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Surface gravity inversion attempts to recover the density contrast distribution in the 3D Earth model for geological interpretation. Since airborne gravity is characterized by large data volumes, large-scale 3D inversion exceeds the capacity of desktop computing resources, making it difficult to achieve the appropriate depth/lateral resolution for geological interpretation. In addition, gravity data are finite and noisy, and their inversion is ill posed. Especially in the absence of a priori geological information, regularization must be introduced to overcome the difficulty of the non-uniqueness of the solutions to recover the most geologically plausible ones. Because the use of Haar wavelet operators has an edge-preserving property and can preserve the sensitivity matrix structure at each level of the multilevel method to obtain faster solvers, we present a multilevel algorithm for large-scale gravity inversion solved by the re-weighted regularized conjugate gradient (RRCG) algorithm to reduce the inversion computational resources and improve the depth/lateral resolution of the inversion results. The RRCG-based multilevel inversion was then applied to synthetic cases and airborne gravity data from the Quest-South project in British Columbia, Canada. Results from synthetic models and field data show that the RRCG-based multilevel inversion is suitable for obtaining density contrast distributions with appropriate horizontal and vertical resolution, especially for large-scale gravity inversions compared to Occam's inversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline rocks are generally enriched in rare metals (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Zr) and rare earth elements (REE), but the key factors controlling Nb-Ta-REE enrichment remain unclear. The Boziguoer Nb (Ta-Zr-Rb-REE) deposit in Southwest Tianshan (northern margin of Tarim Basin) is China's largest, with reserves of 0.32 Mt Nb2O5 and 0.02 Mt Ta2O5. It is an alkaline felsic complex 4.45 km in length and 0.5–1.3 km in width, composed of alkalic granite and syenite, which can be subdivided into syenite I and syenite II. The main minerals in each lithofacies are the same (albite, K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite and aegirine). The Nb in the deposit is mainly hosted in pyrochlore supergroup minerals, ubiquitous in alkalic granite and syenite of the Boziguoer deposit. The wide variation in cations (Ca, Na, REE, U, Th) in the A-site further classifies the Boziguoer pyrochlore supergroup minerals as fluornatropyrochlore, fluorcalciopyrochlore and fluorkenopyrochlore. All Boziguoer pyrochlore supergroup minerals are Nb-rich and Ta-poor at the B-site and dominated by F at the Y-site. These cation occurrence illustrate a new mechanism of substitution in the Boziguoer pyrochlore supergroup minerals (2Ca2+ +Ti4+ +4Ta5+ = REE3+ +A-V + 5Nb5+, where A-V is the A-site vacancy). This substitution mechanism is different from that in the pyrochlore supergroup minerals from other rocks such as carbonatite and nepheline syenite, which are dominated by the replacement of Ba (Rb, Sr) with Ca+ Na + A-V. In addition, the substitution of REE (mainly La, Ce) for Ca in the Boziguoer pyrochlore supergroup minerals is likely a result of either REE enrichment or a change in the REE partition coefficient during the evolution of the alkaline magma. Both the pyrochlore supergroup minerals and their host rocks display negative large ion lithophile element (LILE; K, Rb, Sr, and Ba) anomalies, positive high-field-strength element (HFSE) anomalies and light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment with negative Eu anomalies. This is consistent with the crystallization of the pyrochlore supergroup minerals from the magma rather than from hydrothermal fluids, suggesting a magmatic origin. These findings indicate that the mechanisms of pyrochlore supergroup minerals crystallization in alkaline magma may be significantly different from those in carbonatite and nepheline syenite, and that magmatic differentiation processes may have played a role in the enrichment of the Boziguoer deposit by Nb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in orogenic belts have distinct petrological and geochemical features compared with world-class intraplate magmatic deposits. One such feature is the presence of abundant primary hydrous minerals such as phlogopite and amphibole, indicating a H2O-rich parental magma. However, the origin and nature of the fluids have not been established. In the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, the Permian Baishiquan and Tianyu mafic–ultramafic intrusions host magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits. Both intrusions are composed of lherzolite, olivine websterite, gabbronorite, gabbro, and diorite. The main ore-host rocks are lherzolite and websterite, with disseminated, net-textured, and massive ores comprising the dominant primary ore types. Low zircon εHf (− 6.9 to 7.9 ‰) and varying δ18O values (5.2 to 6.6 ‰), as well as both arc-type and MOR-type zircon Nb/Yb (0.0013–0.011) and U/Yb (0.33–10.22), identify an altered lower oceanic crust component in the mantle source. A combination of altered lower oceanic crust and upper crust can account for the zircon Hf–O isotopic characteristics. A mixing model further reveals that the Baishiquan and Tianyu magmatic sulfide deposits originated from a depleted mantle source that experienced two stages of subduction metasomatism with a 30% addition of altered oceanic crust in the first stage and 20% in the second. In the second stage, > 10% oceanic sediment with high δ18O must also have been added to result in olivine δ18O values higher than those in mantle. This staged evolution is reflected in both the olivine and zircon signatures with olivine from disseminated and net-textured ores at the Tianyu deposit having high δ18O (4.6 to 6.3 ‰) with a similar range to zircon and high δ7Li isotopic compositions (12.03 to 19.46 ‰). Contamination in the source by oceanic sediment with high δ18O values can account for the olivine δ18O values (4.8 to 5.7 ‰ at Baishiquan) being higher than those in the mantle, while the addition of brine (5% at the Baishiquan deposit) can explain the olivine δ7Li values (20.96 to 31.01 ‰). The results suggest that H2O content, Li content, and δ7Li and δ18O isotopic signatures in olivine and zircon are good indicators of mantle metasomatism and olivine fluid processes in magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate how exercise-induced myocardial hypertrophy preconditioning affects cardiac fibroblasts in the context of myocardial fibrosis, a chronic disease that can cause cardiac arrhythmia and heart failure. Heart failure was induced in male C57BL/6 mice via Transverse aortic constriction, and some mice were given swimming exercise before surgery to test the effects of exercise-induced myocardial hypertrophy preconditioning on myocardial fibrosis. Myocardial tissue was evaluated for fibrosis, senescent cells, and apoptotic cells. Myocardial fibroblasts from rats were cultured and treated with norepinephrine to induce fibrosis which were then treated with si-Nrf2 and analyzed for markers of fibrosis, senescence, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Exercise-induced myocardial hypertrophy preconditioning reduced myocardial fibrosis in mice, as shown by decreased mRNA expression levels of fibrosis-related indicators and increased cell senescence. In vitro data indicated that norepinephrine (NE) treatment increased fibrosis-related markers and reduced apoptotic and senescent cells, and this effect was reversed by pre-conditioning in PRE+NE group. Preconditioning activated Nrf2 and downstream signaling genes, promoting premature senescence in cardiac fibroblasts and tissues isolated from preconditioned mice. Moreover, Nrf2 knockdown reversed proapoptotic effects, restored cell proliferation, reduced senescence-related protein expression, and increased oxidative stress markers and fibrosis-related genes, indicating Nrf2's crucial role in regulating oxidative stress response of cardiac fibroblasts. Exercise-induced myocardial hypertrophy preconditioning improves myocardial fibrosis which is Nrf2-dependent, indicating the protective effect of hypertrophy preconditioning. These findings may contribute to the development of therapeutic interventions to prevent or treat myocardial fibrosis.