Search

China's new urbanization strategy emphasizes the need to help more people enjoy equal access to urban public services while increasing the urbanization rate. With the implementation of the new urbanization strategy, how the villagers of the original rural settlements surrounded by the urban landscape (i.e., urban villages) turn into citizens (i.e., citizenization) has attracted much attention. However, few studies have attempted to deconstruct the influence of the entire change process in urban villages on the process of villagers' citizenization by associating the fate of villagers with external urbanization. To make up for this research gap, this study took Yangji Village of Guangzhou as an example, using the theoretical framework of citizenization to analyze the process and results of citizenization of villagers from the three perspectives of identity, economy, and cultural citizenization, focusing on discussing the relationship between the changes of Yangji Village and the citizenization of villagers and the lagging problems of citizenization of villagers in urban villages to realize a deep discussion on the phenomenon of identity change of villagers in urban villages and clarify the general characteristics and special process of citizenization of urban villages. The results found that: 1) the basic path of citizenization of villagers in urban villages was that farmers acquire urban household registration and urban employment opportunities in the process of land expropriation by the government and gradually realize citizenization by integrating into the social division of labor; 2) the citizenization process of villagers in urban villages can be roughly divided into three stages: the village period, the urban village period, and community relocation period; 3) the government's land acquisition and housing rental behaviors promoted the transformation of villagers' occupation and cultural psychology, while the urban village reconstruction improved the income of the villagers, enhanced the cultural atmosphere of the community, and further promoted the citizenization process of the villagers' identity, occupation, and culture; 4) the reconstruction of urban villages boosted the citizenization process of villagers on the whole. However, the citizenization of villagers was not only the transformation of living space behind the transformation but also affected by the location of urban villages, village collective cadres, external social environment, individual subjective initiatives, and others. The realization of citizenization requires villagers to have a real sense of citizenship, change their way of life, and discard unreasonable traditional ideas. In this process, the government should establish an effective social security mechanism to help land-lost farmers enjoy the same rights as urban citizens regarding employment, social security, housing, education, and other aspects. In addition, community activities or modern media should help less-educated villagers accept the new culture, improve their ideological quality, realize the institutional and normative nature of urban civilization, and enhance their awareness of public services.

Administrative division adjustments (ADAs) have been key in optimizing regional resource allocation and spatial governance. The impacts of ADAs on regional ecosystems remain unclear in the "green turn" process of China's urbanization. This research chose Nansha District, Guangzhou, as a study area due to its frequent ADAs and its changing location in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in the past 30 years and investigated the relationship between Nansha's ADAs and the changing Ecosystem Service Values (ESVs) from 1990 to 2020 through applying the equivalent factors, hotspot analysis, and gravity analyses. The study reveals that in the rapid urbanization process, frequent ADAs have affected regional ecosystems and ESV changes, with pros and cons. First, there were strong relations between the ADAs and regional ESVs during 1990-2020. The total ESV of Nansha decreased first but increased later, then again decreased according to the ADAs that happened in 1990-2000, 2000-2010, and 2010-2020. Second, land uses in Nansha District have varied because of urban sprawl since the ADAs. Ecosystems were degrading as a result of the increase of construction land and the depletion of farmland and woodland areas. . Third, at the same time, gaining higher administrative privilege had facilitated local governments to promote the restoration of the ecosystem, particularly the enhancement of wetlands, which led to a growth in regional total ESVs in Nansha. It reveals that regional ecosystem services will undergo a phased, multi-level, and multi-faceted change because of the changes in local governance, the diversification of land uses, and the various land development models. This study fills the gap in studying relationships between changes in ecological system services and ADAs at the district (or county) level. The regional ecosystem services of Nansha are sustainable, as more than 40 percent of the total land is ecological. Therefore, it suggests Nansha District Government should take the chance of ADAs to enhance its privilege in regional spatial governance by cooperating with other local governments in the Greater Bay Area through constructing, governing, and sharing a high-quality ecological conservation and restoration landmark of the rivers and shorelines. It also calls for more attention to the impacts in different phases with multiple levels and dimensions caused by the roles of governments and the land development models rather than merely assessing the changing land use structures and the overall ESV.

With the rapid development of the Chinese economy, Chinese residents' willingness to travel has been rising. In 2012, China became the biggest tourist source country for outbound tourism in the world. In 2019, 9.594 million mainland Chinese tourists visited Japan, ranking Japan as the second most popular tourist destination country for this group, after Thailand. Despite the complicated relations between China and Japan and the low level of mutual goodwill between the two nations, the number of mainland Chinese tourists visiting Japan has been continuously increasing in recent years, which makes this a geopolitical tourism phenomenon worth exploring. Through online text analysis, the research first explored how mainland Chinese tourists reconstruct the national tourism image perceptions of Japan before and after their visits to Japan, answering the question of how tourism activities affect the subject's (tourists') tourism image perceptions of the object (tourist destination). Second, just as tourism activities can have an impact on the socio-economy of a destination, they can simultaneously affect the destination's residents' perceptions of the source country. This study attempts to answer the question of how tourism activities affect these perceptions by evaluating the socioeconomic impact of mainland Chinese tourists' activities in Japan through literature and press materials. The study determines that mainland Chinese tourists approach and understand Japanese society based on their own travel activities in Japan, forming and changing their perceptions of Japan's tourism image in three stages; cognitive acquisition, cognitive processing, and cognitive change. The changes are mainly reflected in the strengthening of their perceptions of Japanese food and urban infrastructure, adjusting their perceptions of Sino-Japanese relations, and creating new perceptions of Japan's tourist attractions, humane atmosphere, and cultural history. The direct contact between China and Japan through tourism has helped mainland Chinese tourists break the media-constructed image of Japan and form a more positive perception of Japan, mainly because of Japan's proactive geostrategy of inbound tourism and its policy of "tourism diplomacy" with China. The study further determines that, although "tourism to Japan" has benefited Japan's economy, the social problems brought by it have reduced Japanese nationals' favorable feelings toward China, implying that China's outbound tourism has not yet become a strategic tool for exporting Chinese values and national culture. In conclusion, the study suggests that globalization and tourism have made tourism an important part of geopolitics and that it is necessary to focus on tourism-related geopolitical strategies to enhance the positive role of Chinese outbound tourism in improving how other countries form their perceptions about China.

For a long time, the field of marine geography has been located at the edge of the discipline, strengthening the terrestrial bias of human geography. Fishermen, one of the few action actors in the ocean, have natural mobility characteristics. Existing research on fishermen pays more attention to the temporal and spatial regulations and distribution of their mobility than the social and cultural connotations generated in the process of their flow. From the perspective of mobility and collective memory, a typical fishing village in the east of Hainan Province was selected as a case study, and through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and text analysis, the construction of the local memory of fishermen in the process of mobility was comprehensively understood. In this study, the following points were found: First, according to research on the new paradigm of mobility, the world interact with each other through the flow of nodes and the space of flows, with emphasis on liquidity from the state of "flow, berthing, settled" in three different space-time conceptions to describe the world, thus inferring the Hainan fishermen's marine mobility, at least in the scope of time and space, material basis, and the paths of nodes. Second, collective memory is an important way for fishermen to interact with each other and construct emotions in the flow process. The core of this is fishing and hunting culture and the cross-border network. Three points should be made clear when discussing the collective memory of fishermen from the perspective of mobility: First, collective memory is essentially based on the "present" and a construction of the "past", and a change of subject will greatly affect the continuity and inheritance of memory. Second, memory is formed by personal emotions and objective environments. For fishermen, collective memory unfolds in a specific place, shifting with different spatial scales through a landscape of physical and symbolic memories. Third, geographical and social mobility complement each other, exacerbating the differences of fishermen and leading to the fragmentation or failing of collective memory. This paper makes two contributions to this concept: (1) Taking the phenomenon of the flow of fishermen as an example, the ocean is examined from the perspective of the ocean, emphasizing the importance of the connection between the ocean and land. It also goes beyond the land's perspective of the sea, indicating that the ocean is an equally important substrate for the integration of socio-cultural, political, and economic transformation processes and should not be regarded as a negative space of land. Instead, it is the center of the process of knowledge production, concrete experience, and understanding the transcendence of the present. (2) It responds to the attention of the new mobility paradigm to special space and compensates for the missing dimension of interaction between the marine environment and human activity.

In recent years, frequent conflicts in the South Sea of China have hindered peaceful Chinese development processes. For the first time, this study used political geography and territory to examine the process of interplaying national cartographic practices and power relations in this space. Combined with a previous discussion on territory and cartography, this study proposed a national cartographic analysis framework from the territory and applied it to the cartography of the South Sea of China. First, we performed a longitudinal comparison of cartographic evolution in the South Sea of China between China and the United States. Then, a longitudinal comparison of expressions between China and the United States was performed for three aspects of cartographic practice. The longitudinal comparison showed that the evolution of South Sea of China cartography resulted in a more complete sea area, standardized island names, and a sea boundary line that appears in China. In the United States, the South Sea of China showed enlarged sea areas, but the overall picture was incomplete. According to the longitudinal comparison, the United States differs from China in the following three aspects of the cartography of the South Sea of China: sea area, status of islands and reefs, and sea boundaries. In summary, we can draw three conclusions. 1) In China and the United States, the cartographic evolution of the sea areas of the South Sea of China, the names of islands and reefs, and the expression of sea boundaries reflect the influence of the country's power. 2) The difference in the cartography of the South Sea of China between China and the United States stems from the need to safeguard the core interests of the country. China, through the territorialization of cartography, has strengthened the maritime jurisdiction of the South Sea of China, increased awareness of national sea rights internally, and declared the sovereignty of the South Sea of China externally. However, the United States has emphasized the public seas and multinational attributes of the South Sea of China through cartographic territorialization. 3) As a territorial tool, a map presents the Chinese story of the South Sea of China on the international stage and may also clearly express China's consistent and clear position on the sovereignty of the islands and surrounding waters of the South Sea of China. The territorial expression of the South Sea of China should be strengthened from the following three aspects: map rights protection, map innovation, and map publicity. Thus, cartography may play a more important role in the governance of China's maritime territory in the South Sea of China.

Since 2010, the South China Sea dispute has been expanding and becoming increasingly complicated, gradually forming a situation in which neighboring countries around the South China Sea are encroaching on islands and reefs, and extra-regional countries are becoming widely involved, thus increasingly pushing the South China Sea issue toward internationalization. We analyze the relationship between cooperation and conflict among countries (regions) around the South China Sea and explore the reasons for the complication of the South China Sea issue more deeply, especially the information production power competition around the issue, which is the bridge between information power and discourse power, as well as the link between cyberspace and physical space. Further, our findings can help China understand the current situation in the South China Sea and avoid strategic miscalculations. Based on the GDELT(Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone) database, we extracted event data about the South China Sea issue from 2013 to 2021 and used the chronologically constrained clustering method to divide the South China Sea issue into a period of rising conflicts (2013-2018) and a period of extra-regional involvement (after 2019). We used the social network analysis method to explore the relationship between cooperation and conflict among countries (regions) involved in the South China Sea issue and the information production networks behind them. We found the following: (1) During the period of rising conflicts, the main subjects of cooperation and conflict regarding the South China Sea issue were mainly countries (regions) around this sea. (2) During the period of extra-regional involvement, the United States, Britain, Australia, and other extra-regional countries have allied and cooperated to besiege China regarding the South China Sea issue, and China has become the core of the network of conflicting relations while cooperating closely with intra-regional countries. The complex conflict relationship and shrinking cooperation relationship contradict our current perception regarding the South China Sea issue to stop the chaos and resolve the issue, reflecting the increasingly profound role of information power. (3) In the information production network, the United States, Britain, Australia, and other countries dominate the information production and processing, while China and other intra-regional countries (regions) are gradually marginalized from the information production network handling the South China Sea issue, indicating that the issue has become a wrestling ground for various information actors. The above results seem to indicate that the South China Sea issue of "reduced cooperation and widespread conflict" is the result of the involvement of extra-regional countries such as the United States, Britain, and Australia in the information power competition over the South China Sea, and that information power geopolitical actors in cyberspace can use their information power ties to influence the expression of the relationships among countries in physical space.

Tourism and geopolitics are intrinsically linked. However, current studies on the geopolitical facets of tourism are insufficient. This article first reflects on the diversified understandings of geopolitics and how these different interpretations are reproduced in existing tourism geopolitics scholarship. We then elucidate the multiple complicated and intimate entanglements between tourism and geopolitics and highlight the often underestimated geopolitical agency of tourism. Following this, we evaluate the state of the extant research on this topic. Finally, we suggest three directions for future research: (1) deepening theorisation and operationalisation, (2) attending to agency, mechanism, and non-state actors, and (3) adopting a spatially sensitive perspective. In summary, we argue that further conjoining the relatively isolated tourism and geopolitics terrain benefits both disciplines of tourism geography and political geography, and calls for the development of innovative interdisciplinary, theoretical, and methodological approaches to advance the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, we investigate the global adaptive stabilization problem via partial‐state feedback for a class of uncertain chained‐form nonholonomic systems with the dynamic uncertainty and nonlinear parameterization. The notions of Sontag's input‐to‐state stability (ISS) and ISS‐Lyapunov function, together with the changing supply rates technique are used to overcome the dynamic uncertainty. The nonlinear parameterization is well treated with the aid of the parameter separation technique. The discontinuous input‐to‐state scaling technique is employed in this procedure to derive the global stabilization controllers. Additionally, we develop a switching adaptive control strategy in order to get around the smooth stabilization burden associated with nonholonomic systems. The simulation results illustrate the efficacy of the presented algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at adaptive event-triggered output-feedback stabilisation in the presence of intractable non-parametric uncertainties. Typically, double-side (i.e. sensor-to-controller and controller-to-actuator) event-triggered communication is pursued for efficient resource utilisation, unlike in related works only reducing single-side communication. This renders more constrained information transmitted via network, challenging the co-design of the compensation and event-triggering mechanisms. By incorporating a switching-varying mechanism, a distinctive adaptive event-triggered output-feedback scheme is established based on a switching filter reconstructing the unmeasurable states. Crucially, a convergence-preserving event-triggering mechanism is proposed with the adaptiveness for uncertainty compensation, by suitably exploiting the switching-varying gain. As such, a desired event-triggered output-feedback control is designed with linearity (with respect to the system output and the filter states) rendered for the controller signal. Just owing to the linearity, the controller signal is subtly kept from entering the event-triggering mechanism, so as to match the double-side event-triggered architecture. Furthermore, it is achieved that the system and filter states converge to zero while a positive minimum inter-execution time is ensured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]