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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate chitosan (CS)-based formulations loaded with 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) and/or 10% nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) to remineralize the demineralized primary tooth enamel surface. Ninety enamel blocks were demineralized and were divided into six groups (n = 15): (1) CS-based hydrogel, (2) CS-based hydrogel loaded with NaF, (3) CS-based hydrogel loaded with nHA, (4) CS-based hydrogel loaded with NaF and nHA, (5) 5% NaF varnish, and (6) negative control with no intervention. After intervention, the specimens were pH cycled by 2 h immersion in demineralizing solution and 22 h immersion in remineralizing solution for 8 days. The remineralization effects were evaluated by Vickers microhardness measurements and field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (FESEM-EDS). The best mean ± SD percentage microhardness recovery in remineralized enamel (%REMH) was found in group 4 (56.90 ± 5.49). The %REMH of groups 2 (30.74 ± 3.51) and 5 (29.23 ± 5.65) were statistically the same (p = 0.943). FESEM images confirmed partial coverage of the porous demineralized enamel with a newly formed mineralized layer. Based on EDS findings, the Ca/P ratio values of the treated enamel surfaces with CS-based hydrogels ranged between 1.71 and 1.87, and the highest F content was noticed in group 2 (1.02 ± 0.03). Although, all tested CS-based hydrogels demonstrated the potential to repair demineralized enamel, nHA- and NaF-containing CS-based hydrogel showed the highest remineralization effect. We infer that this new hybrid hydrogel is a potentially useful dental material for tooth biomineralization.

According to the theory of transferred malice in common law, in cases of mistake in person, the criminal intent is transferred from the failed intended purpose to the finished unintended purpose and the committed crime, without regarding the predictive ability of the unwanted victim is intentional. In this way, the committed crime against the real victim is considered as the crime of the intended purpose and has the same sentence. Because, the intention is transferred from a definite purpose to an indefinite or accidental purpose as a face of malice; without the mental presupposition of universality. Therefore, the perpetrator is exposed to two intentional charges of starting to kill the intended person and intentional murder of the unintentional person with a primitive intent of killing man. But, according to prominent Shiite jurists and jurisprudential rule such as ((We intend not to do and we do not intend)), the murder sentence resulted from a mistake in person is unintentional. Also, the sentence of this type of murder in case of intent to kill a certain respectable person on the Islamic Penal Code of Iran approved in 1392, citing Articles 144, paragraph (a) of Article 290 and paragraph (c) of Article 292 and paragraph (c) of Article 291, except in the case of rule of the footnote of Article 292, it is considered as unintentional. As a result, citing some jurists the theory of transferred malice or paragraph (d) of Article 290 of the Islamic Penal Code or even the title ((similar crime)) in the paragraphs of Article 290, with the motive of protecting human beings to make this type of murder intentional, is not acceptable.

Introduction: Concept map is one of the effective methods in the evolution of medical education, which leads to the development of learning problem solving, group skills and creativity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of drawing and implementing of concept map in a group method with a computer on the divergent thinking of nursing students. Materials and methods: The present study was experimental and population enter to study in consensus method. 102 nursing students participated in this study. Using the random allocation method, 51 people were in the intervention group and 51 people were in the comparison group. The intervention plan of drawing and presenting a concept map was done in a group method using Mind Mapper software during 7 sessions that each session was 90 minutes. Peter Hani's questionnaire was used to measure students' divergent thinking. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22 software. Findings: The mean and standard deviation of divergent thinking scores of students in the intervention group were 5.68 ± 1.22, 8.23 ± 1.35 and 8.70 ± 1.18 before, after and one month after the intervention. The mean and standard deviation of divergent thinking scores of students in the control group were 3.41 ± 0.66, 3.41 ± 0.66 and 3.33 ± 0.62 before, after, and one month after the intervention, and there was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of divergent thinking. (P

To protect the contractor who is unaware of the actual price, defects and characteristics of goods or services, the Law- of contracts- recognizes the right of termination of transaction. But a lack of awareness by the contracting party is sometimes due to ignorance or lack of careful inspection. Analyses of legal texts and doctrines indicate that ignorance of the contracting party does not eliminate the possibility of termination which means that the law is rewarding carelessness! However, keeping solidarity of transactions requires that the right of termination not be recognized, in cases where the contracting party does not reasonably examine the actual price, defects and/or characteristics of goods or services before entering into contract. Critically examining the jurisprudential texts and legal approaches of some European countries, the present study sheds light on the duty of the contracting party to investigation prior to entering a contract. Findings revealed that in the legal systems of France and Germany, in cases where the contracting party was able to observe and become aware of the defect, it is not possible to terminate the contract, while in English law the contractor's negligence will not necessarily deprive him/her of the right to claim deception and therefore to avoid the contract.

The capital market, as a place of accumulation of micro funds, faces anomalies such as Infractions and offenses, and this has led officials to look for solutions. One of the ways to prevent and counteract these anomalies is to publicly disclose the offenders' name which has taken into consideration in recent years This two-pronged approach, on the one hand, by introducing offenders , can lead to the prevention of infractions and offenses, and on the other hand, after the occurrence of these anomalies, by defaming the offender, be a decisive and deterrent response to them. The solution, of course, is not without criticism; For example, critics find the public disclosure of offenders and criminals in conflict with the need for respect for human dignity (Proportionality of punishments). In short, it can be said that this objection cannot persuade officials to ignore the potentials and benefits of public disclosure of offenders. In addition, it can be neglected to apply the punishment in respect of minor offenses so as to ensures proportionality of punishments. In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, public disclosure of criminals and offenders has been studied analytically and comparatively.