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Digit Recognition is an interesting and significant topic. Because the manually written digits are not all the same size, thickness, position, and direction, and to determine the issue of handwritten digit recognition, different obstacles must be considered. The variety and distinctiveness of different people's composition styles also influence the appearance and presence of the digits. It is a method of perceiving and organizing transcribed digits. It offers a wide range of uses, such as programmed bank checks, postal locations, and tax paperwork, among others. The goal of this project is to create a classification algorithm that can recognize handwritten digits. The outcomes of some of the most widely used Machine Learning Algorithms, such as SVM, KNN, and RFC, as well as Deep Learning calculations, such as multilayer CNN, using Keras, Theano, and TensorFlow. Using these, an accuracy of 98.70% was reached using CNN (Keras) when compared to 97.91% using SVM, 96.67% using KNN, and 96.89% using RFC.

Indeterminate thyroid cytology diagnoses are associated with intermediate risks of malignancy. Application of molecular testing (MT) to indeterminate specimens provides additional diagnostic and prognostic information. While a positive or suspicious MT result may prompt surgery, a negative MT result is associated with a low probability of cancer or noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features and approximates that of a benign cytology diagnosis. Furthermore, ThyroSeq v3 MT has a "currently negative" result for findings with the probability of cancer or noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear feature that is slightly greater than that for the negative ThyroSeq v3 MT result but less than 10%, suggesting active surveillance. In this report, we discuss a case of a patient for whom clinical, cytologic, and molecular surveillance led to timely surgery and management.A 53-year-old man with a thyroid isthmus nodule had a fine-needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of atypia of undetermined significance and a subsequent ThyroSeq v3 MT, which revealed an EIF1AX mutation and a "currently negative" MT result. Surveillance with additional fine-needle aspiration samples demonstrated concerning genomic alterations (fluctuating EIF1AX allelic frequency and a non-V600E BRAF mutation), culminating in the conversion to a positive MT result 3 years later. Resection revealed an encapsulated noninvasive, oncocytic solid subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma with increased mitotic activity.The case is notable for clinical, cytologic, and molecular surveillance demonstrating sequential pathologic alterations in an indeterminate thyroid nodule with EIF1AX mutation, leading to timely resection of the neoplasm before invasion manifested.

Molecular testing improves the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid cancer. Whether specific molecular testing results are associated with tumor phenotype or provide prognostic information needs further delineation.Consecutive thyroid cancer patients after index thyroidectomy with ThyroSeq version 3 (Rye Brook, NY) molecular testing obtained on preoperative fine-needle aspiration or thyroidectomy specimens from patients with thyroid cancer were categorized into 3 molecular risk groups based on detected mutations, fusions, copy number alterations, and/or gene expression alterations and correlated with histopathology and recurrence, defined as biochemical or structural.Of 578 patients, 49.9%, 37.5%, and 12.6% had molecular risk group-low, molecular risk group-intermediate, and molecular risk group-high cancers, respectively. With a median 19-month follow-up, 9.1% patients recurred. Compared with molecular risk group-low, molecular risk group-intermediate cancers were diagnosed in younger patients and more often had microscopic extrathyroidal extension, involved margins, and nodal disease. Compared with molecular risk group-intermediate, molecular risk group-high cancers were diagnosed in older patients and more often had gross extrathyroidal extension and vascular invasion. In multivariable analysis, recurrence was more likely in molecular risk group-high cancers than in molecular risk group-intermediate (hazard ratio = 4.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-8.6; P.001) and more likely in molecular risk group-intermediate than in molecular risk group-low (hazard ratio = 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-12.5; P.001).Using modern comprehensive genotyping, the genetic profile of thyroid cancers can be categorized into 3 novel molecular risk groups that were associated with histopathologic phenotype and recurrence in short-term follow-up.

Background: Depression as it were having been defined as a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you. The WHO in a fact sheet report has stated that depression is a common mental disorder and one of the main causes of disability worldwide. They added that globally, an estimated 264 million people are affected by depression. In 2020, an estimated 21.0 million adults in the United States had at least one major depressive episode. The pressure to perform well in school against all odds induces elements of depression when the results are not proportional to the efforts put into the study. Hence, this study was done to assess the level depression and suicidality amongst college students in the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study was descriptive cross-sectional with a total of 104 students who were recruited conveniently from the College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The research instrument was a close-ended questionnaire structured in four parts: socio-demography, depression, coping, and suicidality adapted from the Beck-depression-inventory, COPE inventory tool, and Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) tool. The statistical analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23. The descriptive statistics was done using simple descriptive tool, chi square test was used to test for association between variables with the confidence interval 95%, p at 0.05 and power of 80. Results and Discussions: Age group (yrs) was the only significant socio-demographic characteristic that was significantly associated (X2 39.102, P=0.001) with depression status. The depression status of the participants showed that those who had Mild mood disturbance were 5(4.8%), Borderline clinical depression 4(3.8%), Moderate depression 10(9.6%), Severe depression 3(2.9%), and Extreme depression 6(5.8%). The study showed ...

The diagnosis of "follicular neoplasm" (FN) in thyroid cytopathology has a long history that originated not long after the practice of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid nodules. From the outset, this interpretive category was intended to convey a set of differential diagnoses rather than a precise diagnosis, as key diagnostic features, such as capsular and vascular invasion, were not detectable on cytology preparations. Cytologic-histologic correlation studies over the past several decades have shown that FN interpretation can be applied to the spectrum of nonneoplastic tumors to carcinomas. Most tumors classified as FN include follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, noninvasive follicular thyroid tumor with papillary-like nuclear features, and follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Less common entities that may be classified as FN on FNA include hyalinizing trabecular tumor (HTT), poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and nonthyroidal lesions such as parathyroid tissue, paraganglioma, and metastatic tumors. Advances in our ability to detect characteristic molecular alterations (eg, GLIS gene rearrangements for hyalinizing trabecular tumor) in FNA samples may assist in the identification of some of these entities. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiology, history, and evolution of the terminology and the current differential diagnosis according to the recently published 2022 World Health Organization classification, molecular testing, and management of nodules classified as FN.

Mercury concentration anomalies in sedimentary successions are widely considered as proxies for volcanism and together with negative carbon isotope (δ13C) excursions, are a common feature of many Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) sections 1,2. On the basis of a temporal overlap of these geochemical excursions with the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME) interval and PTB at the stratigraphically condensed Meishan PTB Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), Hg and/or C- isotope excursions occurring stratigraphically close to the PTB are often used as chemostratigraphic markers for the extinction interval 2. However, several studies indicate that near-PTB Hg anomalies vary in their stratigraphic occurrence and expression 3; a point also noted for PTB δ13C records 4. Permian – Triassic sedimentary successions are also frequently characterized by an unconformity straddling the PTB and/or by stratigraphic condensation, questioning the robustness of PTME correlations based on these geochemical markers. This study investigates the terminal Permian to earliest Triassic Hg and δ13C record, coupled with U-Pb zircon geochronology, for two stratigraphically continuous deep-water marine sections in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China. The results show an interval of significant Hg enrichment stratigraphically close to the PTB, which is coeval with the nadir of a negative δ13C excursion spanning the Changhsingian to Induan. U-Pb zircon geochronology of volcanic ash beds interbedded with sediments in the studied sections indicate that the onset of this Hg anomaly postdates 251.82 ± 0.060 Ma, and that the peak of the Hg anomaly (and nadir of the negative δ13C excursion) is of Griesbachian age (between 251.59 ± 0.052 Ma and 251.67 ± 0.079 Ma). The peak of the Hg anomaly and nadir of the δ13C excursion in these stratigraphically continuous marine successions post-date both the PTB (251.90 ± 0.024 Ma) and mass extinction interval (251.94 ± 0.037 Ma – 251.88 ± 0.031 Ma) as determined from the Meishan GSSP 5. Our results indicate that stratigraphical correlation of the extinction interval based on Hg anomalies and/or δ13C excursions occurring stratigraphically close to the litho- or bio-stratigraphically determined PTB should be interpreted with caution. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the importance of precise and accurate U-Pb zircon ages for stratigraphic correlation between spatially disparate localities, especially during periods of notable environmental perturbations and biotic turnover such as the Permian-Triassic transition.References1 Korte, C. & Kozur, H. W. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy across the Permian-Triassic boundary: A review. J Asian Earth Sci 39, 215-235 (2010). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.01.0052 Shen, J. et al. Evidence for a prolonged Permian-Triassic extinction interval from global marine mercury records. Nat Commun 10, 1563 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1038/s41467-019-09620-03 Sial, A. N. et al. Globally enhanced Hg deposition and Hg isotopes in sections straddling the Permian-Triassic boundary: Link to volcanism. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl 540, 109537 (2020). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.1095374 Shen, S.-Z. et al. A sudden end-Permian mass extinction in South China. GSA Bulletin 131, 205-223 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1130/B31909.15 Burgess, S. D., Bowring, S. & Shen, S. Z. High-precision timeline for Earth's most severe extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111, 3316-3321 (2014). https://doi.org:10.1073/pnas.1317692

Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances are common features of Huntington’s disease (HD). HD is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that affects men and women in equal numbers, but some epidemiological studies as well as preclinical work indicate there may be sex differences in disease progression. Since sex differences in HD could provide important insights to understand cellular and molecular mechanism(s), we used the bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mouse model of HD (BACHD) to examine whether sex differences in sleep/wake cycles are detectable in an animal model of the disease. Electroencephalography/electromyography (EEG/EMG) was used to measure sleep/wake states and polysomnographic patterns in young adult (12 week-old) male and female wild-type and BACHD mice. Our findings show that male, but not female, BACHD mice exhibited increased variation in phases of the rhythms as compared to age and sex matched wild-types. For both Rapid-eye movement (REM) and Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, genotypic and sex differences were detected. In particular, the BACHD males spent less time in NREM and exhibited a more fragmented sleep than the other groups. Both male and female BACHD mice exhibited significant changes in delta but not in gamma power compared to wild-type mice. Finally, in response to a 6-hrs sleep deprivation, both genotypes and sexes displayed predicted homeostatic responses to sleep loss. These findings suggest that females are relatively protected early in disease progression in this HD model.Significance StatementSleep and circadian rhythm disturbances are common features of Huntington’s disease (HD). Using an animal model of HD and EEG measures of sleep, we found that the males were more vulnerable to sleep/wake architecture alterations and sleep fragmentation. Homeostatic recovery from sleep loss did not appear to be altered at this stage of the disease. These findings raise the possibility that sex-specific factors play a role in the HD symptom progression and that hormone-based treatments may have therapeutic utility.

Anomalous mercury (Hg) contents recorded near the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) are often linked to Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province (STLIP) volcanism and the Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction (PTBME). However, mounting evidence indicates that the relation between STLIP volcanism and Hg “anomalies” is not straightforward. This study focuses on the timing and provenance of volcanic fluxes around the PTBME in South China. We constrain carbon isotope (δC) and Hg concentration and isotope records by utilizing high-precision U-Pb zircon ages from two expanded deep-water marine sections spanning the Late Permian to Early Triassic in the Nanpanjiang Basin. Results reveal two episodes of Hg enrichment. The oldest episode predates the onset of a large negative δC excursion, which is documented to be older than 252.07 ± 0.130 Ma. The second episode occurred between 251.822 ± 0.060 Ma and 251.589 ± 0.062 Ma, coinciding with the nadir of the δC excursion. Volcanic ash geochemistry and Hg isotope compositions suggest that mercury was sourced from subduction-related volcanic arc magmatism in the Tethys region, which peaked between 251.668 ± 0.079 Ma and 251.589 ± 0.052 Ma. These results are compatible with suggestions that regional arc volcanism contributed to the causes of the PTBME in South China and provide evidence that Hg anomalies close to the PTB are not a reliable stratigraphic marker for the PTB extinction event. This study demonstrates that the relations between volcanism, environmental perturbations and mass extinction during the Permian-Triassic transition are better resolved with the aid of high-precision U-Pb zircon ages.