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Whether in the courts, Parliament or the pub, to persuade you need proof, be that argument- or evidence-based. But what counts as proof, and as satisfactory proof, varies from culture to culture and from context to context. This volume assembles a range of experts in ancient Greek literature to address the theme of proof from different angles and in the works of different authors and contexts. Much of the focus is on the Athenian orators, who discussed the nature and kinds of proof from at least the fourth century BC and are still the subject of lively debate. But demonstration through evidence and argument and the language of proof are not limited to the lawcourts. They have a place in other literary forms, prose and verse, including drama and historiography, and these too feature in the collection. The book will be of interest to students and professional scholars in the fields of Greek literature and law, and Greek social and political history.

This volume forms the second part of the three-volume commentary on the fragments of Diphilus, who belongs to the prominent triad of the poets of New Comedy alongside Menander and Philemon. The present volume comprises the text and an English translation of the fragments of twenty-two plays of Diphilus, followed by a full-scale (philological, thematic, literary, interpretative, historical) commentary that also yields insight into the reception of Diphilan comedy in Roman theatre. This in-depth study of the Diphilan techniques of verbal humour and performance aims at shedding light on the dramatist's distinctive place in the comic tradition, as well as showcasing a degree of variation in the overall image of the production of new comedy.

The Seleukid kingdom was one of the greatest states of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to India; it is also one of the least known. This reference work lists all the people whose names are known who lived in that kingdom, classifying them into rulers, officials and subjects, and in each case noting their activity. In addition all the foreigners whose lives affected the Seleukid state are listed.The Gazetteer lists the places which were included in the kingdom, classified as regions, including provinces and peoples, or settlements, whether cities or villages, with a description of their place in its history. In addition the institutions of the kingdom, the social and political glue which made it work, are noted and briefly described.

This volume offers an eyewitness account of life in the classical world. The author has selected a series of telling extracts from Greek literature to provide a picture of the customs, concerns and underlying values of the ancient Greeks. The Greeks speak for themselves, both in the formal language of public office and in the colloquial speech of the household and the street. Their words reveal activities and opinions which are sometimes remarkably similar to those of the modern day, but which are otherwise so different that they are difficult for us to understand. The extracts have been selected from a variety of sources and record not only the lives of famous Greeks, but - perhaps more importantly - offer an insight into the lives of more ordinary individuals. Poetry, hymns and war-songs are included, as are quotations from official documents, inscriptions, laws, histories, funerary monuments, war-memorials and graffiti. This compilation gives an impression of the public and private facets of Greek life, providing an insight into the mentality of the Greeks.

This book offers the first systematic, up-to-date, cross-cultural, and detailed study of “semi-volitional bodily behaviour” (sneezing, spitting, coughing, burping, vomiting, defecating, etc.) in the classical world.Examining verse and prose texts, fragments, and scholia from the age of Homer to the second century AD, the central argument put forward in this volume is that semi-volitional bodily acts have the potential to betray individual or collective (ethnic/civic and cultural) identities centred on a variety of different themes. Discussions specifically focus on the following five aspects of the interplay between semi-volitional body language and identity construction: sexuality and gender; the link between sexuality and socioeconomic identity of individuals or groups; the embodied markers of civic/ethnic and cultural collectives and the contrast between “we-ness” and “otherness”; ēthos and emotions; and how dietary habits and illnesses indicate the “somo-psychosocial” identity of individuals or groups. The book offers a comprehensive understanding of representations of the human body in ancient Greece and Rome, while reopening the complex and fascinating discussion about the relationship between intention, mind, body, and identity.This book offers a fascinating study suitable for students and scholars of classics and ancient Greek and Roman history. It is also of interest to those in a variety of other disciplines, including body culture studies, gender and sexuality studies, and performance studies, as well as sociology, anthropology, cognitive medicine, and the history of medicine.

Na Grécia Antiga, em vários lugares as mulheres aprendem e transmitem a arte da sedução, principalmente as cortesãs das cidades portuárias, como Corinto, ou as habitantes da Ilha de Lesbos, que se amavam entre si, de onde surgiu o termo lésbica. Com o passar do tempo, filósofos como Sócrates e Platão desenvolvem o ascetismo, em que o amor deixa o seu caráter puramente sexual e ganha um ar mais puritano, de ascese, de transcendente, de caráter elevado, pois busca a elevação do espírito e a purificação da alma.

Despite the intensive research carried out in recent years, modality remains an intriguing and challenging issue in linguistics. This book investigates modality from a syntactic viewpoint and with a bottom-up approach. A strong focus of the book is the interaction between the different linguistic tools that build modality (moods, modal verbs, modal adverbs, etc.), taking both the role of syntactic structure and the compositionality of modal meanings into account. The volume comprises corpus-based studies devoted to several syntactic aspects of modality in Ancient Greek, within different theoretical frameworks. The chapters shed new light on different modal categories (e.g. epistemicity, possibility, counterfactuality, evidentiality, subjectivity) and show how these modal meanings arise from the combination of different linguistic devices in specific syntactic contexts (e.g. combinations of modal elements, types of main and dependent clauses, types of illocutionary acts, etc.). By approaching modality from a different perspective and providing an up-to-date discussion of several aspects of modality, the book makes a significant contribution to current debates.

This book explores the imaginative processes at work in the artefacts of Classical Athens. When ancient Athenians strove to grasp ‘justice'or ‘war'or ‘death', when they dreamt or deliberated, how did they do it? Did they think about what they were doing? Did they imagine an imagining mind?European histories of the imagination have often begun with thinkers like Plato and Aristotle. By contrast, this volume is premised upon the idea that imaginative activity, and especially efforts to articulate it, can take place in the absence of technical terminology. In exploring an ancient culture of imagination mediated by art and literature, the book scopes out the roots of later, more explicit, theoretical enquiry. Chapters hone in on a range of visual and verbal artefacts from the Classical period. Approaching the topic from different angles – philosophical, historical, philological, literary, and art historical – they also investigate how these artefacts stimulate affective, sensory, meditative – in short, ‘imaginative'– encounters between imagining bodies and their world.The Imagination of the Mind in Classical Athens offers a ground-breaking reassessment of ‘imagination'in ancient Greek culture and thought: it will be essential reading for those interested in not only philosophies of mind, but also ancient Greek image, text, and culture more broadly.

Antiphanes is one of the most important writers of the Middle Attic comedy. His plays deal with matters connected to mythological subjects, although others referenced particular professional and national persons or characters, while other plays focused on the intrigues of personal life. This volume contains an introduction, a critical text, translation and complete philological, literary and historical commentary on the testimonia and fragments (fr. 1 – 100; Agroikos/The Rustic – Ephesia/The Girl of Ephesus) of Antiphanes.

This book, part of the series Cave and Karst Systems of the World, begins with a review of the interaction between people and caves in Australia (including conservation), followed by descriptions of the spectacular cave diving sites, before comprehensively covering all the major carbonate and noncarbonate karst areas, subdivided by rock type and region, and including the origin of the caves. This is followed by broad overviews of cave minerals and speleothems, cave biology and cave fossils. Each section was written by one or more specialists in the topic and is illustrated by clear diagrams and superb colour photos. The book emphasises the unique aspects of the Australian karst, including the variability in the age of the caves (very old to very young) and the impact of isolation on the stygofauna, as well as the vertebrate fossils preserved in the caves. Written in an easy-to-read style, the book is a primary reference guide to Australian karst and represents a valuable asset for anyone interested in the topic, not only cavers and academics.

This volume aims to revisit, further explore and tease out the textual, but also non-textual sources in an attempt to reconstruct a clearer picture of a particular aspect of sexuality, i.e. sexual practices, in Greco-Roman antiquity. Sexual practices refers to a part of the overarching notion of sexuality: specifically, the acts of sexual intercourse, the erogenous capacities and genital functions of male and female body, and any other physical or biological actions that define one's sexual identity or orientation. This volume aims to approach not simply the acts of sexual intercourse themselves, but also their legal, social, political, religious, medical, cultural/moral and interdisciplinary (e.g. emotional, performative) perspectives, as manifested in a range of both textual and non-textual evidence (i.e. architecture, iconography, epigraphy, etc.). The insights taken from the contributions to this volume would enable researchers across a range of disciplines – e.g. sex/gender studies, comparative literature, psychology and cognitive neuroscience – to use theoretical perspectives, methodologies and conceptual tools to frame the sprawling examination of aspects of sexuality in broad terms, or sexual practices in particular.

The fact that aspects of witnesses and evidence put them in the centre of the institutional and cultural (e.g. religious, literary) construction of ancient societies indicates that it is important to keep offering nuanced approaches to the topic of this volume. To advance knowledge of the processes of presenting witnesses and gathering, or constructing, evidence is, in fact, to better and more fully understand the ways in which deliberative Athenian democracy functions, what the core elements of political life and civic identity are, and how they relate to the system of using logos to make decisions. For, witnesses and evidence were important prerequisites of getting the Athenian citizenship and exerting the civic/political identity as a member of the community. It is important, therefore, all the matters that relate to information-gathering and decision-making to be examined anew. Emphasis can be placed on a variety of genres to allow scholars recreate the fullest and clearest possible image about the witnessing and evidencing in antiquity. Chapters in this volume include considerations of social, political, literary, and moral theory, alongside studies of the impact of information-gathering and decision-making in oratory and drama, with a steady focus on the application of key ideas and values in social and political justice to issues of pressing ethical concern.

Performing the Kinaidos is the first book-length study to explore the figure of the kinaidos (Latin, cinaedus), a type of person noted in ancient literature for his effeminacy and untoward sexual behaviour. By exploring the presence of this unmanly man in a wide range of textual sources (Plato, Aeschines, Plautus, Catullus, Martial, Juvenal, documentary papyri, and dedicatory inscriptions) and across numerous locations (classical Greece, Ptolemaic Egypt, and the Roman world), Tom Sapsford demonstrates how this figure haunted, in different ways, the binary oppositions structuring ancient societies located around the Mediterranean from the seventh century BCE to the second century CE. Moving beyond previous debates over whether the kinaidos was an ancient'homosexual'or not, the book re-evaluates this figure by analysing the multiple axes of difference such as sex, status, ethnicity, and occupation through which this type of person gained legibility in antiquity. It also emphasizes the kinaidos'role in the development of the category of the professional performer. The book centres the numerous descriptions of the specific poetic and dance styles associated with the kinaidos in ancient sources--a racy verse metre called the Sotadean and a rapid shimmying of the buttocks--and integrates them with the closely related issue of acceptable forms of male social performance in classical cultures.

First Published in 1985. This Volume I, Part 2 of the History and Anthropology series and focuses as Law as a discourse, including essays on disputes of locals in Eastern Brittiany on the ninth century, a British Indian dilemma when looking at property law, law-enforcement in eighteenth century England, Islamic Law in the Medieval Middle East and its social contest and silent law in context of the slaves in nineteenth century Brazil.

Tense is at its most interesting when it behaves badly. In this book Arjan Nijk investigates the variation between the past and present tenses to refer to past events in Classical Greek and beyond. Adopting a cognitive approach to the issue, he argues that the use of the present for preterite depends on the activation of implicit conceptual scenarios in which the gap between the past and the present is bridged. The book is distinguished from previous accounts by its precision in describing these conceptual scenarios, the combination of linguistic theorising with philological and statistical methods, the size of the corpus under investigation and the explicitly cross-linguistic scope. It provides a complete overview of the phenomenon of tense switching in Classical Greek, as well as new theoretical perspectives on deixis and viewpoint, and is important for classicists, narratologists and linguists of every stamp. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Athenaeus'Deipnosophists (The Learned Banqueters) is a major Imperial period Greek text in and of itself, but also a source of thousands of fragments by hundreds of authors, many of whom would otherwise be entirely unknown to us. This is the first full new critical edition of the text since that of Georg Kaibel well over a hundred years ago. Kaibel's text is outdated in many ways, including the fact that he undervalued the Epitome manuscripts, which he thought had no independent significance for the constitution of the text. The new edition is based on a full collation of the manuscripts, including not just Venetus Marcianus 447 (A, the sole surviving witness to the complete text) and the various Epitome manuscripts, but also a number of 15th-century hybrid versions of Athenaeus already known in Kaibel's time but ignored by him. Systematic review of the latter set of manuscripts, as well as of early editions also ignored by Kaibel, has allowed numerous conjectures to be reassigned, radically altering our sense of the Early Modern history of the text. A separate, parallel edition of the Epitome is also included. This now becomes the standard text of the Deipnosophistae and a basic reference work.

O livro Fofocas da Antiguidade apresenta temas densos da Antiguidade, contando-os como se fosse uma fofoca, mas não uma fofoca relativa à ideia de uma narrativa bombástica acerca de alguém, e sim àquela ligada a fatos ocorridos há milhares de anos, possibilitando que o leitor adentre na História, revivendo-a como se estivesse naquele contexto narrado, como conta o professor e historiador Filipe Domingues (@filipendomingues):'Nunca saberemos exatamente o que é ser um escravizado no bairro dos oleiros em Atenas do século V a.C. ou um senador patrício na Pax Romana, contudo André Barreto Campello [no'Fofocas da Antiguidade'] nos oferece excelentes pistas. O historiador George Duby certa vez em uma entrevista disse que para ele História é diversão, concordo com ele: ler esta obra foi um prazer, agora se encerra este prefácio para o leitor começar uma divertida e rica viagem aos tempos clássicos. Boa leitura, divirta-se!'. Nas palavras do professor Ivys Urquiza, do Canal Física Total (@fisicatotal), fica o convite:'Agora que o livro está em suas mãos, delicie-se com as aventuras e confusões de Alcibíades; com as tramas e o escândalo promovido quando'sangue impuro'participou dos rituais sagrados de Atenas; ou ainda esteja presente nas farras e nos bacanais de antigamente.Um brinde às boas histórias; e por que não, às boas fofocas.'Estruturada em oito capítulos, a obra trata de eventos ocorridos nas sociedades helênica e romana, abordando narrativas que remetem aos costumes, hábitos e valores dessas sociedades em um período da história tão diferente e distante do que se vive hoje.