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Objective To analyze the current status of the development of adaptation guidelines in China, as well as their methodological quality and the reporting quality, in order to provide reference for the development of adaptation guidelines. Methods We searched and collected adaptation guidelines led by Chinese researchers or institutions from 2015 to 2023 from four electronic databases, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data Knowledge Service Platform, SinoMed and PubMed, extracted the basic information of the adapted guidelines, and assessed their methodological quality and reporting quality using the Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation (AGREE) Ⅱ and RIGHT-Ad@pt tools. Results A total of 14 adaptation guidelines were included, mainly focusing on nursing (42.9%, 6/14), with the most frequently used adaptation method of ADAPTE (71.4%, 10/14), and with reference to pre-existing guidelines mainly from the United States, the United Kingdom, and international organizations. Assessment by the AGREE Ⅱ tool showed that the average methodological quality score of the adapted guidelines was 36.6%. The scores were relatively high in the domains of clarity of expression and rigor of formulation (44.4% and 54.9%), and lowest in the domain of applicability (15.3%). The results of the RIGHT-Ad@pt tool showed that the reporting quality of the adaptation guidelines was relatively good, with the highest reporting rate of 91.2% and the lowest of 35.3%, and the reporting rates of seven articles were higher than 70%. Conclusions Adaptation guidelines in China are still in their infancy, with a relatively small number and mainly focusing on the nursing field. The most commonly used adaptation method is the ADAPTE method. The methodological quality and reporting quality of adaptation guidelines need to be further improved, and more research should be conducted on the specific conditions and timing of adaptation guidelines development.

Objective To promote the development of high-quality health standards in China and summarize the characteristics of global health standards management systems and development processes. Methods We conducted a systematic search of relevant databases and the websites of standardization institutions. A descriptive method was used to analyze the basic characteristics of the standard management systems and development processes. Results The majority of the investigated countries and organizations primarily implement voluntary standards, with the exception of Chinese and the European Committee for Standardization that enforce compulsory standards. All countries and organizations have health standards at the national, group, and enterprise levels. In China and Japan, standards authorities are subordinate to the government, while in other countries or organizations, they operate as independent civil societies. The development process for health standards generally involves five stages: 'Project/Proposal → Draft → Enquiry → Review → Publication'. However, the specific steps in the development of health standards vary across different countries and organizations. Furthermore, China ranks high in the number of both standards and health standards issued, but the proportion of health standards is only 2.06%. Conclusions There are significant differences between China and other countries in terms of the management system and development process of health standards. To promote the management and development of high-quality health standards in China, we recommend promoting the coordination mechanism for standard development, increasing efforts to publicize standards and evaluate the implementation effect, strengthening the construction of personnel for the development of health standards, optimizing the efficiency of standard development and improving the internationalization level of health standards.

Objective To analyze the development method of existing clinical practice guidelines in primary care to inform the future development of high-quality clinical practice guidelines in primary care. Methods Chinese and English databases and guideline websites were systematically searched for clinical practice guidelines in primary care published from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021, with additional searches conducted by reference tracing and Google Scholar. After screening was completed, basic information on included studies and information related to the development methodology was extracted and analyzed. Results Twenty primary guidelines published between 2019 and 2021 were finally included, 95% of which originated from developed countries. The most common developing institutions were universities/research institutes (8, 40%), the disciplines with the most attention were nursing (4, 20%), infectious diseases (3, 15%), and gastroenterology (3, 15%), and the areas of the guidelines were mainly focused on management (4, 20%), treatment (4, 20%) and nursing (3, 15%).None of the guidelines were registered, and 11 (55%) guidelines used evidence grading and strength of recommendation criteria. Mean reporting on the 18 topics in the Guideline 2.0 inventory was 40%, with relatively good reporting on the topics of guideline panelists (85%), conflict of interest considerations (75%), and evidence retrieval and incorporation (75%), and low reporting on the topics of organizing-budgeting-planning-training (15%), and summarizing the evidence and considering other information (15%). Conclusions The number of clinical practice guidelines in primary care that explicitly report on the methodology and process of development is low, and there is insufficient consideration of the relevant topics in the Guideline 2.0 checklist. It is recommended that future research focus on standardizing the reporting of clinical practice guidelines in primary care and developing the methodological guidebook for guideline development.

The quality and methodology of guidelines developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) have been continuously improved after decades of development and reform. However, the implementation of conventional guidelines faces certain challenges, including lengthy timelines, the possible loss of accuracy and consistency of recommendations, and limited capacity of some countries to support guideline adaptation and implement. As a result, the expected effects of guideline recommendations may not be fully achieved. As many countries are investing heavily in digital health systems, both the WHO and its Member States have recognized the importance of digital implementation of guidelines and developed the SMART Guidelines. As a new approach, SMART Guidelines can accelerate the implementation of evidence-based recommendations in the digital age, enhance their compliance and implementability, and improve healthcare quality and population outcomes. This article aims to provide an overview of the background, definition, framework, and knowledge layers of the WHO SMART Guidelines, using antenatal care guidelines as an example for interpretation.

In recent years, the development on sustainable and environmentally friendly materials has paid more and more attention. The polyglycolic acid (PGA), a biodegradable polymer, has emerged as a prime candidate due to its remarkable mechanical strength, rigidity, and gas barrier properties, which has been widely used in various practical applications. To gain insights into the PGA's behavior and properties under acidic and neutral and basic situations, a comprehensive theoretical and experimental study were performed to investigate PGA's hydrolysis behaviors in aqueous solutions. The density functional theory calculation was carried out to unveil the difference of PGA degradation mechanisms. The calculated results demonstrate that different degradation solutions play a significant impact on the degradation rates of PGA. Specifically, PGA degradation was the fastest in NaOH solution, followed by acidic solutions, with the slowest degradation observed in deionized water. Meanwhile, the experiments were performed and verified this preference of PGA degradation under basic condition. It was observed that the PGA experienced a greater degree of mass loss when exposed to basic condition, compared to those exposed to neutral and acidic environments. This work pointed out that the alkaline environment will facilitate the hydrolysis reaction of PGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) holds great potential for various applications such as electronic devices, catalysis, lubrication, anti-corrosion and so on. Thermal evaporation is a versatile thin film deposition technique, however, the conventional thermal evaporation techniques face challenges in producing uniform thin films of MoS2 due to its high melting temperature of 1375 °C. As a result, only thick and rough MoS2 films can be obtained using these methods. To address this issue, we have designed a vacuum thermal evaporation system specifically for large-scale preparation of MoS2 thin films. By using K2MoS4 as the precursor, we achieved reliable deposition of uniform polycrystalline MoS2 thin films with a size of 50 mm × 50 mm and controllable thickness ranging from 0.8 to 2.4 nm. This approach also allows for patterned deposition of MoS2 using shadow masks and sequential deposition of MoS2 and tungsten disulfide (WS2), similar to conventional thermal evaporation techniques. Moreover, we have demonstrated the potential applications of the obtained MoS2 thin films in field effect transistors (FETs), memristors and electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of amides is of great significance in academia and industrial fields. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) studies were employed to investigate the mechanism of the formation of amides via aryl epoxides and amines catalyzed by ruthenium pincer complexes. The entire reaction mainly comprises three processes: isomerization of epoxides to aldehydes, aldimine condensation, and amide formation. Calculated results showed that bipyridine-based Ru–PNN A1 (PNN = 2-(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)bipyridine) pincer complexes could be potential highly catalytic species for the synthesis of amides and that the rate-determining step is the amine-assisted hydrogen elimination with a free energy barrier of 28.0 kcal mol−1. This study might not only provide new insights into the future of the formation of amides by transition-metal complexes but also facilitate the theoretical guidance needed to design novel transition-metal catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the reaction mechanism for the GaCl 3 -catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of 2-formylindacenodithieno[3,2- b ]thiophene (ITIC-CHO) and active methylene compound 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone (IC) to synthesize ITIC in the presence of acetic anhydride was investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The calculated results indicate that this reaction follows a bimolecular GaCl 3 catalytic mechanism. The free energy span for the monomolecular GaCl 3 catalytic mechanism is the highest (31.8 kcal/mol), followed by the trimolecular GaCl 3 catalytic mechanism (26.4 kcal/mol) and the bimolecular GaCl 3 catalytic mechanism (26.3 kcal/mol). The trimolecular GaCl 3 path and bimolecular GaCl 3 path are competitive, but the former path is limited by the concentration of GaCl 3 . The inclusion of GaCl 3 could stabilize the transition states of C-H activation. Compared to the GaCl 3 -catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation, that catalyzed by pyridine is not advantageous, owning a high energy span of 31.7 kcal/mol. These agree well with experimental results. This work could provide a novel theoretical understanding of the Knoevenagel condensation, which could inspire the development of a synthesis strategy for electron acceptor materials.

In this paper the density functional theory (DFT) method was employed to investigate the cross-coupling of methanol with benzyl alcohol to afford methyl benzoate, catalysed by Mn-PNN pincer complex. The whole reaction process mainly includes three stages: the dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde, the coupling of benzaldehyde with methanol to hemiacetal and the dehydrogenation of hemiacetal to methyl benzoate. The calculated results indicated that two dehydrogenation processes are influenced by two competitive mechanisms of inner and outer spheres. Dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde is the rate-determining step of the whole reaction, with the energy barrier of 22.1 kcal/mol. In addition, the regeneration of catalyst is also extremely important. Compared with direct dehydrogenation, the dehydrogenation mode assisted by formic acid is more advantageous. This work might provide theoretical insights and shed light on the design of cheap transition-metal catalysts for the dehydrogenation reaction., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

For the synthesis of vinyl boronate esters, the direct catalytic H 2 -acceptorless dehydrogenative boration of alkenes is one of the promising strategies. In this paper, the density functional theory method was employed to investigate the reaction mechanism of dehydrogenative boration and transfer boration of alkenes catalyzed by a zirconium complex (Cp 2 ZrH 2 ). There are two possible pathways for this reaction: the alkene insertion followed by the dehydrogenative boration (path A) and the alkene insertion after the dehydrogenative boration (path B). The calculated results showed that path A is more favorable than path B, and that the rate-determining step is the C-B coupling step with an energy barrier of 18.7 kcal/mol. The reaction modes of the C-B coupling assisted dehydrogenative boration and the alkene insertion were also discussed. These analyses reveal a novel hydrogen release behavior in dehydrogenative boration and the alkene insertion modes and sequences were proposed to be of importance in the chemoselectivity of this reaction. In addition, the X ligand effect (X = H, Cl) on the catalytic activity of the zirconium complex was explored, indicating that the H ligand could enhance the catalytic activity of the complex for styrene dehydrogenative boration.

The photodetector based on methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) is a promising device for wide wavelength range (380-780 nm) sensitivity. However, its industrial application is limited by the relatively low response speed to the light signal, which has received little attention. Only a few reports show low-bandwidth characteristics (less than 1 MHz at 0.1 cm 2 ). Here, when a cosolvent strategy to manipulate the thickness and the crystallinity of the MAPbI 3 film is adopted, photodetectors with a -3 dB bandwidth of 4.7 MHz are achieved (at 0.16 cm 2 photo detecting area). The performance is significantly better than most of the organic and hybrid photodetectors reported so far. Based on this photodetector and an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), an organic optocoupler system with 1 MHz response frequency is successfully set up. Our results suggest that thickness-manipulated cosolvent strategy is a promising method in high-speed MAPbI 3 -based photodetectors.

A density functional theory method was employed to investigate the mechanism of C-O bond activation of butanoic acid substrates bearing the 8-aminoquinoline (AQ) group catalyzed by Pd(OAc) 2 . The whole reaction consists of five fundamental steps: the chelation of substrate A1 , the C-H activation step, the C-N coupling step, the protodepalladation step, and the release of the final product. The calculated results indicated that the protodepalladation step is the rate-determining step with a free energy barrier of 24.3 kcal/mol. This theoretical study pointed out that the energy barriers of C-H activation in the presence and absence of AQ are 11.3 and 26.6 kcal/mol, respectively. This is to say that the installation of the AQ directing group is critical to the regioselectivity of C-H activation and the β-O elimination steps, and this reason enables selective activation of the γ C-O bond. Furthermore, this chelating functionality facilitated the protodepalladation step because the energy barrier of the protodepalladation step was decreased with the coordination of the AQ directing group with a Pd center, and that was 39.3 kcal/mol in the absence of AQ. This also explains why no product formation was observed in the experiment upon changing the directing AQ group to a phenylamino group. Finally, other substrates bearing the phenol leaving group at the β- and δ-positions of carbonyl were investigated in order to expand the applicability of the AQ directing strategy. This work could provide new theoretical insights into the activation of strong alkyl C(sp 3 ) covalent bonds via the AQ directing strategy.