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Directive (EU) 2024/1226 of 24 April imposes on Member States the obligation to criminalise violations of EU international sanctions (or restrictive measures). This article briefly analyses how this directive will affect Spanish criminal law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union, in its beginning, had the objective of promoting economic cooperation, under the premise that commerce generates interdependence between countries, which reduces the possibilities of conflict. However, despite the intention of the UE to mitigate the conflicts, it could not avoid the dispute between Russia and Ukraine, a dispute that is rooted in a complex historical and cultural trajectory. The Russian invasion of Ukraine brought the Council of the European Union to impose sanctions on Russia. The object of study of the present project was to analyze the Council Regulation N°2022/345 of the European Union that establishes sanctions with mostly economic effects, but also has social consequences. The methodology applied was qualitative, using the bibliography review, and was sustained in analytic methods, by exegetic and historical logic. By all counts, it was reflected about if this type of regulations generated an important contribution for the conflict affected country that in this case was Ukraine or if was in fact a historic-cultural conflict disguise between the power allies of the regional bloc, and Russia. With the objective of isolation and limitation for geopolitical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to restrictive measures, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a change in air quality related to concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter of 2.5 and 10 micrometers (PM2.5, PM10) and ozone (O3) during the lockdown period in representative global cities with altered urban mobility. This work is an integrative review that analyzed retrospective data on air quality in published works, from March 2020 to March 2021, in a scenario of anthropogenic restrictions in 28 global cities, grouped at different levels based on economic dynamics, political and bureaucratic. Given the results obtained, among the pollutants evaluated, O3 had its concentration increased (63 %) or reduced (43.6 %), the others showed a significant reduction, in the range of 0.2 (PM2.5) to 72.7 % (NO). Despite the results being fleeting, the study showed that the lockdown period provided a reduction in the levels of pollutants in the air and pointed out continuous control strategies in order to keep it reduced, with the encouragement of improving public transport, the adoption of public policies, improving mitigation strategies and supporting efficient measures to protect human health and the environment, ensuring social wellbeing during and after the COVID-19 pandemic The integrative review, with air quality as the base subject, provided students on the environmental technical course with the foundation of the art of research, making it an effective teaching-learning strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The restrictive measures framework implemented by the European Union following the Russian invasion of Ukraine includes a number of reporting obligations. Economic operators are obliged to provide certain information regarding restrictive measures to the competent authorities. The reporting obligations are heterogeneous in terms of their subjective and material scope. Failure to comply with the reporting obligations is an infringement that is subject to the administrative sanctioning procedure in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)