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Within the context of the Climate and Energy Outlook 2024 (KEV 2024) estimates have been made for emissions and removals of carbon dioxide and emissions of laughing gas by Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF), in line with the methodology used for the international reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals of the Netherlands under the UNFCCC. Moreover, the accounting rules that are applicable under the EU LULUCF regulation 2018/841 have been applied to these estimates of emissions and removals for the period 2021-2025 and 2026-2030., In het kader van de Klimaat- en Energieverkenning 2024 (KEV 2024) zijn referentieramingen gemaakt voor emissies en verwijderingen van koolstofdioxide en emissies van lachgas door landgebruik, landgebruiksverandering en bosbouw (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry; LULUCF) in lijn met de methodiek zoals gebruikt voor de Nederlandse broeikasgasrapportages aan de VN Klimaatconventie (UNFCCC). Op de resultaten zijn tevens de boekhoudregels toegepast zoals die voor de periode 2021-2025 en 2026-2030 onder de EU LULUCF verordening 2018/841 van kracht zijn.

Recycling of organic resources into agriculture has the potential to greatly increase nutrient use efficiency and improve soil carbon balance, but improper management can have adverse effects on the environment. Agriculture therefore faces large challenges to increase yields while decreasing these emissions to the environment. In this paper, we review (i) the availability and composition of organic resources, (ii) their agronomic value and risk of emissions, (iii) potential measures to reduce their emissions, and (iv) future challenges to support farmers and policy makers. The total amount of organic resource applied to soil amounted on average 41 kg nitrogen per ha agricultural land, 9 kg phosphorus per ha, and 456 kg carbon per ha in EU-27 + UK in 2017. Solid pig and cattle manures and cattle slurry are the most used organic resources. The availability of new organic resources from food processing, sewage sludge, municipal bio-wastes, and upcoming manure treatment techniques as fertilizer or soil conditioner is expected to strongly increase over the coming decade. Insight is needed into the composition of organic resources, the plant-availability of nutrients, the degradability of organic matter and the presence of contaminants. Measurement techniques become available to characterize soils, manures, crops, and emissions to the environment. However, the interpretation, and integration of data, and recommendations to farmers and policymakers using large amounts of data is expected to become more and more challenging. Many measures are available to improve nutrient and carbon management and to reduce emissions, including proper application, technological measures and structural changes in agriculture. For many measures, there is a risk of trade-offs that could lead to pollution swapping at different scales. We should focus on finding synergies between measures and no-regret management choices to develop effective mitigation strategies. The main future challenge for m

Agricultural practices are causing a variety of environmental impacts such as emissions of ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases (GHG), and leaching and runoff of nutrients to groundwater and surface water. Measures need to be taken to achieve environmental targets set in European agreements and directives, such as the Birds and Habitats Directives, Nitrates Directive, Water Framework Directive and Fit for 55 package. To explore solutions for these issues an integral approach is needed, in which synergies between measures are included and pollution swapping is avoided. In addition, spatial interaction needs to be included because the environmental impacts are related to the spatial distribution of nature sites, farming systems, soil type and hydrology. We performed a regionalised approach for the Netherlands using a suite of models to simulate the effect of agricultural measures on manure and fertilizer distribution, emissions of NH3 and GHG, nitrogen (N) deposition on nature, nitrate (NO3−) leaching to groundwater, N and phosphorus (P) losses to surface waters, and soil carbon (C) sequestration. A mix of structural, technical and management measures was evaluated to achieve targets on both regional and national level for a regionalised approach and a more generic (national) approach. Results show that the regionalised approach is more beneficial, especially for water quality improvement and N deposition reduction and to a lesser extend for the mitigation of GHG emissions and NO3− leaching. When all measures are fully implemented, the 2030 targets for NO3− and N deposition can be attained, but the targets for surface water and climate mitigation cannot be met.

The objective of this report is to provide insight into the current emissions related to the most important agricultural export products in the Netherlands and how the emissions would develop if Dutch production were to be moved abroad. In total, 41% of the total export value of agricultural products is directly related to primary Dutch agriculture (42 billion euros). For pork, poultry meat and eggs, greenhouse gas emissions per kg of product are lower than the weighted average of the other EU countries. For dairy, beef and potatoes, emissions per kg of product are higher than the EU average. Mainly due to higher emissions from peat soils and related to soy imports. For NH3 and NOx, the emissions per kg of product in the Netherlands are on average lower than the average of the other EU countries, only for potatoes they are slightly higher. The calculations show the possible effect of relocating production on emissions. However, it remains uncertain what would actually happen, as there is a large variability among Member States due to differences in production efficiency, soils and climate, housing systems and application of measures., De doelstelling van dit rapport is om inzicht te geven in de huidige emissies gerelateerd aan de belangrijkste landbouwexportproducten in Nederland en hoe de emissies zich zouden ontwikkelen als sprake zou zijn van verplaatsing van Nederlandse productie naar het buitenland. In totaal heeft 41% van de totale exportwaarde van landbouwproducten een directe samenhang met de primaire Nederlandse landbouw (42 miljard euro). Voor varkensvlees, pluimveevlees en eieren zijn de broeikasgasemissies per kg product lager dan het gewogen gemiddelde van de andere EU-landen. Voor zuivel, rundvlees en aardappel zijn de emissies per kg product hoger dan het EU-gemiddelde, met name door emissies uit veengronden en ontbossing gerelateerd aan soja-import. Voor NH3 en NOx zijn de emissies per kg product in Nederland gemiddeld lager dan het gemiddelde van de andere EU-landen, alleen voor aardappel zijn ze iets hoger. De berekeningen laten zien wat het mogelijke effect van verplaatsing van productie kan zijn op emissies. Het blijft echter onzeker wat er daadwerkelijk zou gebeuren, aangezien achter de gemiddelde berekende emissies een grote spreiding zit tussen lidstaten door verschillen in productie-efficiëntie, regionale verschillen in bodem en klimaat, stalsystemen en toepassing van maatregelen.

As part of the Climate and Energy Outlook 2023 (KEV 2023), greenhouse gas emissions and removals ofcarbon dioxide from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) the estimates from the KEV 2022 havebeen updated in outline. The methods used for the estimates are in line with the methodology used for theDutch greenhouse gas inventory reports to the UN Climate Convention (UNFCCC). The updated estimatestake into account the method changes made to the national reporting in 2023. Moreover, also the accountingrules that are applicable under the recently amended EU LULUCF regulation 2018/841 have been applied tothese estimates of emissions and removals for the period 2021-2025 and 2026-2030., In het kader van de Klimaat- en Energieverkenning 2023 (KEV 2023) zijn voor broeikasgasemissies enverwijderingen van koolstofdioxide door landgebruik, landgebruiksverandering en bosbouw (Land Use,Land-Use Change and Forestry; LULUCF) de referentieramingen uit de KEV 2022 op hoofdlijnen bijgewerkt.De methodes voor de ramingen zijn in lijn met de methodiek zoals gebruikt voor de Nederlandsebroeikasgasrapportages aan de VN Klimaatconventie (UNFCCC). De bijgewerkte ramingen houden rekeningmet de methodewijzigingen die voor de nationale rapportage in 2023 zijn doorgevoerd. Op de resultaten zijntevens de boekhoudregels toegepast zoals die voor de periode 2021-2025 en 2026-2030 onder de recentgewijzigde EU LULUCF verordening 2018/841 van kracht zijn.

De EU-Bodemstrategie heeft tot doel om gezonde bodems te bereiken. Deze quick scan is een eerste overzicht van de mogelijke impact van de EU-Bodemstrategie, met focus op landbouw en natuurbodems. Per beleidsveld is een factsheet opgesteld die in een kort overzicht het Europese beleid naast het Nederlandse beleid met maatregelen zet, en de kansen, knelpunten en kennisbehoefte schetst. Dit betreft de volgende zes beleidsvelden: Klimaat; Biodiversiteit; Landbouw- en stikstof; Ruimtelijke Ordening en Circulaire economie; Waterkwaliteit; Harmonisatie van monitoring en dataverzameling. Aan de hand van de vie rthema’s van de EU-Bodemstrategie worden conclusies getrokken en wordt de kennisbehoefte beschreven.

The excel file "main_MARINA-Nutrients_model_outputs_for_Europe_2017-2020" contains main results of the MARINA-Nutrients model for Ural-Janssen et al (2023), Hotspots of nutrient losses to air and water: an integrated modelling approach for European river basins. The model results are presented in unit of load (kg/yr) for the period of 2017-2020 per river basin. These results are obtained by model calculations following the equations that are provided in the "Materials and Methods" of the paper and in the supporting file of the paper. The folder contains Codebook.csv file for more details on the data.

Nutrient pollution of air and water is a persistent problem in Europe. However, the pollution sources are often analyzed separately, preventing the formulation of integrative solutions. This study aimed to quantify the contribution of agriculture to air, river and coastal water pollution by nutrients. A new MARINA-Nutrients model was developed for Europe to calculate inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to land and rivers, N emissions to air, and nutrient export to seas by river basins. Under current practice, inputs of N and P to land were 34.4 and 1.8 Tg·yr–1, respectively. However, only 12% of N and 3% of P reached the rivers. Agriculture was responsible for 55% of N and sewage for 67% of P in rivers. Reactive N emissions to air from agriculture were calculated at 4.0 Tg·yr–1. Almost two-fifths of N emissions to air were from animal housing and storage. Nearly a third of the basin area was considered as pollution hotspots and generated over half of N emissions to air and nutrient pollution in rivers. Over 25% of river export of N ended up in the Atlantic Ocean and of P in the Mediterranean Sea. These results could support environmental policies to reduce both air and water pollution simultaneously, and avoid pollution swapping.

In deze studie zijn beleidsscenario’s opgesteld die inzicht geven in de potentie voor vermindering van broeikasgasemissies uit de landbouw- en landgebruik-sector in 2035. De vier scenario’s zijn: 1) referentie (KEV 2022), 2) alleen overheidssturing, pessimistisch, 3) alleen overheidssturing, optimistisch en 4) Scenario 3 + aanvullende sturing vanuit private sector. Voor elk beleidsscenario is een inschatting gemaakt van de implementatie van klimaatmitigatie-maatregelen. De resultaten laten zien dat emissies vanuit landbouw en landgebruik in 2035 naar verwachting met 14% (Scenario 2) tot 39% (Scenario 4) kunnen dalen t.o.v. van het referentiescenario. De economische analyse laat zien dat het verlies aan netto toegevoegde waarde groter is bij de aanleverende en verwerkende industrie dan bij de primaire landbouwsector. De doorgerekende scenario’s leveren ook baten op, met name vermeden milieuschade (1,6 tot 2,8 miljard euro per jaar). De netto kosten van de maatregelen (5,4 tot 8,5 miljard euro per jaar) wegen echter niet op tegen de netto baten van vermeden milieuschade.---In this study policy scenarios were constructed that provide insight in the potential for greenhouse gas emission reduction in the agriculture and land use sectors in 2035. The four scenarios are: 1) reference (KEV 2022), 2) only public governance, pessimistic, 3) only public governance, optimistic, and 4) Scenario 3 + additional private governance. For each policy scenario an estimate was made of the uptake of climate change mitigation measures. Results show that emissions from agriculture and land use will decrease by 14% (Scenario 2) to 39% (Scenario 4) in 2035 compared to the reference scenario. The economic analysis shows that the loss of net added value is larger at the supplying and processing industry compared to the primary agriculture sector. The scenarios also show benefits in terms of avoided environmental damage (1.6 to 2.8 billion euro per year). The net costs of the measures (5.4 to 8

This study is an integral exploration of regional goals and measures in agriculture to achieve the goals of the Birds and Habitats Directive, Water Framework Directive, Nitrates Directive and the National Climate Agreement. To this end, regional targets have been derived and an integrated package of measures has been established, aiming to achieve the targets. The effects of the package of measures have been explored for Dutch agriculture with regard to leaching and runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus to groundwater and surface water, greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide from peat soil, methane and nitrous oxide and carbon sequestration in soils), ammonia emission and nitrogen deposition in nature. The targets have been regionalized to province level on the basis of existing and intended agreements or have been derived by the authors on the basis of current emissions per province. Calculations have been performed for the base year 2020, the reference year 2030 with established policy and two scenarios, in which the package of measures has been applied generically and region oriented. The effects of the measures were evaluated in view of the regional targets to determine target reach., Deze studie betreft een integrale verkenning van regionale doelen en maatregelen in de landbouw om de doelstellingen van de Vogel- en Habitatrichtlijnen, Kaderrichtlijn Water, Nitraatrichtlijn en het Nationaal Klimaatakkoord te realiseren. Hiertoe zijn regionale doelen afgeleid en is een integraal maatregelenpakket vastgesteld, waarbij gestreefd werd om de doelen te realiseren. De effecten van het maatregelenpakket is verkend voor de Nederlandse landbouw met betrekking tot uit- en afspoeling van stikstof en fosfor naar grond- en oppervlaktewater, broeikasgasemissies (koolstofdioxide uit veengrond, methaan en lachgas), koolstofvastlegging in bodems, ammoniakemissie en stikstofdepositie op natuur. De doelen zijn geregionaliseerd naar provincieniveau op basis van bestaande en beoogde afspraken of zijn door de auteurs afgeleid op basis van de huidige emissies per provincie. Er zijn berekeningen uitgevoerd voor het basisjaar 2020, het referentiejaar 2030 bij vaststaand beleid en twee scenario’s waarbij het maatregelenpakket generiek en gebiedsgericht is toegepast. De effecten van de maatregelen zijn vervolgens gerelateerd aan de regionale doelen om het doelbereik te bepalen.

The aim of this study is to quantify the N flows and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in Dutch agriculture and to assess options to improve this efficiency. Improvement options related to i) reduced mineral N fertilizer use, ii) reduced feed import and iii) reduced N emissions were identified and their impact was estimated for 2030 and 2040. Current NUE of the crop system is 58%, whereas in the NUE of the livestock system 30%. The results show that the improvement options could lead to N saving of 97 kton by 2030 and up to 209 kton N by 2040. This would increase the NUE of Dutch agriculture from 40% in 2020 to 52% in 2040. Most of the N savings can be obtained by measures that reduce the mineral N fertilizer use, of which the use of clover in grassland is the main option. These findings show that there is still large scope for improvement in NUE in Dutch agriculture, which will reduce the N emissions to the environment and improve nutrient cycling., Het doel van deze studie is het kwantificeren van stikstofstromen en stikstof-efficiëntie (NUE) van de Nederlandse landbouw en het verkennen van opties om deze efficiëntie te verhogen. Opties voor verbetering zijn gerelateerd aan i) vermindering van kunstmestgebruik, ii) vermindering van de import van veevoer en iii) vermindering van de N emissies. Een inschatting van de impact van deze opties is gemaakt voor 2030 en 2040. De huidige NUE voor de teelt van gewassen is 58% en voor de veehouderij 30%. De resultaten laten zien dat toepassing van de opties kunnen leiden tot een besparing van 97 kton N in 2030 en tot 209 kton N in 2040. Hiermee neemt de NUE van de Nederlandse landbouw toe van 40% in 2020 tot 52% in 2040. Een groot deel van de N besparing is gerelateerd aan minder kunstmestgebruik, waarbij toepassing van grasklaver de grootste potentie heeft. De studie laat zien dat er in de Nederlandse landbouw nog voldoende potentie is voor verdere verbetering van de NUE, wat bijdraagt aan het sluiten van kringlopen en vermindering van N emissies.