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Thraulodes luisae Souto, Da-Silva & Nessimian, 2014 (Figs. 11���15 and 26���27) Diagnosis. Male imago (adapted from Souto et al. 2014): 1) forewings with 2���3 cross veins basal to bulla; 2) costal and subcostal areas of forewing white on apical third; 2) femora of forelegs with an apical transversal brown band heavily marked and one submedian brown mark; 3) abdominal color pattern of terga I���VI translucent whitish, terga II���VI with a pair of submedian spots, a pair of midway spots and a pair of stigmatic dots, one each side; 5) styliger plate triangular possessing median projection short with narrow base and rounded apex; 6) penes short and wide, apicolateral area forming an ���ear-like��� projection and lateral pouch present, short spines on penes with base robust and tapering towards apex. Nymph: 1) abdominal color pattern of terga I���V with a pair of dark brown submedian spots and a pair of dark brown midway spots, one on each side (Fig. 11); 2) legs light brown and femora with dark brown marks on dorsal surface (Fig. 13); 3) tarsal claws with 7 denticles, apical denticle almost twice as long as the subapical denticle (Fig. 14); 4) gills broad and tapering toward the apex, main trachea strongly pigmented and unbranched (Fig. 15). Description. Nymph (putative). LENGTH (mm). Body: 5.1���6.0; caudal filaments: 7.5. General coloration light brown. Head. Upper portion of male compound eye orangish, lower portion black; ocelli dark gray; small light brown spot between eyes, ocelli and base of antenna. Labrum three times wider than long; wider than clypeus; anterior margin with five subtle denticles (Figs. 12a���b). Mandibles with outer margin with long, thin setae on distal half and without setae on basal half (Figs. 12c and 12e). Maxilla light brown; segments I and II of maxillary palp with few, simple setae on outer margin (these setae are eventually absent in some specimens), segment III with short setae, more abundant apically on outer margin; segment II with few, short, stout setae on apical inner margin and segment III with stout setae on inner margin (Fig. 12f and 12h). Hypopharynx with light brown setae (Fig. 12d). Labium light brown; segment I of labial palp with both margins with long setae; segment II with few setae on outer margin and segment III with setae concentrated apically on outer margin (Fig. 12g). Thorax. Pro-, meso- and metanotum light brown. Wing-pads whitish brown. Pleura and thoracic sterna yellowish. Legs: light brown. Foreleg: fore femur with medium dark brown mark on dorsal surface; inner margin with short spines, outer margin with long spines and long, thin setae; tibia with row of short spines on outer and inner margins and with long setae on outer margin (Fig. 13a); tarsal claws with 7 denticles progressively larger towards apex, with apical denticle almost twice as long as subapical denticle (Fig. 14). Mid and hind legs: similar to foreleg, except that basal mark on dorsal surface of femur is less visible on mid leg (Fig. 13b and 13c). Abdomen. Terga light brown. Terga I���V with pair of submedian dark brown spots near posterior margins and pair of midway, dark brown spots near anterior margins, one on each side (Fig. 11). Sterna yellowish white. Caudal filaments yellowish with dark brown annulations. Gills gray, broad and tapering toward apex, with main trachea strongly pigmented and unbranched (Fig. 15). Life cycle associations. Nymphs were associated with the imagos because they were found in the same localities and share the same abdominal color pattern of the male imago, especially the submedial marks (see Figure 2 in Souto et al. 2014 and Figures 11 and 27 of the present study). Biology. Thraulodes luisae has been found in sites between 50���2000 meters above sea level (Souto et al. 2014 and present study). The nymphs were found in rivers with low to moderate currents and in different substrates, such as leaf litter, leaf litter accumulated in ponds, sand, gravel or under submerged stones and pebbles, and in riparian vegetation. This is the most common and widely distributed species of the genus in the state of Esp��rito Santo. Thraulodes luisae was found in sympatry with T. itatiajanus at sites in the Capara�� National Park. Distribution. S��o Paulo. New records for Esp��rito Santo and Minas Gerais (Fig. 23). Material examined. Brazil, Minas Gerais, Espera Feliz, Capara�� National Park, Pedra Menina (Base), 20�� 37��� 30.3������ S / 41�� 49��� 27.1������ W, 4 m, 14.x.2011, nymphs; same locality, 14-15.ii.2016, 2 nymphs; Capara�� National Park, Cachoeira do Vale a Pena, 20�� 32��� 19.6������ S / 41�� 51��� 25.2������ W, 1053 m, 27.iii.2009, Ceunes leg., 1 nymph; Alto Capara��, Capara�� National Park, Rio S��o Domingos, 20�� 2 ��� 19.5��� S / 41�� 49��� 41.7��� W, 1972 m, 28.iii.2018, len��ol, 3 ♂ imagos; Araponga, Cachoeira do Bon��, 20�� 38��� 45��� S / 42�� 27��� 26��� W, 950 m, 05.ix.2018, F.F. Salles, I. Pereira & J.L. Marulanda cols., 15 nymphs; same locality, 24.ix.201, F.F. Salles, I. Pereira, D.S. Belicchi & J.L. Marulanda cols., 3 nymphs; Same locality, 11.vii.2019, F.F. Salles, T.S. Raymundo, J.L. Marulanda & I.D. Oliveira cols., 60 nymphs; same data, 33 nymphs; same locality, 10.i.2020, 1 nymph; Esp��rito Santo, Ibitirama, Capara�� National Park, Santa Marta, Rio Santa Marta (Base), 20�� 29��� 51.3������ S / 41�� 43��� 45.9������ W, 935 m, 17-18.ii.2016, uv light pan trap, 4 ♀ imagos and 2 ♂ subimagos; same locality, 18-19.ii.2016, 2 ♂ imagos and 1 ♂ subimago; Capara�� National Park, Rio Pedra Roxa, 20�� 23��� 48.1������ S / 41�� 44��� 08.1������ W, 1063 m, 20.iv.200, Ceunes leg., 21 nymphs; same locality, 15.x.2011, 1 nymph; Capara�� National Park, Rio Pedra Roxa, 20�� 24��� 20.7������ S / 41�� 43��� 35.6������ W, 997 m, 21.iv.200, Ceunes leg., 2 nymphs; Capara�� National Park, Rio ���Tecnotruta��� between Pedra Roxa and Santa Marta, 20�� 2 ��� 43.0������ S / 41�� 42��� 15. ������ W, 33 m, 21.iv.200, 11 nymphs; Capara�� National Park, Rio ���Tecnotruta��� Sonho Meu, 1063 m, 21.iv.200, 7 nymphs; same locality, 959 m, 21.iv.200, 6 nymphs; Cariacica, Reserva Biol��gica Duas Bocas, Quase fim da Trilha, 20�� 15��� 2.5������ S / 40�� 29��� 3.3������ W, 211 m, 02.x.2013, 19 nymphs; Reserva Biol��gica Duas Bocas, Casa da Farinha, 20�� 33��� 0.7������ S / 40�� 43��� 36.6������ W, 01.x.2013, 3 nymphs; Santa Teresa, Nova Lombardia, Capitel de Santo Ant��nio, Pinguela, 19�� 52��� 16.0������ S / 40�� 31��� 43.1������ W, 718 m, 19.xi.2015, len��ol, 1 ♂ imago and 1 ♂ subimago; same locality, 09.xii.2015, 1 ♂ imago and 4 ♂ subimagos; same locality, 26.x.2009, 3 ♂ and 1 ♀ imagos; same locality, 19.ii.2009, 1 nymph; same locality, 26.x.200, 31 nymphs; same locality, 09.xii.2015, nymphs; same locality, 0. ix.2015, 12 nymphs; Nova Lombardia, Capitel de Santo Ant��nio, C��rrego Grande (��rea Aberta), 19�� 52��� 32.6������ S / 40�� 31��� 49. ������ W, 721 m, 19.ii.2009, Ceunes leg., 3 nymphs; Nova Lombardia, Capitel de Santo Ant��nio, C��rrego Grande (��rea Aberta), 19�� 52��� 32.6������ S / 40�� 31��� 49. ������ W, 721 m, 19.i.200, nymphs; same locality, 20.i.200, Ceunes leg., 6 nymphs; same locality, 24.x.200, Ceunes leg., 19 nymphs; same locality, 25.x.200, Ceunes leg., 6 nymphs; same locality, 19.ii.2009, Ceunes leg., 3 nymphs; same locality, 20.ii.2009, Ceunes leg., 12 nymphs; same locality, 11-12.i.2016, 1 ♂ subimago; Nova Lombardia, Capitel de Santo Ant��nio, Cachoeira Grande, 19�� 52��� 30. ������ S / 40�� 31��� 56.6������ W, 712 m, 25.x.200, Ceunes leg., 15 nymphs; same locality, 24.x.200, 5 nymphs; same locality, 20.i.200, 13 nymphs; Nova Lombardia, Capitel de Santo Ant��nio, C��rrego Escavado, 19�� 52��� 31.7������ S / 40�� 31��� 47.3������ W, 705 m, 16.xi.200, 5 nymphs; Nova Lombardia, Po����o, 19�� 52��� 30.9������ S / 40�� 32��� 07.4������ W, 739 m, 26.x.200, Ceunes leg., 1 nymph; Nova Lombardia, C��rrego do Filtro, 19�� 52��� 32.6������ S / 40�� 31��� 49. ������ W, 11.i.2016, 2 nymphs; Santa Teresa, Reserva Biol��gica Augusto Ruschi, Cachoeirinha, Estrada cima, 19�� 53��� 20.9������ S / 40�� 32��� 43.9������ W, 19.xi.2015, 1 nymph; Reserva Biol��gica Augusto Ruschi, C��rrego da Estrada, 19�� 53��� 20.6������ S / 40�� 32��� 41.5������ W, 11.i.2016, len��ol, 2 ♂ imagos and 2 ♀ subimagos; Reserva Biol��gica Augusto Ruschi, C��rrego do Bragacho, 19�� 52��� 25.3������ S / 40�� 33��� 34.2������ W, 15.iv.201, 4 nymphs; Fund��o, Rio Timbu��, Fazenda Camping, Capela, 19�� 56��� 02.0������ S / 40�� 24��� 45.0������ W, 57 m, 02.xii.2010, 1 nymph; same locality, 03.xii.2010, 2 nymphs. Discussion. Nymphs of T. luisae resemble those of T. bonito and T. borun due to the general abdominal color pattern, mainly the marks of the terga. Both species have a pair of dark brown spots on the sublateral region of the terga, one on each side, distributed as follow: T. luisae on terga I���V; T. bonito on terga I���VII and T. borun on terga II���VI. The gills of these species have the main trachea strongly pigmented and unbranched. Nevertheless, the nymph of T. luisae can be distinguished from the others two species by the terga I���V with a pair of submedian, dark brown spots close to posterior margin; in T. borun the terga II���VI has single posteromedial dark mark, while in T. bonito the terga II���VII have diffuse and poorly defined median mark. Moreover, the number of denticles on the tarsal claw differs among the three species: T. luisae has 7; T. borun has ���9; and T. bonito has 11., Published as part of Raymundo, Thayna Da Silva, Almeida, Ta��s Barbosa, Do Nascimento, Jeane M. C. & Salles, Frederico Falc��o, 2021, Thraulodes Ulmer 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Esp��rito Santo state, Brazil, pp. 7-20 in Zootaxa 5076 (1) on pages 12-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5076.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5763229, {"references":["Souto, P. M., Da-Silva, E. R. & Nessimian, J. L. (2014) Two new species of Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from Southeast Brazil. Zootaxa, 3760 (4), 571 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3760.4.6"]}

Thraulodes alegre sp. nov. (Figures 16–22) Diagnosis. The male imago of Thraulodes alegre sp. nov. can be distinguished from other species of Thraulodes by the following combination of characteristics: 1) forewings with three cross veins basal and 17 distal to bulla (Fig. 20a); 2) abdominal color pattern of terga I–VI whitish translucent, II–VI with subrectangular dark brown mark near posterior margins and with midway spots (Fig. 17); 3) styliger plate triangular and whitish (Fig. 19); 4) penes light yellow, with lateral pouch (Fig. 1); 5) apicolateral area of the penes forming an “ear-like” projection; 6) penes spines long and tapered, with robust bases (Figs. 1 –19). Description. Male imago (Figs. 10–14). LENGTH (mm). Body:.1–.5; Fore wing:.9; hind wing: 1.9. Caudal filaments broken and lost. General coloration whitish, with light yellow and dark brown areas. Wings hyaline. Head. White, with dark brown and light brown areas. Antenna with scape and flagellum whitish yellow, pedicel dark brown. Ocelli white, surrounded by dark ring at base. Eyes dark brown, upper portion orangish brown (Figs. 16–17). Thorax. Pronotum whitish yellow, with small dark brown spots. Meso- and metanotum whitish yellow, with dark brown marks. Prosternum white; meso- and metasternum light brown (Figs. 16–17). Pleura with membranous areas whitish; sclerotized areas grayish brown and dark brown. Legs: broken and lost. Wings: Membrane of wings hyaline, with dark brown mark at base; veins whitish. Forewing with three cross veins basal and 17 distal to bulla (Fig. 20a). Hind wing with 9–11 cross veins (Fig. 20b). Abdomen. Terga I–VI whitish translucent, terga VII–X yellowish white. Tergum I with dark brown diffuse mark close to anterior margin; terga II–VI with subrectangular brown mark near posterior margins and midway spots; terga I–VII with stigmatic dots close to anterolateral margins. Terga VI–IX with posterior margins dark brown; tergum X with two spots apically. Sterna I–VIII each with pair of ventral dots, near posterolateral margin (Figs. 16–17). Caudal filaments broken and lost. Genitalia (Figs. 1 –19). Styliger plate white, triangular, with dorsal extension developed. Forceps white, segment I medially constricted; inner margin with several short setae basal to constrition. Penes light yellow, with lateral pouch present, apicolateral area with apex rounded, with “ear-like” projection; penes spines long, tapered and with bases robust. Female imago (figs. 21–22). LENGTH (mm). Body: 9.; Forewings: 10; Hind wings: 1.9. Caudal filaments missing. General coloration white, with light yellow and dark brown area. Wings translucent. Head (Figs. 21–22). White with some dark brown and whitish yellow areas. Antenna with scape and flagellum whitish yellow, pedicel dark brown. Ocelli white, surrounded by black ring at base. Thorax. Pronotum whitish yellow, except medial and posterior margins blackish; with small dark brown spots submedially. Meso- and metanotum whitish yellow, with dark brown marks. Prosternum white; meso- and metasternum light brown. Pleura with membranous areas white; sclerotized areas grayish brown and dark brown. Legs. All legs white. Foreleg: femora with apical yellow band with basal area surrounded by dark brown line, and with submedian dark brown mark; tibiae with apical dark brown mark; tarsi whitish. Mid and hind legs similar to foreleg, except with less evident mark on hind tibia (Fig. 21). Wings. Membrane of wings hyaline, with dark brown mark at base; veins white. Forewing with four cross veins basal and 19 distal to bulla. Hind wings with 11 cross veins. Abdomen. Terga I–VI and IX–X yellowish white; distal half of tergum VII and tergum VIII whitish. Terga I–VII with stigmatic dots close to anterolateral margins; terga II–VI with sublateral mark near anterior margins; terga III–VII with central marks, forming circle increasing progressively towards tergum VII. Sterna V–VIII each with ventral dot near posterolateral margin. Apex of female sternum IX cleft, V-shaped. Caudal filaments broken and lost (Figs. 21–22). Female subimago. Similar to female imago, but with paler color and smaller body. Caudal filaments broken and lost. Nymph. Unknown. Biology. Specimens were collected at an altitude of 450 meters above sea level. The area belongs to a state conservation park, but the surroundings of the park and the river itself are impacted by anthropogenic activities, such as farming, and the river is subject to degradation and silting to the extent that it can prevent the availability of food, ideal substrate and other resources for the species. Etymology. The specific epithet of the new species is a reference to Alegre, the name of the municipality where the species was found. This name is used in apposition. Distribution. Brazil, Espírito Santo: Alegre (Fig. 23). Material examined. Brazil, Espírito Santo: Holotype: Alegre, Parque Estadual da Cachoeira da Fumaça, Rio Grande, 20º 37’ 52.2’’ S / 41º 36’ 12.9’’ W, 450 m, 28.v.2011, 1 ♂ imago; Paratypes: same data, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ imago and 1 ♀ subimago. Discussion. The new species has an abdominal coloration commonly found in several species of Thraulodes, with some segments whitish or translucent. This can be found in species such as T. calori Campos & Mariano in Campos & Mariano (2019); T. sternimaculatus Lima, Mariano & Pinheiros in Lima et al. (2013); T. rodrigoi Boldrini, Dantas & Lima in Boldrini et al. (201); and T. sinuosus Mariano & Flowers in Mariano et al. (2011). Among the species in the genus, T. alegre sp. nov. appears more similar to T. bonito because both have similar marks on the first abdominal segments. However, in T. alegre sp. nov., these marks are rectangular and are located near the posterior margins of terga II–VI; whereas in T. bonito these marks are diffuse, poorly defined and are located medially on terga II–VI. Furthermore, the genitalia of these two species are distinct: in the new species the penes and spines are longer than that in T. bonito (see Figure 5 in Gonçalves et al. 2013 and Figures 1 and 19 of the present study).

Thraulodes itatiajanus Traver & Edmunds, 1967 (Figs. 1���10 and 24���25) Diagnosis. Male imago (adapted from Dom��nguez et al. 2006): 1) forewing with 3���4 cross veins basal to bulla; 2) costal and subcostal area of forewing tinted yellowish; 3) all legs with reddish brown apical band on femur; 4) abdominal color pattern of terga II���VI yellowish translucent, terga VII���X pink; large submedian mark near anterior margin of terga III and IV, reduced to one line in tergum II and replaced by a series of dark dots on terga V���VI; terga II���VII with stigmatic dots and darker mark near on terga III���VII; 5) sterna I���VIII with a pair of ventral dots, sterna II���VIII with a curved row of two small dark dots that almost meet medially (Fig. 9); 6) penes very slender and recurved fold present only on the basal half (Fig. 10). Female imago: 1) forewings with 4���7 cross veins basal and 1 ���20 distal to bulla (Fig. 4a); 2) all legs with reddish brown apical band on femora and tibiae with dark brown mark in the apical region (Fig. 3); 3) terga I���X reddish brown and light brown, terga I���VI with white transverse band close to the posterior margin, reduced to a line in terga VII���VIII, posterior margin of terga II���IX dark brown (Figs. 1���2); 4) general color of the sterna yellowish; translucent after oviposition, sterna I���VII with a pair of ventral dots, sterna II���VII with a curved row of two small dark dots that almost meet medially (Figs. 5���6). Nymph (adapted from Da-Silva 2003): 1) abdominal color pattern of terga dark brown on anterior margins and light brown on posterior margins, terga IX and X with dark brown mark medially close to the posterior margin; 2) general color of the sterna light brown, sterna I���VII with a pair of ventral dots, sterna II���VII with a curved row of two small dark dots that almost meet medially (Figs. 7 ���); 3) all legs with median and apical brown marks on femur; 3) abdominal gills grayish, broad and tapering toward the apex, main trachea strongly pigmented and unbranched. Description. Female imago (Figs. 1���6): LENGTHS (mm). Body: 10.0���11.0; Forewings: 13.2���13.3; Hind wings: 1.9; Fore leg: 5.7; Mid leg: 5.1; Hind leg: 6.9; Caudal filaments broken and lost. General color reddish brown. Wings translucent. Head. Reddish brown, with dark brown and light brown areas. Antenna with scape and flagellum light brown, pedicellus dark brown. Ocelli yellow, surrounded by black ring; region between ocelli reddish brown. Compound eye dark brown (Figs. 1���2). Thorax. Pronotum whitish with anterior and posterior margins dark brown; stained with reddish brown medially and submedially; meso- and metanotum brown, with light to dark brown marks. Posterior area of mesonotum white, with apex dark brown (Figs. 1���2). Pro-, meso- and metasternum white with central mark black. Mesosternum with light brown sublateral band. Pleura with membranous areas whitish; sclerotized areas reddish brown and dark brown. Legs (Fig. 3): All legs light yellow. Fore femur with apical reddish brown band extending to distal half, basal margin of band dark brown, ventral surface with submedian dark brown mark; tibia with apical, thin, dark brown mark; tarsi light yellow, except for distal half of last tarsal segment and claw dark brown. Mid and hind legs similar to foreleg, except by absence of submedian dark brown mark on femur and by reddish brown band on apical third. Wings: Membrane of wings hyaline with dark brown stain at base; veins brown. Forewing with 4���7 cross vein basal and 1 ���20 distal to bulla (Fig. 4a). Hind wing with 13���15 cross veins (Fig. 4b). Abdomen (Figs. 1���2). Terga I���X reddish brown and light brown. Terga I���VIII with white transverse band close to posterior margin, reduced to line on terga VII���VIII; posterior margin of terga II���IX dark brown. Pleura yellowish, with small dark brown stigmatic dots and longitudinal whitish band above pleural fold on II���IX. Sterna yellowish (Fig. 5), translucent after oviposition (Fig. 6); sterna I���VII with pair of ventral dots, sterna II���VII with curved row of two small dark dots nearly meeting medially (Figs. 5���6). Apex of female sternum IX cleft, V-shaped, varying from deep (Fig. 5) to shallow (Fig. 6). Variations. One specimen showed color patterns lighter due to the alcohol fixation period. Life cycle associations. The association with the female described is based on one female nymph reared to subimago and then to imago. Furthermore, the female nymph and imago has dots, especially on sterna similar to the description of the male adult and nymph (Figs. 5���9). Biology. T. itatiajanus have been found at sites between 300���2000 meters above sea level (Da-Silva 2003; Salles et al. 2010 and present study) and the nymphs analyzed in the present study were found on stone and gravel substrates. Distribution. Rio de Janeiro and Esp��rito Santo. New records for Esp��rito Santo and Minas Gerais (Fig. 23). Material examined. Brazil, Esp��rito Santo, Ibitirama, Capara�� National Park, Rio Pedra Roxa, 20�� 23��� 4.1��� S / 41�� 44��� 08.1��� W, 1063 m, 20.iv.2008, Ceunes leg., 5 ♀ imagos and 3 nymphs; Minas Gerais, Alto Capara��, Capara�� National Park, Rio S��o Domingos (EVA), 20�� 28��� 19.5��� S / 41�� 49��� 41.7��� W, 1972 m, 28.iii.2018, len��ol, 2 ♀ imagos; Espera Feliz, Capara�� National Park, Pedra Menina (Base), 20�� 37��� 30.3��� S / 41�� 49��� 27.1��� W, 4 m, 14-15.ii.2016, uv light pan trap, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ imagos. Discussion. Many species of the genus have description of the female imago (e.g., T. alapictus Mariano & Lima in Lima et al. 2013; T. amanda Mariano & Froehlich in Mariano et al. 2011; T. bonito Gon��alves, Da-Silva & Nessimian in Gon��alves et al. 2013; and T. pinga Souto, Da-Silva & Nessimian in Souto et al. 2014). The female of T. itatiajanus is similar to the female of T. alapictus due to the general color pattern, large body length and marks on the legs, mainly on the tibiae with an apical mark and tarsi with the last tarsal segment and claw tinged with dark marks. However, the female of T. itatiajanus is easily distinguished from T. alapictus by the following characteristics: T. alapictus has abdomen color dark brown without translucent segments, sterna without marks and legs color pattern without band; while T. itatiajanus has translucent segments (after oviposition), sterna II���VI with a curved row of two small dark dots that almost meet medially, and femur of all legs with an apical band., Published as part of Raymundo, Thayna Da Silva, Almeida, Ta��s Barbosa, Do Nascimento, Jeane M. C. & Salles, Frederico Falc��o, 2021, Thraulodes Ulmer 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Esp��rito Santo state, Brazil, pp. 7-20 in Zootaxa 5076 (1) on pages 8-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5076.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5763229, {"references":["Traver, J. R. & Edmunds, G. F. Jr. (1967) A revision of the genus Thraulodes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America, 5, 349 - 395.","Dominguez, E., Molineri, C., Pescador, M. L., Hubbard, M. D. & Nieto, C. (2006) Ephemeroptera of South America. In: Adis, J., Arias, J. R., Rueda-Delgado, G. & Wantzen, K. M. (Eds.), Aquatic Biodiversity in Latin America. Vol. 2. Sofia-Moscow, Bulgaria, pp. 1 - 646.","Da-Silva, E. R. (2003) Ninfas de Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) ocorrentes no Estado do Rio de janeiro, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 3, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032003000200006","Salles, F. F., Nascimento, J. M. C., Massariol, F. C., Angeli, K. B., Barcelos-Silva, P., Rudio, J. A. & Boldrini, R. (2010) First survey of mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Insecta) from Espirito Santo State, Southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 10 (1), 293 - 307. [https: // www. biotaneotropica. org. br / v 10 n 1 / pt / abstract? inventory + bn 02610012010] https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032010000100025","Lima, L. R. C., Mariano, R. & Pinheiro, U. (2013) New species for Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) and the first key to adults from Brazil. Zootaxa, 3709 (3), 230 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3709.3.2","Mariano, R., Flowers, R. W. & Froehlich, C. G. (2011) Four new species, a new synonymy and new record for Thraulodes Ulmer 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae). Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology, 47 (4), 3 7 - 393. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2011044","Goncalves, I. G., Da-Silva, E. R. & Nessimian, J. L. (2013) Thraulodes bonito sp. nov. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Rio de Janeiro State, Southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 3669 (2), 153 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3669.2.6","Souto, P. M., Da-Silva, E. R. & Nessimian, J. L. (2014) Two new species of Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from Southeast Brazil. Zootaxa, 3760 (4), 571 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3760.4.6"]}