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Résumé : Le but de notre recherche était d'inciter les autorités béninoises à considérer l'importance de la régulation de la publicité des boissons alcoolisées en mettant en lumière les effets néfastes des campagnes publicitaires de la bière Doppel Munich sur la population. Pour y parvenir, nous avons analysé deux publicités de Doppel Munich des dernières décennies. Nous avons utilisé le modèle AIDA (Attention, Intérêt, Désir, Action) pour notre analyse. De plus, une recherche documentaire a permis de retracer l'évolution de la représentation des Africains dans les publicités, ce qui a révélé l'impact des préjugés racistes des Blancs, et notamment de la société française Castel, envers les Noirs dans le domaine publicitaire. Un corpus sur l'image de la femme dans la publicité a également été créé pour mettre en évidence les dérives sexistes de Doppel Munich envers les femmes africaines. Le groupe Castel utilise, dans ses publicités pour Doppel Munich, des artifices tendancieux connus et condamnés comme tels en France, mais non réglementés au Bénin et dans d'autres pays africains où le groupe est actif. Castel tire parti de ce vide juridique pour maximiser ses profits sans considération pour les pays concernés. Nos analyses montrent que ces publicités exploitent abondamment des artifices tendancieux et méprisants envers les femmes noires, frôlant ainsi le racisme. Nous jugeons donc crucial de sensibiliser les autorités publiques, la société civile et les consommateurs à la nécessité d'intervenir pour mettre fin à cette situation. Mots clés : publicité, réglementation, sexisme, racisme, artifices tendancieux.

In this study, the nutritional composition and the chemical safety of Wagashi Gassirè (WG) cheese sold in southern Benin markets were assessed. For this purpose, 15 WG were analysed for fatty acids, essential minerals, and chemical hazards (dioxins, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), biogenic amines, metals, antibiotic and pesticide residues). The risks related to arsenic, lead, aluminium, AFM1, histamine, and tyramine were calculated using the methods recommended by the European Food Safety Authority. Oleic, palmitic and stearic acids, calcium, and phosphorus were the main fatty acids and minerals detected. Lead (0.08 ± 0.06 mg/kg) and AFM1 (0.3 ± 0.0 µg/kg) were detected in all samples and exceeded the maximum level set by the international standard. Cadaverine and tyramine were the main biogenic amines found. No pesticide residues were detected using a multi-residue method targeting compounds. Residues of quinolones, tetracyclines, and colistin antibiotics were also detected. The calculated chronic exposure indicated no public health concern for the chemical contaminants targeted. Moreover, the average cancer risk related to AFM1 intake was 3 × 10−4 cases/105 persons/year for the Benin population through WG consumption. This study contributes to the nutritional characterization of WG and identifies lead and AFM1 as the most relevant chemical hazards of this product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last three decades, many research works have been conducted to define and measure the complex and composite concept of empowerment. However, an individual empowerment tool is still needed, to be applied for any disadvantaged group, women, youths (male or female), poor, etc., or any economic sector, and which can be more suitable for rigorous impact assessment studies. This paper contributes to the growing empowerment literature by providing a new multi-domain, survey-based empowerment measurement tool, the individual empowerment index (IEI). The IEI is unique in its characterization and construction. It combines individual empowerment scores in six empowerment domains: production, household livelihood, resources, income, leadership, and time allocation. It is a flexible and survey-based empowerment parameter that can be generated at individual, household community or country levels, or for any target social category. The IEI is constructed through a specific methodology based on a scale survey with an ordinal variable principle and a general process for construction of domain indicators. A key advantage of the IEI is that different household members (even husband and wife) can have different IEIs and statuses. Findings from applying the IEI approach to data collected from 1120 West-African lowland rice farmers show that lowland rice farmers globally achieved on average 71% of their full empowerment potential with only 40% of them found to be globally empowered. Female farmers were found to have lower control over their lives and were less than male farmers to be empowered. IEI estimates and comparison between WIEI and other women empowerment indexes estimates show reasonable correspondence despite the difference in the methodology and can hold for the validity of the IEI. The new IEI is a suitable tool and is recommended for quantitative and rigorous impact assessment and monitoring of programs and projects empowerment indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]