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In this study, xylose and arabinose were subjected separately to Maillard reaction with a crude extract of Mactra veneriformis under dry-heating conditions. The immunoreactivity and digestion properties of the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were analyzed, finding that the Maillard reaction could reduce the immunoreactivity of allergens derived from Mactra veneriformis, increase the continuous digestion rate of the crude extract in simulated gastrointestinal fluid, and reduce the particle diameter of the digestion products. After that, TM in the MRPs was separated and purified, and its structural characteristics and immunoreactivity were analyzed. The results showed that the α-helix content of TM decreased and the β-sheet, β-turn, and random coil contents increased after the Maillard reaction, the surface hydrophobicity increased, and the spatial structure changed, which eventually led to a reduction in the immunoreactivity of TM. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of hypoallergenic clam products.

Background: Although current studies have identified sleep disorders as an independent risk factor for suicide, the relationship between sleep disorders and suicide risk has not been well established. This study explored whether anxiety and depressive symptoms are used as mediators to participate in the impact of sleep quality on suicide risk. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. We administered a psychological questionnaire to the participants, using a combination of self-assessment and psychiatrist assessment.Sleep quality, suicide risk, level of anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed by PSQI, NGASR, SAS and SDS.The study subjects were 391 hospitalized COVID-19 patients from Wuhan hospitals. We used model 6 in the PROCESS (version 3.5) plug-in of SPSS software to conduct mediation test with sleep quality as the independent variable, suicide risk as the dependent variable, level of anxiety and depressive symptoms as intermediate variables. Results: The severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms and the risk of suicide in the sleep disorder group (63.15 ± 13.71, 59.85 ± 13.38, 6.52 ± 3.67) were higher than those in the non-sleep disorder group (49.83 ± 13.14, 44.87 ± 10.19, 2.87 ± 3.26) (P

Bainong sterility (BNS) is a thermo‐sensitive genic male sterile wheat line, characterised by anther fertility transformation in response to low temperature (LT) stress during meiosis, the failure of vacuole decomposition and the absence of starch accumulation in sterile bicellular pollen. Our study demonstrates that the late microspore (LM) stage marks the transition from the anther growth to anther maturation phase, characterised by the changes in anther structure, carbohydrate metabolism and the main transport pathway of sucrose (Suc). Fructan is a main storage polysaccharide in wheat anther, and its synthesis and remobilisation are crucial for anther development. Moreover, the process of pollen amylogenesis and the fate of the large vacuole in pollen are closely intertwined with fructan synthesis and remobilisation. LT disrupts the normal physiological metabolism of BNS anthers during meiosis, particularly affecting carbohydrate metabolism, thus determining the fate of male gametophytes and pollen abortion. Disruption of fructan synthesis and remobilisation regulation serves as a decisive event that results in anther abortion. Sterile pollen exhibits common traits of pollen starvation and impaired starch accumulation due to the inhibition of apoplastic transport starting from the LM stage, which is regulated by cell wall invertase TaIVR1 and Suc transporter TaSUT1. Summary statement: The manuscript provides new insight into the role of carbohydrate metabolism in regulating anther development and the molecular mechanisms underlying pollen abortion in a thermo‐sensitive genic male sterile winter wheat line under low temperature during meiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The adzuki bean is a typical short-day plant and an important grain crop that is widely used due to its high nutritional and medicinal value. The adzuki bean flowering time is affected by multiple environmental factors, particularly the photoperiod. Adjusting the day length can induce flower synchronization in adzuki bean and accelerate the breeding process. In this study, we used RNA sequencing analysis to determine the effects of different day lengths on gene expression and metabolic characteristics related to adzuki bean flowering time. Methods: 'Tangshan hong xiao dou' was used as the experimental material in this study and field experiments were conducted in 2022 using a randomized block design with three treatments: short-day induction periods of 5 d (SD-5d), 10 d (SD-10d), and 15 d (SD-15d). Results: A total of 5,939 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 38.09% were up-regulated and 23.81% were down-regulated. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was performed on the target genes to identify common functions related to photosystems I and II. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis identified two pathways involved in the antenna protein and circadian rhythm. Furthermore, florescence was promoted by down-regulating genes in the circadian rhythm pathway through the blue light metabolic pathway; whereas, antenna proteins promoted flowering by enhancing the reception of light signals and accelerating electron transport. In these two metabolic pathways, the number of DEGs was the greatest between the SD-5d VS SD-15d groups. Real-time reverse transcription‒quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis results of eight DEGs were consistent with the sequencing results. Thus, the sequencing results were accurate and reliable and eight genes were identified as candidates for the regulation of short-day induction at the adzuki bean seedling stage. Conclusions: Short-day induction was able to down-regulate the expression of genes related to flowering according to the circadian rhythm and up-regulate the expression of certain genes in the antenna protein pathway. The results provide a theoretical reference for the molecular mechanism of short-day induction and multi-level information for future functional studies to verify the key genes regulating adzuki bean flowering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]