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Objective: To update the literature and provide a systematic review of image‐based artificial intelligence (AI) applications in otolaryngology, highlight its advances, and propose future challenges. Data Sources: Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library. Review Methods: Studies written in English, published between January 2020 and December 2022. Two independent authors screened the search results, extracted data, and assessed studies. Results: Overall, 686 studies were identified. After screening titles and abstracts, 325 full‐text studies were assessed for eligibility, and 78 studies were included in this systematic review. The studies originated from 16 countries. Among these countries, the top 3 were China (n = 29), Korea (n = 8), the United States, and Japan (n = 7 each). The most common area was otology (n = 35), followed by rhinology (n = 20), pharyngology (n = 18), and head and neck surgery (n = 5). Most applications of AI in otology, rhinology, pharyngology, and head and neck surgery mainly included chronic otitis media (n = 9), nasal polyps (n = 4), laryngeal cancer (n = 12), and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (n = 3), respectively. The overall performance of AI in accuracy, the area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity were 88.39 ± 9.78%, 91.91 ± 6.70%, 86.93 ± 11.59%, and 88.62 ± 14.03%, respectively. Conclusion: This state‐of‐the‐art review aimed to highlight the increasing applications of image‐based AI in otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery. The following steps will entail multicentre collaboration to ensure data reliability, ongoing optimization of AI algorithms, and integration into real‐world clinical practice. Future studies should consider 3‐dimensional (3D)‐based AI, such as 3D surgical AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormal angiogenesis is a hallmark of solid tumors. The combination of cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic drugs has been proven to be more effective than single treatments. As an important platform in synergistic cancer therapy, a carrier-free nanodrug with satisfying bioactivity is very appealing, due to its avoiding of carrier-related potential toxicity. Herein, an amphiphilic drug–drug conjugate was simply synthesized from hydrophilic natural glycosaminoglycan low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and hydrophobic doxorubicin (DOX) via a pH-responsive imine linkage. The LMWH–DOX conjugates could self-assemble into nanoscale particles in aqueous media (denominated 'LD nanodrug'), but were degraded with acidic stimulus. The LD nanodrug integrated the anti-angiogenesis activity of LMWH and the cytotoxicity of DOX and overcame the drawbacks of the free drugs. Compared with the free drugs, the LD nanodrug could accumulate in solid tumors through an enhanced permeability and retention effect, be effectively internalized by tumor cells and release bioactive agents to exert the combinational antitumor effects. Accordingly, the LD nanodrug displayed a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth and metastasis. Furthermore, this work investigated the anti-angiogenic activity of the LD nanodrug using a tube formation assay in vitro and a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in vivo to evaluate its contribution for combinational antitumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]