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The genus Pycnoporus includes fungi with great potential for the production of antibiotic substances. It is necessary to develop new models to assess their effectiveness against microorganisms with an economic impact, such as phytopathogenic fungi. The objective of this study is to evaluate three models of Pycnoporus sanguineus for the growth inhibition of the phytopathogens Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum. Model 1 involves dual tests of the antagonistic activity of P. sanguineus vs. phytopathogens, Model 2 involves antifungal effectiveness tests of cinnabarin, and Model 3 involves antifungal effectiveness tests of P. sanguineus extract. Models 2 and 3 are contrasted with products containing benomyl and captan. The results show that Model 3 is the most effective in controlling B. cinerea, with an inhibition percentage of 74.34% (p < 0.05) and a decrease in the growth rate (3.85 mm/day; p < 0.05); the same is true for F. oxysporum, with an inhibition percentage of 47.14% (p < 0.05). In general, F. oxysporum exhibits greater resistance (p < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that P. sanguineus extracts may be used as control agents for fungal species in the same way as other Pycnoporus species. Although commercial products are very efficient at inhibiting phytopathogens, one must consider the disadvantages of their use. In the short term, new models involving Pycnoporus for biological control in food production will be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodiversity of macrofungi in remaining lowland dipterocarp forest in highly urbanization pressures is infrequently studied, even though their significant impact on the ecosystem of forested and non-forested habitats. Therefore, this research endeavours to unravel the diversity of macrofungi from different substrates in the Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve located in Selangor, Malaysia. Through a combination of field surveys, the study seeks to contribute valuable insights into the complex relationships between macrofungi and the surrounding habitats where macrofungal community structure was mainly influenced by substrate richness and microclimates. Sporocarps of macrofungi were collected from selected sites using opportunistic sampling methods. A total of 333 sporocarps were obtained and identified based on morphological and molecular analysis. Basidiomycota prevailed in the Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve where 27 species belonging to 14 families were successfully identified. Saprophytic fungi (22 species, 81.5%) dominated the areas, and a small number of mycorrhizal (1 species, 3.7%) and parasitic (4 species, 14.8%) fungi were found. Based on species diversity, order Polyporales is the highest occurrence species in the sampling areas with a Shannon-Weiner Index value of 2.103 and Simpson Index value of 0.954, Evenness Index value of 0.601, making it the most abundant order containing Microporus species, The findings are expected to enhance our knowledge of the biodiversity of macrofungi from different substrates in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, which can lead to conservation efforts and promote the ecological significance of macrofungi in tropical forest ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Two new species of Polyporales, Cerrena caulinicystidiata and Polyporus minutissimus, are illustrated and described on the basis of morphological studies and phylogenetic analyses from southern China and Vietnam. C. caulinicystidiata is characterized by annual, resupinate, sometimes effused-reflexed basidiocarps, greyish orange to brownish orange pore surface, irregular pores (3–8 per mm), a trimitic hyphal system, pyriform to ventricose cystidia, and subglobose basidiospores 3.2–4.5 × 2.8–3.5 µm in size. P. minutissimus is characterized by annual, solitary, fan-shaped with a depressed center or infundibuliform basidiocarps, obvious black stipe, cream to buff yellow pileal surface with glabrous, occasionally zonate and radially aligned stripes, angular pores (6–9 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and cylindrical basidiospores, 5–9.2 × 2.2–4 μm. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the two new species are provided. The differences between the two new species and their morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriolopsis spp. are wood-decaying fungi that inhabit forests. They are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. Strain Epi910 was isolated from the asymbiotically germinated protocorm of Epidendrum sp. and identified as Coriolopsis strumosa. Symbiotic germination and high-throughput sequencing of the endophytic fungal communities of different parts were performed to characterize the function and spatial distribution of the Epi910 isolate. Under symbiotic germination, Epi910 promoted seed germination and seedling formation as an endophytic native fungus of Epidendrum sp. Endophytic fungal communities from seven different parts of Epidendrum sp. were characterized. In total, 645 OTUs were identified; 30 OTUs were shared among all seven parts. The internal transcribed spacer sequence of Epi910 was identical to that of a dominant shared OTU (OTU6). The relative abundance of OTU6 in the seven parts was identified as follows: capsule pericarp > seed > root > asymbiotically germinated protocorm > epiphytic root > ovary > rachis. Our results suggest that the isolate belonging to Coriolopsis strumosa could promote the germination of Epidendrum sp. There may, therefore, be endophytic fungi other than common orchid mycorrhizal fungi with the ability to enhance germination in orchids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modern efforts to influence materials science with principles of biology have allowed fungal mycelial materials to take a foothold and develop novel solutions for the circular bioeconomy of tomorrow. However, recent studies have shown that the value of tomorrow's green materials is not determined simply by their environmental viability, but rather by their ability to make the polluting materials of today obsolete. With an inherently strong structure of chitin and β-glucan, the ever-adaptable mycelia of fungi can compete at the highest levels with a litany of materials from leather to polyurethane foam to paper to wood. There are significant efforts to optimize pure mycelial materials (PMMs) through the entire process of species and strain selection, mycelial growth, and fabrication. Indeed, the promising investigations of novel species demonstrate how the diversity of fungi can be leveraged to create uniquely specialized materials. This review aims to highlight PMMs' current trajectory, evaluate the successes in technology, and explore how these new materials can help shape a better tomorrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Cerioporus yunnanensis, Perenniporiopsis sinensis, and Sarcoporia yunnanensis, are proposed based on a combination of the morphological features and molecular evidence. Cerioporus yunnanensis is characterized by the pileate basidiomata having a fawn brown to black pileal surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of the fusoid cystidioles and cylindrical basidiospores (9–12.5 × 3.5–5 µm). Perenniporiopsis sinensis is distinct from the osseous pileus with verrucose, an orange-yellow to dark reddish-brown pileal surface with a cream margin, a trimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of the fusiform cystidioles and ellipsoid basidiospores (9–11 × 5.5–6.5 µm). Sarcoporia yunnanensis is typical of the pileate basidiomata with a salmon to reddish-brown pileal surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of the ellipsoid basidiospores (4–5.5 × 2.5–4 µm). Sequences of ITS + nLSU + mt-SSU + TEF1 + RPB1 + RPB2 genes were used for the phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The multiple genes with six loci analysis showed that the three new species nested within the order Polyporales, in which C. yunnanensis and P. sinensis nested into the family Polyporaceae, and S. yunnanensis grouped into the family Sarcoporiaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrofungi play a diverse role in ecosystems, serving as decomposers, sources of food, and providers of medicinal benefits to humans for millennia. However, the status of macrofungi diversity in Perlis State Park is poorly understood. This study aims to identify the diversity of macrofungi species in Perlis State Park. Sampling was conducted using both opportunistic and selective approaches along a transect line comprising 10 trails during the rainy season between 2019 and 2023. Identification was based on the morphological characteristics of macrofungi. A total of 69 species of macrofungi were discovered, including 59 species from Basidiomycota and 10 species from Ascomycota. These species can be categorized into eight groups, namely Cup (2), Gill (20), Shelf and Bracket (16), Bolete (7), Coral (6), Jelly (6), Earthball and Puffball (4), and Tooth (4) fungi. Of the identified macrofungi species, 33 are confirmed to be edible. Additionally, three species from the Cordycipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae families within the suborders of Ascomycota are entomopathogenic. Some microfungi fall under the category of 'Least Concern (LC)' according to the IUCN Red List. Our study highlights the importance of macrofungi diversity in Perlis State Park, which can be instrumental for conservation and educational purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushroom biodiversity covers some indispensable non-timber forest products that are wide-spread in Africa, although these resources are currently underutilized, underdeveloped, and left to face the vagaries of climate change and human activities unmanaged. The mushrooms of Eastern Africa have barely been identified or examined for their potential to better the livelihood of the inhabitants. This review of published-online-only literature was carried out to systematically document this biodiversity and its potentials. There were 135 edible mushrooms, 9 edible+medicine mushrooms, and 59 species with no ascribed uses out of 205 species altogether in Eastern Africa. Two mushrooms were identified as poisonous. There were 32 key edible mushrooms in Eastern Africa based on their usage. A tally of mushrooms species (based on country where they were sighted) showed that Ethiopia accounted for 96 species, Tanzania (75), Burundi (37), Rwanda (24), Kenya (18), and Uganda (6) while no information was available from the rest of the countries in the region. The most common genera of mushrooms included Termitomyces, Russula, Pleurotus, Marasmius, Lactarius, Coprinus, Cantharellus, Armillaria, Amanita, and Agaricus. While the most popular species (based on consumption by more locations/tribes) were Amanita zambiana, Hypholoma fasciculare (could be poisonous), Pleurotus cystidiosus, Polyporus tenuiculus, Termitomyces letestui, and Termitomyces striatus. However, it was observed that these tribes or locations were often only within a few countries. Therefore, truly regional mushrooms included Schizophyllum commune (could be poisonous), Suillus luteus, Termitomyces clypeatus, Termitomyces striatus, and Termitomyces microcarpus based on their being found in at least three or more countries. Fungi biodiversity conservation is inadequate in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood-inhabiting fungi (WIF), such as polypores, are extremely species-rich and play vital roles in the functioning of forest ecosystems as decomposers. Despite the importance of polypores, our knowledge of the diversity and distribution of these fungi is still poor in general and especially for West Africa. To advance our knowledge we here summarise results from field collections between 2017 and 2021 and present (i) a taxonomic overview, (ii) phylogenetic placements and (iii) an illustrated catalogue of wood-inhabiting polypore fungi with colour pictures. During the field sampling campaigns, we collected 647 specimens. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular barcode data, 76 polypore species belonging to six orders, 15 families and 39 genera were identified. Of the 76 species, 30 are new to the West Africa, 69 new to Benin, and two new combinations Fuscoporia beninensis and Megasporia minuta are proposed. With this summary, we provide new data for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cladobotryum arthrobotryoides, C. caribense and C. protrusum（ Hypocreaceae Ascomycota） are newly reported in Japan. Cladobotryum arthrobotryoides is characterized by the holoblastic conidia formation at the apex of the sympodially proliferating conidiogenus cells with denticles each producing 0－3 -septate conidia. Cladobotryum caribense is characterized by the basipetal conidial formation and bell-shaped conidia, and C. protrusum by the polyblastic conidia formation and the light green conidia and also producing red pigments. Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations of these three species based on Japanese specimens are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on tropical fungi remain scant, especially in Borneo. Kadamaian is located near the Kinabalu National Park and has an aberrantly high species diversity. Borneo Geographic Expedition (BGE) was conducted at Kadamaian from 14th to 25th of October 2019. In this expedition, macrofungi surveys were conducted at five different trails within the vicinity. Conspicuous sporocarps were collected through opportunistic sampling, curated, and identified based on morphology and molecular techniques. Barcoding of cryptic samples was carried out using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) marker. A total of 126 specimens were collected and categorized into two phyla -- Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, comprising of 27 families and 47 genera. Sixty percent of the macrofungi recorded were saprophytic, 37% were ectomycorrhizal and 3% were parasitic. Twenty-seven specimens were categorized as edible mushrooms, ten specimens were bioluminescent fungi, ten specimens were poisonous mushrooms, and six specimens were medicinal mushrooms. Entoloma mastoideum, E. bloxamii, Cookeina sinensis, and Lignosus hainanensis serve as new records in Malaysia. This study will expand upon the existing checklist of macrofungi in Sabah and contribute to macrofungal knowledge in tropical Asia. Further studies using molecular identification should be utilized to justify all morphological species identification for cataloging of macrofungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippines is known for its ecological diversity due to its climatic condition and geographical location. However, despite having a wide range of organisms, the macrofungal species in the country remain poorly documented. Recent mycological research in the tropics states that more species have yet to be discovered in the Philippines. Despite this, a mycological study still focuses on the ethnomycological survey and species listing. In this study, a survey of publications in macrofungi from 1906 to the present revealed that the Philippines have currently 376 validated species names of macrofungi classified under 66 families and 130 genera. Macrofungal species reported in the country belong to class Ascomycota and Basidiomycota with high species diversity under family Agaricaceae, Lycoperdaceae, Marasmiaceae, and Polyporaceae. Most studies were published internationally and were concentrated in Luzon Island, Philippines. Looking into these, we suggest a biodiversity analysis of macrofungi in other regions of the country. A shift into applying molecular systematics and biotechnology would further develop Philippine macrofungal research, given that the historical trend has focused on morphological identification and classification. We hope that this paper will be a call to further fill the gaps in what is known about the macrofungi in the Philippines, given the country's potential for further discoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrofungi are essential in forest ecological functioning. Their distribution and diversity are primarily impacted by vegetation, topography, and environmental factors, such as precipitation and temperature. However, the composition and topographical changes of the macrofungi between the eastern mountainous area and central plains of Jilin Province are currently unknown. For this study, we selected six investigational sites representing three different topographical research sites in Jilin Province to assess macrofungal diversity, and applied a quadrat sampling method. Macro- and micro-morphological characteristics combined with the molecular method were used to identify the collected macrofungi. Meanwhile, selected meteorological data were obtained for statistical analysis. As a result, 691 species were identified, of which Agarics were the most common, accounting for 60.23%, while the Cantharelloid fungi were the least common (0.91%). Furthermore, most of the shared genera (species) were saprophytic. The α diversity showed that the species diversity and richness in Longwan National Forest Park (B2) were the highest at the genus level. The mycorrhizal macrofungi proportion revealed that Quanshuidong Forest Farm (A1) was the healthiest. Finally, species composition similarity decreased with the transition from mountainous to hilly plains. We concluded that the occurrence of macrofungi was most influenced by vegetation. The air humidity, precipitation, and wind velocity were also found to significantly impact the occurrence of macrofungi. Finally, the mycorrhizal:saprophytic ratios and species similarity decreased with the transition from the mountainous area to the plains. The results presented here help elucidate the macrofungi composition and their relationship with environmental factors and topography in Jilin Province, which is crucial for sustainable utilization and future conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremophilic microbial communities have developed several physiological and molecular strategies to survive and grow in extreme environments. This review explores the adaptive mechanisms of extremophilic ligninolytic enzymes such as laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP), and manganese peroxidase (MnP). The extremophilic ligninolytic enzyme adaptive features such as different compositions of amino acids, hydrophobic interaction, surface charges, tighter packing (compactness), a deleted loop, saturated/unsaturated fatty acid, salt bridge, disulfide bridge, hydrogen bond, several ions, and α-helical, as well as, cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme to maintain their active stability for catalytic functionalities in extreme conditions. The biochemical properties of extremophilic laccase are monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric glycoprotein with a molecular weight range of 50 to 97 kDa, while glycosylated haem proteins, LiP, and MnP, display a molecular weight ranging from 38 to 62.5 kDa (LiP: 38–46 kDa; MnP: 38–62.5 kDa). The optimum activity of laccase in bacteria and fungus was noted at pH 4.0–10.0. Moreover, the exquisite LiP and MnP activities in fungus occurred at pH 3.0–5.0, while bacteria adopted the diverse range of pH 4.0–9.0. Finally, concluding remarks, the current research needs to highlight the emerging applications of ligninolytic enzymes in broad range of industrial and biotechnological potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Insects offer a promising alternative source of protein to mitigate the environmental consequences of conventional livestock farming. Larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) efficiently convert a variety of organic side streams and residues into valuable proteins, lipids, and chitin. Here, we evaluated the suitability of two palm oil industry side streams—empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm kernel meal (PKM)—as larval feed, and their impact on the larval gut microbiome. Among 69 fungal species we screened, Marasmius palmivorus, Irpex consors, and Bjerkandera adusta achieved the fastest growth and lignin degradation, so these fungi were used for the pretreatment of 7:3 mixtures of EFB and PKM. Larvae reared on the mixture pretreated with B. adusta (BAD) developed significantly more quickly and reached a higher final weight than those reared on the other pretreatments or the non-fermented reference (NFR). Amplicon sequencing of the BAD and NFR groups revealed major differences in the larval gut microbiome. The NFR group was dominated by facultatively anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae (typical of H. illucens larvae) whereas the BAD group favored obligately anaerobic, cellulolytic bacteria (Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae). We hypothesize that fungal lignin degradation led to an accumulation of mycelia and subsequent cellulolytic breakdown of fiber residues, thus improving substrate digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable substitutes for leather can be made from mushroom mycelium, which is an environmentally friendly alternative to animal and synthetic leather. Mycelium-based leather is derived from Polyporales, in which lignocellulosic material is used as the substrate. The plasticizing and crosslinking of mycelial mats with various reagents might affect the leather properties and mycelial architecture. This study investigated the physicochemical and mechanical properties of mycelium-based leather (MBL) samples, including the hygroscopic nature, thermal stability, cell wall chemistry, density, micromorphology, tensile strength, elongation rate, and Young's modulus. Micromorphological observations confirmed the mycelial networks and their binding performance, verifying their efficacy as a substitute leather. The most significant effects were observed after treatment with 20% polyethylene glycol, which resulted in an increase in Young's modulus and tensile strength. Furthermore, the samples generally exhibited a high density (1.35, 1.46 g/cm3) and tensile strength (7.21 ± 0.93, 8.49 ± 0.90 MPa), resembling leather. The tear strength reached as low as 0.5–0.8 N/mm. However, the tensile and tear strength may be affected by leather processing and the tuning of mycelial growth. Nevertheless, high-density mycelia are shown to be suitable for the production of MBL, while mycofabrication and strain selection are sustainable for novel industrial applications of MBL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]