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Global concerns over harmful cyanobacterial blooms brought on by eutrophication are now widespread. Aquatic ecological restoration techniques that use algicidal bacteria to control toxic algae show promise. A Bacillus subtilis S4 (S4) strain with strong Microcystis aeruginosa algicidal activity and the capacity to degrade microcystins (MCs) were successfully isolated and evaluated in this study. The dynamics of internal and extracellular MC concentration as well as the physiological response and morphological properties of M. aeruginosa were investigated in the M. aeruginosa /bacteria co-culture system. The findings demonstrated that when S4 density grew from 1 × 106 cells/ml to 1 × 108 cells/ml, the release of M. aeruginosa lysis and MCs was boosted; however, MCs dropped by approximately 90% within 18 h, regardless of bacterial density. Comparing the bacterial cell incubation system to the control and bacterial cell-free filtrate systems, the assessment of extracellular and intracellular MCs revealed a 95% reduction in MCs. The findings showed that 89% of MCs were decreased by bacterial cells, while 98% of M. aeruginosa cells were algaecided by bacterial metabolites. Sustainable eradication of M. aeruginosa and MCs has been accomplished by the combined efforts of the S4 strain and its metabolites. By secreting algicidal chemicals that are resistant to proteases, acid, base, and heat, the S4 strain indirectly acts as an algaecide. The S4 strain possesses a strong ability to break down MCs and a very effective and stable algaecide function, indicating that it can potentially treat eutrophic water with hazardous algae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global concerns over harmful cyanobacterial blooms brought on by eutrophication are now widespread. Aquatic ecological restoration techniques that use algicidal bacteria to control toxic algae show promise. A Bacillus subtilis S4 (S4) strain with strong Microcystis aeruginosa algicidal activity and the capacity to degrade microcystins (MCs) were successfully isolated and evaluated in this study. The dynamics of internal and extracellular MC concentration as well as the physiological response and morphological properties of M. aeruginosa were investigated in the M. aeruginosa/bacteria co-culture system. The findings demonstrated that when S4 density grew from 1 × 106 cells/ml to 1 × 108 cells/ml, the release of M. aeruginosa lysis and MCs was boosted; however, MCs dropped by approximately 90% within 18 h, regardless of bacterial density. Comparing the bacterial cell incubation system to the control and bacterial cell-free filtrate systems, the assessment of extracellular and intracellular MCs revealed a 95% reduction in MCs. The findings showed that 89% of MCs were decreased by bacterial cells, while 98% of M. aeruginosa cells were algaecided by bacterial metabolites. Sustainable eradication of M. aeruginosa and MCs has been accomplished by the combined efforts of the S4 strain and its metabolites. By secreting algicidal chemicals that are resistant to proteases, acid, base, and heat, the S4 strain indirectly acts as an algaecide. The S4 strain possesses a strong ability to break down MCs and a very effective and stable algaecide function, indicating that it can potentially treat eutrophic water with hazardous algae.

Temperature up-shift and UV-A radiation effects on growth, lipid damage, fatty acid (FA) composition and expression of desaturase genes desA and desB were investigated in the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. Although UV-A damaging effect has been well documented, reports on the interactive effects of UV radiation exposure and warming on cyanobacteria are scarce. Temperature and UV-A doses were selected based on the physiological responses previously obtained by studies with the same M. aeruginosa strain used in this study. Cells pre-grown at 26 °C were incubated at the same temperature or 29 °C and exposed to UV-A + PAR and only PAR for 9 days. Growth rate was significantly affected by UV-A radiation independently of the temperature throughout the experiment. High temperature produced lipid damage significantly higher throughout the experiment, decreasing at day 9 as compared to 26 °C. In addition, the cells grown at 29 °C under UV-A displayed a decrease in polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) levels, with ω3 PUFA being mostly affected at the end of exposure. Previously, we reported that UV-A-induced lipid damage affects differentially ω3 and ω6 PUFAs. We report that UV-A radiation leads to an upregulation of desA, possibly due to lipid damage. In addition, the temperature up-shift upregulates desA and desB regardless of the radiation. The lack of lipid damage for UV-A on ω3 could explain the lack of transcription induction of desB. The significant ω6 decrease at 26 °C in cells exposed to UV-A could be due to the lack of upregulation of desA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Microcystis aeruginosa blooms in water bodies, evidencing a high risk of exposure to human health due to the release of toxins, which affects water quality. Implementing physical, chemical, and microbial control methods requires an integrated understanding of cyanotoxin dynamics, especially their relationship with sediments. Consequently, sediment obtained from three stations of the Riogrande II reservoir (Antioquia, Colombia) was analyzed to determine the adsorption and removal capacity of the microcystin-LR (MC-LR). For this purpose, the sediment was subjected to different treatments to select the one with the highest MC-LR removal capacity. Furthermore, the effectiveness and stability of adsorption removal process were evaluated by analyzing mechanical processes such as aeration, sonication, and agitation. The dried sediment showed the highest reduction in toxin concentration (93%) after 24 h, followed by washed sediment (91%) and sterilized sediment (81%). On the other hand, the sediment was fractionated into silts and clays; the latter was the least effective. Finally, the fine and half silts were better adsorbents of the toxin, acting similarly over time. Initially, the utilization of sediment that has been dried by sunlight could be a complementary alternative to reinforce MC-LR control methodologies in water bodies. On the one hand, MC-LR desorption assays showed that aeration of the sediment for 30 min caused a release of up to 96% of the adsorbed compound. At the same time, the effect of sonication and agitation was less intense. However, the absorption process must be fast to avoid efficiency losses due to desorption since a high percentage of the toxin was spontaneously desorbed from the sediment in two days.

Over the last decades, Aquitaine lakes have been exposed to growing biomasses of invasive macrophytes, in particular Lagarosiphon major, and to frequent blooms of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. Our aim was to explore the potential role of L. major in the regulation of such blooms, through allelopathic interactions. Experiments consisted of exponential growth phase cells incubated for 96 h in L. major extracts at increasing concentrations. Our approach was based on untargeted metabolomics and photosynthetic activity measurements.We demonstrated the anticyanobacterial properties of L. major extracts. In particular, we reported that L. major extracts inhibited M. aeruginosa photosynthesis, and affected the production of various metabolite classes and pathways mainly involved in the secondary metabolism of the cyanobacteria.We further provided clear evidence about the existence of metabolite classes in L. major that may be involved in allelopathic interactions with M. aeruginosa, such as caffeic acid.

Microcystis aeruginosa blooms in water bodies, evidencing a high risk of exposure to human health due to the release of toxins, which affects water quality. Implementing physical, chemical, and microbial control methods requires an integrated understanding of cyanotoxin dynamics, especially their relationship with sediments. Consequently, sediment obtained from three stations of the Riogrande II reservoir (Antioquia, Colombia) was analyzed to determine the adsorption and removal capacity of the microcystin-LR (MC-LR). For this purpose, the sediment was subjected to different treatments to select the one with the highest MC-LR removal capacity. Furthermore, the effectiveness and stability of adsorption removal process were evaluated by analyzing mechanical processes such as aeration, sonication, and agitation. The dried sediment showed the highest reduction in toxin concentration (93%) after 24 h, followed by washed sediment (91%) and sterilized sediment (81%). On the other hand, the sediment was fractionated into silts and clays; the latter was the least effective. Finally, the fine and half silts were better adsorbents of the toxin, acting similarly over time. Initially, the utilization of sediment that has been dried by sunlight could be a complementary alternative to reinforce MC-LR control methodologies in water bodies. On the one hand, MC-LR desorption assays showed that aeration of the sediment for 30 min caused a release of up to 96% of the adsorbed compound. At the same time, the effect of sonication and agitation was less intense. However, the absorption process must be fast to avoid efficiency losses due to desorption since a high percentage of the toxin was spontaneously desorbed from the sediment in two days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Piezoelectric T-BaTiO 3 /Ag 3 PO 4 composites were prepared by co-precipitation method. • The built-in electric field in T-BaTiO 3 /Ag 3 PO 4 can change its energy band structure. • The construction of T-BaTiO 3 /Ag 3 PO 4 can prolong the lifetime of electron-hole pairs. Photocatalysis has become an effective method to control harmful algal blooms, while conventional photocatalysts usually have high carrier recombination rates and low response to visible light. The coupling of the piezoelectric effect with photocatalysis is considered to be one of the most promising approaches to overcome the above inadequacies. In this study, the T-BaTiO 3 /Ag 3 PO 4 (T-BTO/AP) with piezoelectricity was constructed and applied for the first time for the removal of M. aeruginosa under visible light with ultrasound. The experimental results showed that T-BTO/AP forms a built-in electric field under ultrasound, and the photogenerated carriers transfer path was transformed from the conventional type II to type Z, which changed the band structure of T-BTO/AP and greatly improved its catalytic efficiency. The T-BTO/AP-50 exhibited the best algae removal performance under visible light with ultrasound, and the removal rate of chlorophyll a could achieve 96.1 % within 4 h under the piezophotocatalyst dosage of 50 mg/L. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic system and cell membranes of M. aeruginosa were severely damaged under the continuous attack of •OH and •O 2 –. Furthermore, T-BTO/AP-50 still reached a 90 % degradation rate for chlorophyll a after five cycles of reused experiments, indicating its great reusability. Overall, this study provided a promising approach for algae removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, algae have proved to be a water pollutant due to global warming, climate change, and the unregulated addition of organic compounds in water bodies from diffused resources. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are severely affecting the health of humans and aquatic ecosystems. Among available anti-blooming technologies, semiconductor photocatalysis has come forth as an effective alternative. In the recent past, literature has been modified extensively with a decisive knowledge regarding algal invasion, desired preparation of nanomaterials with enhanced visible light absorption capacity and mechanisms for algal cell denaturation. The motivation behind this review article was to gather algal inactivation data in a systematic way based on various research studies, including the construction of nanoparticles and purposely to test their anti-algal activities under visible irradiation. Additionally, this article mentions variety of starting materials employed for preparation of various nano-powders with focus on their synthesis routes, analytical techniques as well as proposed mechanisms for lost cellular integrity in context of reduced chlorophyll' a' level, cell rapture, cell leakage and damages to other physiological constituents; credited to oxidative damage initiated by reactive oxidation species (ROS). Various floating and recyclable composited catalysts Ag 2 CO 3 -N: GO, Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8, Ag 2 CrO 4 -g-C 3 N 4 -TiO 2 /mEP proved to be game-changers owing to their enhanced VL absorption, adsorption, stability, separation and reusability. An outlook for the generalized limitations of published reports, cost estimations for practical implementation, issues and challenges faced by nano-photocatalysts and possible opportunities for future studies are also proposed. This review will be able to provide vast insights for coherent fabrication of catalysts, breakthroughs in experimental methodologies and help in elaboration of damage mechanisms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Zero-valent nano-iron particles (nZVI) are increasingly present in freshwater aquatic environments due to their numerous applications in environmental remediation. However, despite the broad benefits associated with the use and development of nZVI nanoparticles, the potential risks of introducing them into the aquatic environment need to be considered. Special attention should be focused on primary producer organisms, the basal trophic level, whose impact affects the rest of the food web. Although there are numerous acute studies on the acute effects of these nanoparticles on photosynthetic primary producers, few studies focus on long-term exposures. The present study aimed at assessing the effects of nZVI on growth rate, photosynthesis activity, and reactive oxygen activity (ROS) on the freshwater green algae Scenedesmus armatus and the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. Moreover, microcystin production was also evaluated. These parameters were assessed on both organisms singly exposed to 72 h-effective nZVI concentration for 10% maximal response for 28 days. The results showed that the cell growth rate of S. armatus was initially significantly altered and progressively reached control-like values at 28 days post-exposure, while M. aeruginosa did not show any significant difference concerning control values at any time. In both strains dark respiration (R) increased, unlike net photosynthesis (Pn), while gross photosynthesis (Pg) only slightly increased at 7 days of exposure and then became equal to control values at 28 days of exposure. The nZVI nanoparticles generated ROS progressively during the 28 days of exposure in both strains, although their formation was significantly higher on green algae than on cyanobacteria. These data can provide additional information to further investigate the potential risks of nZVI and ultimately help decision-makers make better informed decisions regarding the use of nZVI for environmental remediation. [Display omitted] • Short-term exposures to nZVI decreased freshwater microalgae growth. • nZVI-IC 10 did not affect the M. aeruginosa exponential growth rate at 28-d. • The S. armatus growth recovered after nZVI-IC 10 7-d exposure. • The initial effect on photosynthetic activity decreased after 28 days of exposure. • ROS increased in both species during 28 days of exposure to nZVI-IC 10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little information is available on how nano-Fe 2 O 3 substituted iron ions as a possible iron source impacting on algal growth and arsenate (As(V)) metabolism under dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) (D-glucose-6-phosphate (GP)) conditions. We investigated the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa and As(V) metabolism together with their metabolites in As(V) aquatic environments with nano-Fe 2 O 3 and GP as the sole iron and P sources, respectively. Results showed that nano-Fe 2 O 3 showed inhibitory effects on M. aeruginosa growth and microcystin (MCs) release under GP conditions in As(V) polluted water. There was little influence on As species changes in GP media under different nano-Fe 2 O 3 concentrations except for obvious total As (TAs) removal in 100.0 mg L−1 nano-Fe 2 O 3 levels. As(V) metabolism dominated with As(V) biotransformation in algal cells was facilitated and arsenite (As(III)) releasing risk was relieved clearly by nano-Fe 2 O 3 under GP conditions. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) in media exhibited more fatty acid analogs containing –CO, –CH 2 =CH 2 , and –CH functional groups with increasing nano-Fe 2 O 3 concentrations, but the fluorescent analogs were relatively reduced especially for the fluorescent DOM dominated by aromatic protein-like tryptophan which was significantly inhibited by nano-Fe 2 O 3. Thus, As methylation that was facilitated in M. aeruginosa by nano-Fe 2 O 3 in GP environments also caused more organic substances to release that absorb infrared spectra while reducing the release risks of As(III) and MCs as well as protein-containing tryptophan fractions. From 1H-NMR analysis, this might be caused by the increased metabolites of aromatic compounds, organic acid/amino acid, and carbohydrates/glucose in algal cells. The findings are vital for a better understanding of nano-Fe 2 O 3 role-playing in As bioremediation by microalgae and the subsequent potential aquatic ecological risks. [Display omitted] • Nano-Fe 2 O 3 could inhibit algal Chla synthesis but enhance its photosynthetic yield. • Nano-Fe 2 O 3 enhanced As(V) metabolism in M. aeruginosa and relieved As(III) risks. • MCs release and the protein-like tryptophan-containing component was mitigated. • Increased organic metabolites from 1H-NMR analysis could facilitate As methylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little information is available on how nano-Fe 2 O 3 substituted iron ions as a possible iron source impacting on algal growth and arsenate (As(V)) metabolism under dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) (D-glucose-6-phosphate (GP)) conditions. We investigated the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa and As(V) metabolism together with their metabolites in As(V) aquatic environments with nano-Fe 2 O 3 and GP as the sole iron and P sources, respectively. Results showed that nano-Fe 2 O 3 showed inhibitory effects on M. aeruginosa growth and microcystin (MCs) release under GP conditions in As(V) polluted water. There was little influence on As species changes in GP media under different nano-Fe 2 O 3 concentrations except for obvious total As (TAs) removal in 100.0 mg L -1 nano-Fe 2 O 3 levels. As(V) metabolism dominated with As(V) biotransformation in algal cells was facilitated and arsenite (As(III)) releasing risk was relieved clearly by nano-Fe 2 O 3 under GP conditions. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) in media exhibited more fatty acid analogs containing -CO, -CH 2 =CH 2 , and -CH functional groups with increasing nano-Fe 2 O 3 concentrations, but the fluorescent analogs were relatively reduced especially for the fluorescent DOM dominated by aromatic protein-like tryptophan which was significantly inhibited by nano-Fe 2 O 3. Thus, As methylation that was facilitated in M. aeruginosa by nano-Fe 2 O 3 in GP environments also caused more organic substances to release that absorb infrared spectra while reducing the release risks of As(III) and MCs as well as protein-containing tryptophan fractions. From 1 H-NMR analysis, this might be caused by the increased metabolites of aromatic compounds, organic acid/amino acid, and carbohydrates/glucose in algal cells. The findings are vital for a better understanding of nano-Fe 2 O 3 role-playing in As bioremediation by microalgae and the subsequent potential aquatic ecological risks., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms and the released microcystins (MCs) caused serious environmental and public health concerns to drinking water safety. Photo-oxidation is an appealing treatment option and alternative to conventional flocculation and microbial antagonists, but the performances of current photosensitizers (either inorganic or organic) are unsatisfactory. Here, a polythiophene photosensitizer (PT10) with both high yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (mainly 1 O 2 , Φ Δ = 0.51, > 8 h continuous generation) and moderate photostability was used as a powerful algaecide to inhibit Microcystis aeruginosa . Due to the positive charge of PT10, the algal cells were quickly flocculated, followed by efficient inactivation in 4 h under white light irradiation (96.7%, 10 mW/cm 2 ). Meanwhile, PT10 was self-immolated in about 6 h. Upon biosafety evaluation with adult zebrafish, the low toxicity of PT10 and the degradation products of PT10 and algae (early logarithmic growth stage) were confirmed. In addition, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a toxic microcystin that will be released during the destruction of the algal cells, was also degraded. Therefore, PT10-based photoinactivation of M. aeruginosa featured both high performance and low secondary pollution. In real-world aquatic systems, PT10 was confirmed to be capable of sunlight-assisted inactivation of M. aeruginosa and prevent algal blooms, thus making it appealing for environmental remediation.

Colony formation is an essential stage of cyanobacterial blooms. High calcium concentration can promote Microcystis aeruginosa aggregation behavior, but the mechanism of colony formation caused by calcium has rarely been reported. In this study, high calcium-induced colony formation was identified as a shift from cell adhesion to cell division, rather than only cell adhesion as previously thought. Algae responded to this calcium-induced environmental pressure by aggregating and forming colonies. Algal cells initially secreted large quantities of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and rapidly aggregated by cell adhesion. The highest aggregation proportion was up to 68.93%. However, high calcium concentrations cannot completely inhibit algal cell growth, but only delay the algae into the rapid growth phase. With adaption to calcium and existing high EPS content, the daughter cells reduced EPS synthesis and the aggregation proportion decreased. The increasing growth rate was also responsible for the decreased xylose content in EPS. The mechanism of colony formation changed to cell division. The downregulation of genes related to EPS secretion also supported this hypothesis. Overall, these results can benefit for our understanding of cyanobacterial bloom formation. [Display omitted] • High calcium concentrations can only delay the algae into the rapid growth phase. • The environmental stress caused by high calcium concentrations was adaptive. • The calcium-induced aggregation shifted from cell adhesion to cell division. • This shift is due to the extracellular polysaccharides and the adaptation of algae. • The xylose content decreased because the cell growth rate increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algicidal bacteria is considered as an efficient and environmentally friendly approach to suppress Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). However, algicidal bacteria in natural water is limited during the practical application due to the interference of external factors and the low reuse capability. In this study, a bio-degradation capsule for M. aeruginosa is prepared by bio-compatible sodium alginate (SA) compositing with eco-friendly ethyl cellulose (EC) to improve the property and reuse capability of algicidal bacteria. Bacterial strain HL was well immobilized and the capsule was obtained with 2% of SA, 3% of calcium chloride (CaCl 2) and 3% of EC. It has been proved that capsules immobilizing bacteria HL shows considerable advantage over traditional bio-treatment systems (free-living bacteria) and good reusable performance. A better algicidal rate of 77.67% ± 1.14% at 7th day was obtained with the use of capsule embedding 50 mL of algicidal bacteria, enhanced by 11.05% comparing with same amount of free-living bacteria. Moreover, the algicidal rate of M. aeruginosa still reached 68.57% ± 2.88% after three times repetitive use. The effect of capsules on the fluorescence and antioxidant system of M. aeruginosa indicated that the photosystems were irreversibly damaged and the antioxidant response of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly induced. Overall, capsules prepared in this study can provide a desirable environment for algicidal bacteria HL and ensure algicidal bacteria to in-situ work well in inhibiting booms of algae. [Display omitted] • A high-efficient bio-degradation capsule for Microcystis aeruginosa is prepared. • Algicidal bacteria HL is well retained in capsule. • Capsules suppressed growth of Microcystis aeruginosa. • Photosynthetic activities of Microcystis aeruginosa are inhibited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• M. aeruginosa in late lag phase held higher metabolic activity than that in exponential phase. • M. aeruginosa in late lag phase could be more effective inactivated by CuSO 4. • This effective inactivation was partially due to its higher sensitivity to CuSO 4 exposure. • The higher sensitivity was the inherent characteristic of M. aeruginosa in late lag phase. • M. aeruginosa control in late lag phase can reduce the risk of cyanotoxin release. Cyanobacterial blooms are always treated in exponential phase, which demands high dosages of algicides (e.g., CuSO 4). Actually, cyanobacterial blooms in late lag phase exhibit low cell-density and specific physiological/biochemical characteristics, implying the possibility of controlling blooms in a more efficient and economical way with CuSO 4 treatment if cyanobacterial cells in late lag phase can be treated. In this study, the outbreakof a Microcystis bloom was simulated, and Microcystis samples in late lag and exponential phases were treated with CuSO 4. The results showed that M. aeruginosa in late lag phase had a higher ratio of dividing-cells, F v /F m and intracellular total organic carbon content (TOC) than that in exponential phase, indicating that its metabolic activity was vigorous. M. aeruginosa in late lag phase could more easily be blocked, since a higher decrease in chlorophyll-a, F v /F m and membrane integrity occurred under the same dosages of CuSO 4 exposure compared to M. aeruginosa in exponential phase. Meanwhile, microcystin release in late lag phase was less than that in exponential phase. Moreover, higher sensitivity in late lag phase was confirmed at the individual level, as the photosynthesis related genes psaB and rbcL were more down-regulated than those in exponential phase. In general, cyanobacteria in late lag phase exhibited higher sensitivity to CuSO 4 , indicating that CuSO 4 treatments in late lag phase can achieve a higher control efficiency and fewer release of microcystin with low-dosages algicide. Hence, it is a more environmentally friendly strategy to control cyanobacterial blooms than the traditional strategy applied in exponential phase. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Non-thermal plasma can effectively inactivate Microcystis aeruginosa. • Plasma significantly represses algal functions and promotes MCs release and degradation. • Reactive species and intracellular ROS for bacterial inactivation are proposed. • Reduced gene expressions contribute to inhibited algal regrowth and physiological damage of short-period DBD treatment. There are still few studies on long-term growth inhibition of cyanobacteria though direct algae inactivation by discharge plasma has been widely invetigated. In the work, a home-made DBD system was applied to investigate the immediate and long-term inactivation effect of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). Owing to discharge plasma in gas–liquid interface or liquid phase, RONS including H 2 O 2 , O 3 and N O 3 - and O H radical are produced. The bactericidal effects are time-dependent and a 3.36log reduction (above 99.99%) is achieved after 10-min exposure followed by the loss of membrane integrity resulting in damaged metabolic capacity and partial RS transportation into cells. Plasma discharge also leads to increased intracellular ROS and NO aggravating inactivation efficacy in the interior structure. The concentration changes of MCs indicates a well degradation effect on MCs by DBD plasma. Moreover, growth arrest (10 day for 0.5-min and 15 day for 1-min treated samples) indicates continuous inactivation of short-period DBD. The decreased contents of photosynthetic pigments (phycobilins and Chl-a) and inhibited nutrient absorption efficiency could contribute to residual inactivation effect. The inhibited synthesis of MCs are induced by short-period plasma treatment. The comprehensive regulations of genes associated with physiological processes are potentially responsible for long-term inactivation of M. aeruginosa. This work therefore proposes a type of feasible advanced oxidation process (AOPs) to utilization of DBD plasma that achieves effective short-term and long-term inactivation efficacy of M. aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]