumbria) and one lake landscape (Greater Glasgow, Scotland). We discuss re‐establishment likelihood when accounting for species' autoecology and current water‐chemistry conditions. L. uniflora is widespread in the United Kingdom but absent locally in Norfolk without known seed bank, hence is unlikely to naturally recolonise Barton Broad. Furthermore, current conditions are unsuitable for this species suggesting that nutrient reduction is required prior to translocation. N. flexilis is extinct in Cumbria and the long distances involved (>100 km) for recolonisation of Esthwaite Water suggest that spatial dispersal is unlikely, rendering the seed bank the last chance of natural recovery. Alternatively, translocation may be feasible. E. hydropiper is a nationally scarce species in the United Kingdom yet would have only a short dispersal distance (~10 km) to recolonise Loch Libo, hence there being no requirement for translocation. In exploring the recovery possibilities for the three focal plant species, we develop a time–space integrated framework that can be employed to guide conservation decisions for other species, enabling a more rational use of translocations in the future, in line with international guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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15. Spatial and temporal variability in summertime dissolved carbon dioxide and methane in temperate ponds and shallow lakes

Author

Ray, Nicholas E., primary, Holgerson, Meredith A., additional, Andersen, Mikkel Rene, additional, Bikše, Jānis, additional, Bortolotti, Lauren E., additional, Futter, Martyn, additional, Kokorīte, Ilga, additional, Law, Alan, additional, McDonald, Cory, additional, Mesman, Jorrit P., additional, Peacock, Mike, additional, Richardson, David C., additional, Arsenault, Julien, additional, Bansal, Sheel, additional, Cawley, Kaelin, additional, Kuhn, McKenzie, additional, Shahabinia, Amir Reza, additional, and Smufer, Facundo, additional

Published
2023
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16. Optimising species detection probability and sampling effort in lake fish eDNA surveys

Author

Sellers, Graham, primary, Jerde, Christopher L, additional, Harper, Lynsey R, additional, Benucci, Marco, additional, Di Muri, Cristina, additional, Li, Jianlong, additional, Peirson, Graeme, additional, Walsh, Kerry, additional, Hatton-Ellis, Tristan W., additional, Duncan, Willie, additional, Duguid, Alistair, additional, Ottewell, Dave, additional, Willby, Nigel, additional, Law, Alan, additional, Bean, Colin, additional, Winfield, Ian, additional, Read, Daniel, additional, Lawson-Handley, Lori, additional, and Hänfling, Bernd, additional

Published
2023
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17. Lithium in breast milk transiently affects the renal electrolytic balance of infants

Author

Ahmed, Irfan, primary, Khan, Muhammad Shehzad, additional, Ma, Victor, additional, Magsi, Hina, additional, Gunawan, Renardi, additional, Ilyas, Abdul‐Mojeed Olabisi, additional, Lashari, Najeeb ur Rehman, additional, Wassan, Naveed, additional, Paidi, Santosh, additional, Ali, Zulfiqar, additional, Law, Alan W. L., additional, Zhang, Yanpeng, additional, Cho, William C., additional, Alda, Martin, additional, Bergink, Veerle, additional, Barman, Ishan, additional, and Lau, Condon, additional

Published
2022
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20. Análise Ecoepidemiológico da Leishmaniose Visceral Canina no Município de Foz do Iguaçu entre 2018 e 2019

Author

Law, Alan Yeung, Orientação, Tavares, Flávio Luiz, and Delai, Robson Michael

Subjects
leishmaniose visceral, diagnóstico molecular, ecoepidemiologia
Abstract

Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduaçãoem Biociências, do Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, da Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, área de concentração Biociências. As leishmanioses são consideradas doenças parasitárias zoonóticas e cosmopolitas, em processo de expansão em diversos continentes. A alta adaptabilidade do agente etiológico a um amplo espectro de hospedeiros mamíferos é observada na forma mais agressiva da doença, a leishmaniose visceral (LV) ou Calazar, causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum, e transmitida a seus hospedeiros vertebrados pelo flebotomíneo Lutzomia longipalpis. Com características ecoepidemiológicas singulares, embora possa se apresentar insidiosa em parte importante do seu curso natural, a LV é responsável por altas taxas de letalidade quando não tratada. A cidade de Foz do Iguaçu, fronteiriça com Ciudad del Este (Paraguai) e Puerto Iguazu (Argentina) apresenta um intenso fluxo de pessoas e animais, o que pode facilitar a circulação de diferentes espécies e cepas de Leishmania. Nos últimos anos, a casuística de LV vem aumentando de forma preocupante na população canina da cidade e o primeiro caso humano autóctone foi confirmado no ano de 2015. Atualmente, o Centro de Controle de Zoonozes (CCZ) e os laboratórios de referência estaduais utilizam testes rápidos e sorológicos de ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) para diagnosticar a enfermidade em cães do município e da região, procedimento indicado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Entretanto, número importante de casos, incluindo-se muitos subclínicos, necessita de confirmação por técnicas que apresentem maior sensibilidade e especificidade diagnósticas. Neste estudo foram averiguados os resultados através da análise de concordância por meio do Coeficiente de Cohen Kappa entre o teste rápido com a confirmação pelo teste de ELISA em relação ao teste molecular via PCR (polymerase chain reaction) em tempo real utilizando amostra de sangue total obtido pela demanda espontânea do CCZ, realizando-se um levantamento socioambiental dos tutores dos animais e correlacionando o com a situação epidemiológica desta enfermidade canina. O estudo também elaborou mapa de adequabilidade ambiental baseados nas condições climáticas e avaliou potencial área de ocorrência da zoonose. Através do modelo estatístico verificou-se que não houve concordância entre o teste molecular com os testes sorológicos resultando em um valor k=0,1675. Outro ponto analisado refletiu que a permanência do animal em área externa aumenta o risco em mais de cinco vezes de contraírem a doença. Em relação a adequabilidade ambiental, concluiu-se que a cidade apresenta um elevado potencial de ocorrência da leishmaniose visceral canina. O presente estudo visou contribuir com análises ecoepidemiológicas da região e auxiliar no melhor conhecimento sobre as características moleculares do parasita da LV circulante na Tríplice Fronteira, buscando incrementar e validar as opções diagnósticas disponíveis na região.

Published
2022

21. Pond ecology and conservation: research priorities and knowledge gaps

Author

Hill, Matthew J, Greaves, Helen M, Sayer, Carl D, Hassall, Christopher, Milin, Melanie, Milner, Victoria S, Marazzi, Luca, Hall, Ruth, Harper, Lynsey R, Thornhill, Ian, Walton, Richard, Biggs, Jeremy, Ewald, Naomi, Law, Alan, and Willby, Nigel

Subjects
connectivity, aquatic–terrestrial linkages, small lentic water bodies, ecosystem services, management, biodiversity, policy
Abstract

Ponds are among the most biodiverse and ecologically important freshwater habitats globally and may provide a significant opportunity to mitigate anthropogenic pressures and reverse the decline of aquatic biodiversity. Ponds also provide important contributions to society through the provision of ecosystem services. Despite the ecological and societal importance of ponds, freshwater research, policy, and conservation have historically focused on larger water bodies, with significant gaps remaining in our understanding and conservation of pond ecosystems. In May 2019, pond researchers and practitioners participated in a workshop to tackle several pond ecology, conservation, and management issues. Nine research themes and 30 research questions were identified during and following the workshop to address knowledge gaps around: (1) pond habitat definition; (2) global and long-term data availability; (3) anthropogenic stressors; (4) aquatic–terrestrial interactions; (5) succession and disturbance; (6) freshwater connectivity; (7) pond monitoring and technological advances; (8) socio-economic factors; and (9) conservation, management, and policy. Key areas for the future inclusion of ponds in environmental and conservation policy were also discussed. Addressing gaps in our fundamental understanding of pond ecosystems will facilitate more effective research-led conservation and management of pondscapes, their inclusion in environmental policy, support the sustainability of ecosystem services, and help address many of the global threats driving the decline in freshwater biodiversity.

Published
2021

23. Lithium in breast milk transiently affects the renal electrolytic balance of infants.

Author

Ahmed, Irfan, Khan, Muhammad Shehzad, Ma, Victor, Magsi, Hina, Gunawan, Renardi, Ilyas, Abdul‐Mojeed Olabisi, Lashari, Najeeb ur Rehman, Wassan, Naveed, Paidi, Santosh, Ali, Zulfiqar, Law, Alan W. L., Zhang, Yanpeng, Cho, William C., Alda, Martin, Bergink, Veerle, Barman, Ishan, and Lau, Condon

Subjects
BREAST milk, LITHIUM carbonate, INFANTS, THYROID gland, BREASTFEEDING
Abstract

Background: The use of lithium during breast‐feeding has not been comprehensively investigated in humans due to concerns about lithium toxicity. Procedure: We analyzed lithium in the kidneys of nursed pups of lithium medicated mothers, using analytical spectroscopy in a novel rat model. The mothers were healthy rats administered lithium via gavage (1000 mg/day Li2CO3 per 50 kg body weight). Results: Lithium was detected in the breast milk, and in the blood of pups (0.08 mM), of lithium‐exposed dams at post‐natal day 18 (P18), during breast‐feeding. No lithium was detected after breast‐feeding, at P25 (4 days after cessation of nursing). The lithium pups blood had elevated urea nitrogen at P18 and reduced total T4 at P18 and P25, indicating a longer‐term effect on the kidneys and the thyroid gland. Multivariate machine‐learning analysis of spectroscopy data collected from the excised kidneys of pups showed elevated potassium in lithium‐exposed animals both during‐ and after breast‐feeding. The elevated renal potassium was associated with low nephrin expression in the kidneys measured immunohistochemically during breast‐feeding. After lithium exposure is stopped, the filtration of lithium from the kidneys reverses these effects. Our study showed that breastfeeding during lithium use has an effect on the kidneys of the offspring in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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26. Interactive effects of beaver and deer on Scotland's riparian woodlands

Author

Wilson, Kelsey, Willby, Nigel, Law, Alan, Gaywood, Martin, and Hester, Alison

Subjects
Eurasian beaver, riparian woodland, deer, herbivore interaction, Beavers, European beaver, Stream animals, Herbivores, Forests and forestry--Scotland, Ecosystem health, Riparian areas
Abstract

Restoring lost interspecific interactions through reintroductions is a key aim in some habitat restoration projects, but few focus on the interspecific interactions specifically between herbivores. As a result, herbivore interactions are rarely considered in species management policies or woodland expansion targets, despite their potentially important role in shaping ecosystem function. The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) is an ecosystem engineer that is expanding across Scotland, following a long absence, into riparian woodlands already being structurally altered by deer (Cervidae). Riparian woodlands are high value habitats in terms of biodiversity and mitigation of climate change impacts, but their quality and extent have dramatically declined due to anthropogenic pressures. Beavers and deer both exert their own unique influence on riparian woodlands through browsing, yet no published research in Europe has so far investigated the relationship between beaver and deer browsing and how it could impact woodland structure, composition, and regeneration processes. This thesis examined beaver-deer interactions in riparian woodlands through a combination of field-based surveys and experiments in Scotland. The foundation of beaver-deer interactions was firstly examined by studying beaver tree foraging preferences and their temporal effects on woodland composition and structure (Chapter 2). While beavers can alter their habitat drastically at a small patch-scale over a short period through highly selective foraging, it was found that woodland composition or structure did not significantly change over an 11-year period. The second field-based survey (Chapter 3) confirmed that beaver herbivory can promote riparian woodland regeneration and habitat complexity by creating a mosaic of mature and multi-stemmed, coppiced trees. In addition, the secondary shoots from resprouted beaver-felled trees were found to be readily available, nutritious, and morphologically appealing in terms of their distribution and density, which could enhance resources for browsing deer and influence deer distribution. Finally, the mechanistic elements of beaver-deer interactions were explored by tracking the growth of experimental riparian willow (Salix cinerea) stands (Chapter 4). This demonstrated that deer browsing on resprouted beaver-felled trees is likely to alter tree structure and resource allocation over time, but effects will depend on deer density. It also revealed that changes in soil moisture (caused by beaver damming) may play a role in tree responses to beaver-deer interactions. As beaver and deer continue to expand into intensely-modified, populated landscapes throughout Europe, their interactions in riparian woodlands are likely to become increasingly commonplace. The research presented in this thesis highlights that nationwide riparian planting/enhancement, coupled with standardised monitoring of the impacts of herbivore interactions, should be considered a preventative priority in future beaver/deer management plans and woodland expansion targets.

Published
2023

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