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For a ∈ C ⁎ there are two natural evaluation maps ev a and ev a from the affine Hecke algebra H ▵ (r) C to the Hecke algebra H (r) C. The maps ev a and ev a induce evaluation maps ev ˜ a and ev ˜ a from the affine quantum Schur algebra S ▵ (n , r) C to the quantum Schur algebra S (n , r) C , respectively. In this paper we prove that the evaluation map ev ˜ a (resp. ev ˜ a) is compatible with the evaluation map Ev a (resp. Ev (− 1) n a q n ) for quantum affine sl n. Furthermore we compute the Drinfeld polynomials associated with the simple S ▵ (n , r) C -modules which come from the simple S (n , r) C -modules via the evaluation maps ev ˜ a. Then we characterize finite-dimensional irreducible S ▵ (n , r) C -modules which are irreducible as S (n , r) C -modules for n > r. As an application, we characterize finite-dimensional irreducible modules for the affine Hecke algebra H ▵ (r) C which are irreducible as modules for the Hecke algebra H (r) C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of nano carbon containing magnesia graphite refractories to reduce the total carbon content is urgently required for application of low carbon steel smelting. In this work, a novel approach to prepare graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) by exfoliating flake graphite (FG) in the medium of phenolic resin (PF) via three-roll milling, and the as-prepared GNPs/PF mixtures were used in MgO-C bricks to develop a novel low carbon magnesia-carbon refractories (LCMCRs). The results show that with the increasing of exfoliation times, the FG was constantly thinned, and the production of GNPs had thicknesses of 10–20 nm after exfoliation for 16 times. As a carbon source for LCMCRs, the GNPs and/or GNPs/PF mixture with 2 wt. % carbon could improve the comprehensive performance of the LCMCRs, including the higher cold crushing strength and hot modules of rupture, the better oxidation resistance and slag corrosion resistance. The GNPs continue uniformly dispersed and wrapped with magnesia aggregate, playing an importance role and positive impaction on the corrosion resistance of refractories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that a strong owner has been identified as an important factor in the success of megaprojects, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of megaproject owner organizational capabilities. However, the questions of what organizational capabilities do owners need to foster successful megaprojects, and whether these capabilities are the stronger the better, have yet to be addressed. To answer these questions, this study identified the dimensions of owner organizational capabilities based on literature and interviews, and developed several sets of parallel hypotheses. Based on the 229 valid questionnaire data collected, the relationships between owner organizational capabilities and megaproject success were analyzed through hierarchical multiple regression, and the results were discussed through expert interviews. The findings show that owner coordination, dynamic, and system integration capabilities have positive impacts on megaproject success, with coordination capabilities being the most significant. While the impact of motivational capabilities on megaproject success is inverted U-shaped. This study provides an actionable dimensional framework for megaproject owner capabilities, moving the field of owner organizational capabilities beyond the conceptual level. This study provides empirical evidence for the importance of megaproject owner organizational capabilities and takes a more dialectical view of a strong owner. The empirical results can provide insights and guidance on the configuration and development of megaproject owner capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The graphite–silicon composite (GSC) anode materials with high specific capacity and excellent conductivity hold intriguing promise for high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, commercializing GSC is hindered by its poor cyclability and safety issues. Here, a fire‐resistant polymer crosslinked with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) to improve the electrochemical properties and enhance the safety of the GSC anode is designed. The crosslinked polymer not only forms a 3D network structure to strengthen the mechanical properties of the composite electrode but also uniformly covers the electrode surface to effectively minimize the side‐reaction between electrodes and electrolyte, thereby improving its rate capacity and cycling stability. As a result, the GSC/PAA anode crosslinked with 10 wt% APP (GSC/10APP‐PAA) delivers a high capacity of 315 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C and stably operates for 1000 cycles with 0.03% capacity decay cycle−1. More importantly, the peak heat release rate and the total heat release value of GSC/10APP‐PAA anode are significantly depressed from 0.35 to 0.1 J s−1, and from 1.6 to 0.6 J g−1, respectively, thereby reducing the self‐extinguishing time, which proves that the crosslinked polymer plays a fireproof role in the process of the thermal runaway of LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External program manager involvement can provide professional and systematic management services to owners. It can help to manage and coordinate different subprojects and ensure the achievement of the overall strategic goals of large projects. The promotion of external program manager involvement is not only efficiency-driven, but the institutional environment also has a significant impact. This study developed a theoretical model to explain how external program manager involvement is influenced by external institutional forces (coercive, mimetic, and normative pressures) and internal top management support. Based on a questionnaire survey, this study tested the research model through partial least-squares structural equation modeling. The empirical results revealed that coercive pressures have no significant impact on external program manager involvement; owners' top management support acts as a complete mediator between the mimetic pressures and external program manager involvement; normative pressures have the greatest impact on top management support and external program manager involvement, and top management support plays a key but partially mediating role. A direct contribution of this study is to reveal how different types of isomorphic pressures can be better exercised to facilitate the involvement of external program managers. Going further, by incorporating both external institutional pressures and internal top management support into the research model, this study provides insight into how organizations are influenced by external institutions to apply tools or approaches internally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D Bi2O2Se has recently attracted widespread research interest due to its high electron mobility and good air stability with tunable bandgap. However, the direct and controllable growth of large‐size, high‐quality ultrathin Bi2O2Se with tunable electronic properties remains a great challenge. Here, an organic ion template‐guided solution growth method, is developed using water as a solvent to efficiently obtain high‐quality 2D Bi2O2Se. Significantly, the thicknesses and morphologies of 2D Bi2OxSe with various oxygen deficiencies; are also achieved. Optical spectroscopic results indicate that oxygen defects can dramatically tune the electronic properties of Bi2O2Se, such as work function, band gap, and energy‐band positions. As a result, the optimized Bi2O2Se devices exhibit a high photoresponsivity of 842.91 A W−1, photo‐detectivity of 8.18 × 1012 Jones under 532 nm laser, and electron mobility of 334.7 cm2 V−1 s−1. This work proposes a new green solution method to synthesize large‐sized, high‐quality Bi2O2Se with tunable electronic structures that can be extended for various applications and provides a new possibility of transfer‐free large‐scale device manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External management consultants have been increasingly employed by owners of complex construction projects (CCPs) to foster management innovation and improve their organizational capability. However, the dynamics of the owner-consultant collaboration process in such projects are still unknown. To bridge this gap, this paper explores the roles of external consultant involvement in fostering management innovation and developing an organizational capability in CCPs. Based on survey data collected from 102 such projects across different types in China, the partial least square-structural equation modeling analysis results uncover the positive effect of external consultant involvement in creating management innovation and building organizational capability. In particular, the mediating role of management innovation is identified in the exploration and transformation learning processes with external consultants involved. The findings of this study provide a novel explanation for the creation of management innovation in CCPs through external consultant involvement and useful guidance to project owners to better identify and utilize external consultants in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let U ( gl ˆ n) be the universal enveloping algebra of gl ˆ n. A certain Z -form U Z ( gl ˆ n) of U ( gl ˆ n) was introduced in [15] such that the affine Schur algebra S ▵ (n , r) Z is a homomorphic image of U Z ( gl ˆ n). Let k be a field and let U k ( gl ˆ n) = U Z ( gl ˆ n) ⊗ k. Let S ▵ (n , r) k = S ▵ (n , r) Z ⊗ k. By tensoring with k , we have a surjective algebra homomorphism ξ r , k : = ξ r ⊗ i d : U k ( gl ˆ n) ↠ S ▵ (n , r) k. For h ⩾ 1 and r ∈ N let s ▵ (n , r) h = ξ r , k (s ▵ (n) h) , where s ▵ (n) h is a certain subalgebra of U k ( gl ˆ n). The algebra s ▵ (n , r) h is the affine analogue of infinitesimal Schur algebras introduced in [7]. In this paper we will give a presentation of s ▵ (n , r) 1 by generators and defining relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the survival prognosis of percutaneous transhepatic biliary stenting (PTBS) in the treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice (MOJ) at different horizontal sites. Methods: A total of 120 patients with MOJ who underwent biliary stenting were retrospectively included and analyzed and divided into the high-position group (36 patients), middle-position group (43 patients), and low-position group (41 patients) according to biliary obstruction plane by biliary anatomy. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to test for differences in the overall survival (OS), risk assessment of death and potential risk factors for 1-year survival were analyzed using multifactorial Cox regression. Results: The median survival of the high-, middle-, low-position groups were 16, 8.6, and 5.6 months, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.017). The 1-year survival rate was 67.6%, 41.9%, and 41.5% in the high-, middle-, low-position groups (P < 0.05), and the 1-year risk of death was 2.35 and 2.93 times higher in the medium- and low-position groups, respectively. The incidences of the main complications were 25%, 48.8%, and 65.9% in the high-, middle-, and low-position groups, respectively, (P = 0.002). While the differences in median stent patency were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) in the groups, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and total bilirubin levels decreased gradually in each group at 1 month and 3 months after interventional therapy (P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference in the decrease between the groups. Conclusions: Different levels of biliary obstruction in patients with MOJ affect survival, especially at 1 year, where high obstruction treated with PTBS has a low incidence of complications and a low risk of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc‐ion battery (AZB) is a promising candidate for next‐generation energy storage owing to inherent safety and low cost. However, AZBs are currently plagued by Zn dendrite growth and undesirable side‐reactions, leading to poor cycling stability and premature failure. To restrain the uncontrollable Zn growth, a unique separator is developed based on polyacrylonitrile/graphene oxide (abbreviated as PG) composite nanofibers, which contain abundance of zincophilicity functional groups to regulate the migration and distribution of Zn2+ ions in the separator. It is demonstrated that the cyano ligands on PG not only facilitate the dehydration of solvated Zn2+ ions prior to deposition, but also form fast lanes to enable homogenous scattering of deposition spots. Benefiting from these features, the PG separator offers a high ionic conductivity of 7.69 mS cm‐1 and a transference number of 0.74 for Zn2+. The Zn||Zn symmetrical cells with PG separators achieve an ultra‐stable cycle life over 13 000 h. Zn||Zn0.27V2O5 full batteries with PG separators retain 71.5% of the original capacity after 2800 cycles at a high current density of 2 A g‐1. This study offers future research directions toward the design of multifunctional separators to overcome the limits of Zn metal anode in AZBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents recent development and applications of thermal lens microscopy (TLM) and beam deflection spectrometry (BDS) for the analysis of water samples and sea ice. Coupling of TLM detection to a microfluidic system for flow injection analysis (μFIA) enables the detection of microcystin-LR in waters with a four samples/min throughput (in triplicate injections) and provides an LOD of 0.08 µg/L which is 12-times lower than the MCL for microcystin-LR in water. μFIA-TLM was also applied for the determination of total Fe and Fe(II) in 3 µL samples of synthetic cloudwater. The LODs were found to be 100 nM for Fe(II) and 70 nM for total Fe. The application of µFIA-TLM for the determination of ammonium in water resulted in an LOD of 2.3 µM for injection of a 5 µL sample and TLM detection in a 100 µm deep microfluidic channel. For the determination of iron species in sea ice, the BDS was coupled to a diffusive gradient in the thin film technique (DGT). The 2D distribution of Fe(II) and total Fe on DGT gels provided by the BDS (LOD of 50 nM) reflected the distribution of Fe species in sea ice put in contact with DGT gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Constructed indicator system combines emergy index with traditional economic-social index. • Reliability of the index evaluation system is verified through examples. • Introduced obstacle degree model to identify factors affecting healthy development. • Proposed ecological development paths to improve ecosystem health. Chinese resource-based cities are facing serious challenges in the aspect of ecosystem health development due to the development mode of "Treatment after pollution" and the negative effect caused by increased global competition. Research from the theory and methodology aspects must be urgently advanced. This study innovatively combines emergy analysis indicators with traditional economic-social indicators and constructs the method for urban ecosystem health assessment and improvement path. Jining is selected as an example to verify the method effectively. Research results show that the urban ecosystem health level of Jining constantly improved during 2008–2017, which increased from unhealthy to sub healthy and then to healthy. The five urban ecosystem health factors, namely, vitality, organizational structure, resilience, ecosystem service functions, and public health conditions, all show a trend of continuous improvement. Through the model of obstacle degree, this study identifies the main obstacle factors that influence the urban ecosystem health development of Jining: environmental loading rate (D22), renewable emergy value rate (D7), and the proportion of environmental protection in fiscal expenditure (D19). Moreover, several ecological development paths are proposed to improve the urban ecosystem health level of Jining based on local conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen energy is one of the most promising sources of carbon neutrality from well to wheel. Among various applications of hydrogen energy, hydrogen internal combustion engines serve as the critical technical pathway. Nevertheless, several challenges persist, primarily related to abnormal combustion resulting from excessive flame propagation velocity. Of these challenges, backfire emerges as the most recurrent and pressing issue to be resolved in the port fuel-injected hydrogen internal combustion engine (PFI-H 2 ICE). In order to delve into the characteristics and mechanisms of backfire, this study concentrates on a critical internal parameter, namely the start of injection (SOI), and comprehensively assesses the backfire occurrences under varying lambda and engine speed conditions. Experimental findings reveal that SOI encompasses one of the pivotal factors influencing backfire. Backfire predominantly arises within two ranges of SOI conditions: the region before −430 degCA ATDC (Zone I) and the stretch between −360 degCA ATDC and − 280 degCA ATDC (Zone II). In the process of employing EGR to depress the effects of backfire on subsequent tests, it was incidentally found that the Universal Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor (UEGO) installed on the intake manifold for executing EGR rate calculations acted as a hotspot (with temperatures exceeding 100 °C). This not only intensified the backfire strength and the scope in Zone I but also caused the most severe backfire events to occur after −270 degCA ATDC (in Zone III). Despite this, the EGR strategy still demonstrated a significant backfire suppression effect, only exhibiting almost no influence on backfire caused by hotspots within the intake manifold. With an escalation in engine speed, the intensity of backfire diminishes, and the range of backfire occurrence decreases accordingly. By exercising control over SOI within the operating range from -430degCA to -360degCA ATDC (Zone A), the risk of backfire can be dramatically reduced, thereby achieving nearly backfire-free operation. Detailed analysis of cylinder pressure indicates that backfire may also give rise to other abnormal combustions, such as misfire, pre-ignition, and knock, in subsequent cycles. Moreover, this effect amplifies in tandem with an increase in mixture concentration. A certain degree of mutual promotion among diverse abnormal combustions is also observed. This study furnishes the most direct and practical foundation for internal and external strategies in the realm of backfire control. • The backfires are concentrated within two specific SOI operating conditions ranges. • SOI scheduling is critical in backfire control, with the safest position being in a specific range before IVO. • The hotspot within the intake manifold increases the backfire strength and leads to the strongest backfire. • A 12% EGR can reduce half of the backfire operating regions and decrease backfire strength. • Backfire may trigger other abnormal combustions, especially in relatively rich-burn conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is a promising solid electrolyte material for solid‐state lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, but low intrinsic ionic conductivity, poor mechanical properties, and failure to hinder the polysulfide shuttle effect limits its application. Herein, a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) is synthesized and applied as an organic framework to comprehensively enhance the performance of PEO by forming a composite electrolyte (PEO‐PIM). The unique structure of PIM‐1 not only enhances the mechanical strength and hardness over the PEO electrolyte by an order of magnitude, increasing stability toward the metallic lithium anode but also increases its ionic conductivity by lowering the degree of crystallinity. Furthermore, the PIM‐1 is shown to effectively trap lithium polysulfide species to mitigate against the detrimental polysulfide shuttle effect, as electrophilic 1,4‐dicyanooxanthrene functional groups possess higher binding energy to polysulfides. Benefiting from these properties, the use of PEO‐PIM composite electrolyte has achieved greatly improved rate performance, long‐cycling stability, and excellent safety features for solid‐state Li‐S batteries. This methodology offers a new direction for the optimization of solid polymer electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease worldwide and the strongest predictor of mortality in patients with diabetes. Despite its significance, the pathological mechanism underlying the onset and progression of DKD remains incompletely understood. In this study, we have shown that mitochondrial ribosomal protein L12 (MRPL12) plays a significant role in DKD by modulating mitochondrial function. We demonstrated that MRPL12 was mainly ubiquitinated at K150 in renal tubular epithelial cells. We have found that Cullin3 (CUL3), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, directly interacts with MRPL12 and induces the K63‐linked ubiquitination of MRPL12, resulting in mitochondrial biosynthesis dysfunction. Moreover, under high‐glucose (HG) conditions in renal tubular epithelial cells, we observed up‐regulation of CUL3 expression, significant increase in CUL3‐mediated ubiquitination of MRPL12 and dysregulation of mitochondrial biosynthesis. Notably, CUL3 knockdown stabilised the MRPL12 protein and protected mitochondrial biosynthesis under HG conditions. Our findings provide novel insight into how CUL3 affects mitochondrial biosynthesis in renal tubular epithelial cells through MRPL12 ubiquitination and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for DKD in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel quaternary ammonium/magnetic graphene oxide composites (M-PAS-GO) that efficiently remove Cr(VI) ions were fabricated through the introduction of the (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane and Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of GO, and then modified with n-butyl bromide. The fabricated M-PAS-GO was comprehensively characterized by SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and FTIR, and the results manifest that the quaternary ammonium group was introduced onto the surface of GO. Under the reaction conditions of pH 3.20, temperature of 25 °C and M-PAS-GO dosage of 0.01 g/50 mL, 90% of 10 mg/L Cr(VI) ions were removed from the solution within 20 min. The kinetics study indicates that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model and was surface reaction-controlled. The thermodynamic parameters calculated from temperature-dependent adsorption isotherms suggest that the adsorption process was an exothermic and spontaneous process. The maximum adsorption capacities of Cr(VI) ions on M-PAS-GO composites calculated by the Langmuir model were 46.48 mg/g. Moreover, the reusability and stability of M-PAS-GO demonstrates its economic sustainability. This study suggests that M-PAS-GO is a potential candidate adsorbent for the separation of Cr(VI) from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ BaSO4 coating, generated in the first discharging of Ba2+ pre-intercalated δ-MnO2, shortens the activation process by inducing fast proton intercalation and stabilizes the MnO2 crystal by suppressing Mn dissolution. The cathode delivers a decent electrochemical performance of 210 mA h g−1 at 1C with a 98% retention after 200 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of modern technology, the functions of smart windows are expected to be more abundant apart from reducing energy consumption. A viable and popular solution is to develop a versatile product. Here a multi‐functional tandem device enabled by ionic gels to form a smart glass that can be applied in manifold scenarios, is reported. The ionic gels successfully fulfill the multiple tasks of simultaneously being electrolytes, ion storage medium, as well as transparent electrodes, and help heighten the overall transparency of the devices. The novel tandem configuration simply consists of five stacking functional layers and is universal for DC‐driven electrochromic and AC‐driven electroluminescent sub‐devices. The newly‐developed devices demonstrate magnificent characteristics of high and tunable transparency (0–77%), selective infrared shielding ability, diversified displaying and decoration, excellent stability (3000 cycles), and even flexibility. Multifarious application scenarios of the structure in diversified device forms are proposed and presented. The proposed device architecture provides a facile methodology to fabricate functional devices and will provoke infinite novel ideas for developing the next‐generation smart windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct a class of non-weight modules over the twisted N = 2 superconformal algebra L. Let h = C L 0 ⊕ C G 0 be the Cartan subalgebra of L , and let t = C L 0 be the Cartan subalgebra of even part L 0 ¯ . These modules over L when restricted to the h are free of rank 1 or when restricted to the t are free of rank 2. We provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for these modules to be simple, and give the necessary and sufficient conditions for two such L -modules to be isomorphic. We also compute the action of an automorphism on them. Moreover, based on the weighting functor introduced in [15] , a class of intermediate series modules A t (σ) are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system trauma that can cause severe neurological impairment. A series of pathological and physiological changes after SCI (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction) promotes further deterioration of the microenvironment at the site of injury, leading to aggravation of neurological function. The multifunctional transcription factor NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) has long been considered a key factor in antioxidant stress. Therefore, Nrf2 may be an ideal therapeutic target for SCI. A comprehensive understanding of the function and regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 in the pathophysiology of SCI will aid in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for SCI. This review discusses the roles of Nrf2 in SCI, with the aim of aiding in further elucidation of SCI pathophysiology and in efforts to provide Nrf2-targeted strategies for the treatment of SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) is closely linked to degenerative spinal disease, resulting in disability, poor quality of life, and financial burden. Apoptosis of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells (NPCs) is a key pathological basis of IVDD. Periostin (POSTN), an extracellular matrix protein, is expressed in many tissues, whereas its abnormal expression is associated with IVDD. The conventional Wnt/β‐catenin pathway is also involved in IVDD and contributes to NPCs apoptosis. However, research on the mechanisms of POSTN in IVDD is lacking. This study investigated the relationship between POSTN and β‐catenin expression in degenerated IVDs. We detected the expression of POSTN, β‐catenin, and cleaved‐caspase‐3 (C‐caspase3) in degenerated and non‐degenerated IVD tissues of different grades (n = 8) using RT‐qPCR, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting analysis. Next, we explored the effects of recombinant periostin (rPOSTN) and isoquercitrin (Iso), an inhibitor of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, on NPCs apoptosis. Finally, we inhibited the expression of POSTN in degenerated NPCs in vivo and investigated the anti‐apoptotic effect. The expression of β‐catenin, POSTN, and C‐caspase3 in severe degenerative IVDs was significantly higher than that in mild degenerative IVDs. These findings were confirmed in rat and cell‐based degenerative models. When treated with rPOSTN, the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway activity and cell apoptosis were time‐ and dose‐dependent. However, rPOSTN‐induced NPCs apoptosis decreased after iso‐induced inhibition of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. POSTN inhibition reduced apoptosis but was restored by rPOSTN re‐addition. Lastly, POSTN inhibition ameliorated puncture‐induced IVDD in vivo. Overall, our study demonstrated that POSTN promotes NPCs apoptosis and aggravates degeneration by activating the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This review summarized the recent intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) models and described their advantages and potential disadvantages, aiming to provide an overview for the current condition of IDD model establishment and new ideas for new strategies development of the treatment and prevention of IDD. Methods: The database of PubMed was searched up to May 2021 with the following search terms: nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, cartilage endplate, intervertebral disc(IVD), intervertebral disc degeneration, animal model, organ culture, bioreactor, inflammatory reaction, mechanical stress, pathophysiology, epidemiology. Any IDD model-related articles were collected and summarized. Results: The best IDD model should have the features of repeatability, measurability and controllability. There are a lot of aspects to be considered in the selection of animals. Mice, rats and rabbits are low-cost and easy to access. However, their IVD size and shape are more different from human anatomy than pigs, cattle, sheep and goats. Organ culture models and animal models are two options in model establishment for IDD. The IVD organ culture model can put the studying variables into the controllable system for transitional research. Unlike the animal model, the organ culture model can only be used to evaluate the short-term effects and it is not applicable in simulating the complex process of IDD. Similarly, the animal models induced by different methods also have their advantages and disadvantages. For studying the mechanism of IDD and the corresponding treatment and prevention strategies, the selection of model should be individualized based on the purpose of each study. Conclusions: Various models have different characteristics and scope of application due to their different rationales and methods of construction. Currently, there is no experimental model that can perfectly mimic the degenerative process of human IVD. Personalized selection of appropriate model based on study purpose and experimental designing can enhance the possibility to obtain reliable and real results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]