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This study examined spectroscopic, thermal, and other qualities, such as the lasing parameters, of Sm3+-doped glass with the composition 40P2O5–30ZnO–20LiCl–10BaF2. The ellipsometric data were used in a Sellmeier dispersion relation to estimate the refractive index values of the glasses investigated. The measured absorption spectra of the doped glass reveal the presence of various absorption bands assigned to transitions from the 6H5/2 ground state attributed to Sm3+-ion-excited states. We studied the decay of the 4G5/2 level of the Sm3+ ions in the doped glass by analyzing its absorption and emission fluorescence spectra. The Judd–Ofelt hypothesis allowed us to determine that the quantum efficiency of the 4G5/2–6H7/2 transition is high: 96% and 97% for glass doped with 4.05 × 1019 ions/cm−3 and 11 × 1019 ions/cm−3, respectively. Furthermore, this glass exhibits efficient red/orange enhanced spontaneous emission that matches the excitation band of the photosensitizer material used in medical applications.

The radiation-protection properties of the magnetic semiconducting quaternary compounds Cu2CoGeS4, Cu2CoGeSe4, and Cu2CoGeTe4 were examined in this study by using Phy-X/PSD software with the selected gamma energy (0.015–15 MeV). The radiation shielding coefficients such as mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MAC) and (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP) of the present semiconductors were calculated. Also, the total electronic and atomic cross-sections (ECS and ACS), the effective atomic number (Zeff), the effective electron density (Neff), and the effective conductivity (Ceff) of these semiconductors were estimated to see how well they could protect against radiation. A comparative study occurred between the obtained results and the corresponding values of RS-253-G18, RS-360, RS-520 glasses, barite, chromite, and ferrite concrete. The results show that semiconducting samples with the best shielding performance outperform RS-253-G18, RS-360 glass, and RS-520 glass materials commonly used in nuclear applications. The Cu2CoGeTe4 sample had the highest MAC, LAC, and ACS, as well as the highest ECS and Zeff values. The other two semiconductor samples had the lowest MAC, ECS, and Zeff values. For photons, charged particles (electrons, protons, alpha particles), and C-ion, Phy-X/PSD allows the calculation of the Zeff quickly and precisely across the entire energy range. This study indicates that the semiconductor samples can be utilized as radiation attenuators for various nuclear fields.

Novel transparent glasses and glass-ceramics were fabricated by using melt-quenching technique with the following composition: TeO2–WO3–Nb2O5–KF–La2O3 doped with Tm2O3. Different properties and physical parameters of these glasses were investigated. As the concentration of Tm3+ ions increases, the linear refractive index increases while the optical energy gap decreases. With high Tm3+ ion concentration creates nucleation in the glass matrix this was investigated by x-ray diffraction. The Judd-Ofelt parameters used to calculate the electric and magnetic dipole transition probabilities, branching ratios, and radiative lifetimes of various excited states of Tm3+-doped parent glass. The emission cross section values for the 3F4→3H6 transition computed by using the McCumber hypothesis. The stimulated emission cross section σeFL(λ) and gain values of fabricated glass increase with Tm3+ ions. The spectroscopic quality and figure of merit (FOM) gain (σeFL(λ)×τR) factors were evaluated for the prepared transparent glass. Furthermore, the produced glasses were demonstrated to have low OH content and they have high fluoride ion content. These important properties of the glasses and glass-ceramics make them suitable for use in photonic applications.

The melt-quenching approach was used to prepare phosphate–titanite glasses with the composition P2O5-Na2O-CaO-8KF-CaCl2-xTiO2 (where x = 2, 4, and 6) in a mol %. The optical, physical, and shielding properties, such as the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), effective electron density (Neff), and effective atomic number (Zeff), of the glasses were investigated at energies ranging between 15 and 200 keV. The shielding parameters were investigated using recently developed software (MIKE). The optical properties were examined using devices such as UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy over wavelengths ranging between 190 and 2500 nm. The reported results showed that increasing the concentration of TiO2 led to an increase in the density from 2.657 to 2.682 g/cm3 and an increase in the OPD from 66.055 to 67.262 mol/L, while the molar volume (VM) and oxygen molar volume (VO) decreased from 39.21 to 39.101 cm3/mol and from 15.139 to 14.867 cm3/mol, respectively. The energy gap was found to decrease from 3.403 to 3.279 eV when the TiO2 concentration increased. Furthermore, as the surface plasmon resonance of TiO2 increases, so does its third-order susceptibility, non-linear refractive indices, linear attenuation, and mass attenuation. The shielding performance evaluation indicates that the most suitable energy range is between 15 and 50 keV. Based on the results, the PCKNT3 glass sample exhibits the highest attenuation performance of all of the samples tested.

A new glass with a composition of 40P2O5-30ZnO-20LiCl-10BaF2 (in mol%), doped with 3.5Nd2O3-3.5Yb2O3, was fabricated by the quenching melt technique. The luminescence (PL) and gamma spectroscopy of the glass were investigated systematically. The spectroscopic parameters of the prepared glass, such as the optical energy gap, Judd–Ofelt parameters Ωk (where k = 2, 4 and 6), lifetimes and branching ratio of the Nd3+/Yb3+ level, were evaluated. Moreover, the shielding parameters, such as the linear and mass attenuation coefficients, mean free path and half-value layer, were evaluated. The prepared glass had a spectroscopic quality factor (Ω4/Ω6) of 0.84, which is about three-times larger than that of the most standard laser host, Nd3+:YAG. The energy of the 2P1/2 (Nd3+) level (~23,250 cm−1) was twice the energy of the Yb3+ transition (~10,290 cm−1). The value of the emission cross section (σem(λ)) of Nd3+:4F3/2→4I9/2 and Yb3+:2F5/2→2F7/2 were 2.23 × 10−24 cm2 and 2.88 × 10−24 cm2, respectively. The fabricated glass had a high emission cross section and low mean free path parameters, which makes the fabricated glass a potential candidate for multifunctional applications, such as laser emissions for medical purposes.

This analysis aims to determine photon attenuation for five different ternary and binary iodide compounds using Phy-X/PSD software. For a broad range of photon energies between 0.015 and 15 MeV, the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), and mean free path (MFP) for the samples of Cu2HgI4, Ag2HgI4, CuI, AgI, and HgI were calculated. For illustration, the following values of TVL apply at 1 MeV: S1: 6.062 cm, S2: 6.209 cm, S3: 6.929 cm, S4: 6.897 cm, and S5: 4.568 cm. Some important parameters, such as total atomic cross-sections (ACS), electronic cross-sections (ECS), the effective atomic numbers (Zeff), effective electron density (Neff), and effective conductivity (Ceff) of the samples were also calculated. Additionally, exposure buildup factors (EBF) and energy-absorption buildup factor (EABF) were estimated. These data on the radiation characteristics of our samples could be useful for gamma attenuation. The HgI sample has the highest FNRCS values (0.0892) relative to the other tested samples showing good neutron attenuation features. The CuI sample shows low gamma attenuation features; in contrast, it shows high neutron attenuation features.