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2. Nothing personal : on being involved in collective harm

Author

Newton, Andrew William

Abstract

Collective harms - harms resulting from the aggregate actions of numerous agents - challenge standard approaches to establishing moral accountability. It is commonly claimed that an agent is not accountable for something that she did not individually cause, or to which she individually could have made no difference. However, in cases of collective harm, claims are frequently made about the accountability of individual agents across the cone of causation. This thesis develops an approach to making sense of these competing claims. I explore a range of accountability theories to identify where each succeeds (or fails) in populating the catchment of consideration - the pool of candidates for downstream moral assessment - and in providing explanatory value. I begin with a representative version of the standard individually directly causal account. I then change the subject of accountability from the natural person to more complex agents - joint agents and corporate agents. Next, I change the basis of accountability from causation to Kutzian participation. Finally, I set out a new conception of participation - a model I call Participation on its Own Terms. In each case I apply the model to examples drawn from a detailed account of a significant real-world collective harm: the Global Economic Crisis of 2007-9. I argue that adopting a pluralistic (supra-model) approach to applying these models makes it possible to broaden the catchment of consideration for accountability for the crisis to a few million contributions of varying magnitude. This approach produces a breadth of coverage better aligned with standard pre-theoretic views while avoiding the trap of making everyone responsible. At the same time, the application of each model contributes substantively to our explanation of how the crisis occurred. Furthermore, this supra-model approach broadly applies to other collective harms, such as the production of inequality, structural injustice, and human-driven climate change.

Published
2023

16. Repeated intravenous cardiosphere-derived cell therapy in late-stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy (HOPE-2): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial

Author

Butterfield, Russell, Connolly, Anne, Muntoni, Francesco, Joyce, Nanette C., Evans, Maya, Abedi, Mehrdad, Surampudi, Prasanth, Jhawar, Sanjay, Dayan, Jonathan G., Anthonisen, Colleen, Goude, Erica, Nicorici, Alina, Sarwary, Omaid, Prasad, Poonam, Baek, Jayoon, Newton, Andrew, Johnson, Hannah, Kusmik, Kyle, Filar, Lauri, Edmondson, Angie, Rybalsky, Irina, Chouteau, Wendy, Giordano, Anthony F., Rodriguez, Aixa, Anderson, Kristan, Wezel, Germaine, Vega, Melisa, Duke, Julie, Collado, Jorge, Civitello, Matthew, Wells, Julie, Pyzik, Erika, Rehborg, Rebecca, Brown, Michelle, Van Eyk, Jennifer, Rogers, Russell G., McDonald, Craig M, Marbán, Eduardo, Hendrix, Suzanne, Hogan, Nathaniel, Ruckdeschel Smith, Rachel, Eagle, Michelle, Finkel, Richard S, Tian, Cuixia, Janas, Joanne, Harmelink, Matthew M, Varadhachary, Arun S, Taylor, Michael D, Hor, Kan N, Mayer, Oscar H, Henricson, Erik K, Furlong, Pat, Ascheim, Deborah D, Rogy, Siegfried, Williams, Paula, and Marbán, Linda

Published
2022
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17. Inappropriate use of nocebic language in prehospital care: a cautionary tale.

Author

Newton, Andrew

Abstract

Background: Nocebic communication can impair patient outcomes and increase their risk of post-traumatic stress disorder. It could therefore be legitimately regarded as a patient safety issue. Aims: This study aimed to determine whether nocebic effects (negative outcomes) induced by potentially harmful word and language choices commonly occur in clinical practice involving paramedics and other emergency responders. Methods: Five publicly available televised excerpts of prehospital care encounters were reviewed. Cases typically involved the treatment of patients who had sustained serious traumatic injuries. The incidence of words and language patterns commonly associated with nocebo effects were collected using a template to enable relevant dialogue to be tracked and recorded. Results: Emergency responders, typically paramedics and doctors in these examples, frequently employed nocebic words and poor language pattern choices even though less harmful forms of communication were available and more clinically appropriate. Conclusions: Inappropriate nocebic effect-inducing language is frequently used by emergency response personnel, potentially inflicting avoidable pain and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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26. The Effect of Creatine Nitrate and Caffeine Individually or Combined on Exercise Performance and Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Author

Mabrey, Gina, Koozehchian, Majid S., Newton, Andrew T., Naderi, Alireza, Forbes, Scott C., and Haddad, Monoem

Abstract

This study examined the effect of creatine nitrate and caffeine alone and combined on exercise performance and cognitive function in resistance-trained athletes. In a double-blind, randomized crossover trial, twelve resistance-trained male athletes were supplemented with 7 days of creatine nitrate (5 g/day), caffeine (400 mg/day), and a combination of creatine nitrate and caffeine. The study involved twelve resistance-trained male athletes who initially provided a blood sample for comprehensive safety analysis, including tests for key enzymes and a lipid profile, and then performed standardized resistance exercises—bench and leg press at 70% 1RM—and a Wingate anaerobic power test. Cognitive function and cardiovascular responses were also examined forty-five minutes after supplementation. Creatine nitrate and caffeine that were co-ingested significantly enhanced cognitive function, as indicated by improved scores in the Stroop Word–Color Interference test (p = 0.04; effect size = 0.163). Co-ingestion was more effective than caffeine alone in enhancing cognitive performance. In contrast, no significant enhancements in exercise performance were observed. The co-ingestion of creatine nitrate and caffeine improved cognitive function, particularly in cognitive interference tasks, without altering short-term exercise performance. Furthermore, no adverse events were reported. Overall, the co-ingestion of creatine nitrate and caffeine appears to enhance cognition without any reported side effects for up to seven days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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27. Embedding Evidence-Based Policing (EBP): A UK case study exploring organisational challenges.

Author

Selby-Fell, Helen and Newton, Andrew

Subjects
EVIDENCE-based law enforcement, CORPORATE culture
Abstract

This paper explores organisational challenges of embedding 'Evidence-Based Policing' (EBP) using a mixed methods design sampled across a range of ranks/roles, in a case study UK police force. Key organisational constraints identified include limited awareness of/access to research evidence, lack of resources, capability concerns, and challenges related to organisational culture and leadership. Organisational constraints were disproportionately experienced by lower ranking officers and staff, and senior officers were not fully cognisant of these challenges. There is a need to better equip officers and staff of all ranks to engage with EBP and address the identified organisational challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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32. The evolution and preservation potential of englacial eskers: an example from Breiðamerkurjökull, SE Iceland

Author

Lally, Amy, Ruffell, Alastair, Newton, Andrew M. W., Rea, Brice R., Kahlert, Thorsten, Storrar, Robert D., Spagnolo, Matteo, Graham, Conor, and Coleman, Millie

Abstract

Directly observing glacial drainage systems (englacial and subglacial) is challenging. The distribution, morphology and internal structure of eskers can provide valuable information about the glacial drainage system and meltwater processes. This work presents the annual evolution (meltout) and internal structure of an esker emerging from the Breiðamerkurjökull ice margin, southeast Iceland. Changes in esker morphology have been repeatedly mapped over a 1-year period using high temporal and spatial resolution data acquired by an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV). The internal architecture of the esker was investigated using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys. These data are used to identify the dominant processes driving the formation of this englacial esker and to evaluate the preservation potential. The englacial esker was up to 2.6 m thick and ice-cored. A large moulin upglacier of the esker, which evolved into an englacial conduit, supplied meltwater to the englacial channel. Upglacier dipping debris-filled basal hydrofractures, formed by pressurised subglacial meltwater rising up the retrograde bed slope, likely supplied sediment to the englacial conduit. Over the 1-year period of observation the crest morphology evolved from flat- to sharp-crested and the esker footprint increased by a factor of 5.7 in response to post-depositional processes. The findings presented here indicate that englacial eskers may have low preservation potential due to post-depositional reworking such as slumping through ice-core meltout and erosion by later meltwater flow. As englacial eskers may not be preserved in the landscape, they could represent important glacial drainage system components that are not currently captured in palaeo-ice sheet reconstructions. This work highlights the value of creating a time series of high-temporal resolution data to quantify morphological evolution and improve glacial process-form models.

Published
2023

36. Air-LUSI: an autonomous robotic telescope for high-altitude lunar spectral irradiance measurements

Author

Newton, Andrew, Maxwell, Stephen E., Gadsden, S. Andrew, and Turpie, Kevin

Abstract

Proceedings Volume 12103, Advanced Optics for Imaging Applications: UV through LWIR VII SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing, 2022, Orlando, Florida, United States, The airborne lunar spectral irradiance (air-LUSI) mission is an inter-agency partnership between the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. Air-LUSI aims to make SI-traceable measurements of lunar spectral irradiance at visible to near-infrared wavelengths with unprecedented accuracy. To minimize uncertainty, lunar spectra are acquired above 90 % of the Earth’s atmosphere aboard NASA’s Earth Resources aircraft, a civilian descendant of the U-2 spy plane. The data collected by the air-LUSI instrument is poised to improve upon current lunar calibrations of Earth observing satellites. The air-LUSI team recently completed their Operational Flight Campaign in Palmdale, California in March 2022. In addition to the Engineering Flight Campaign of August 2018 and the Demonstration Flight Campaign of November 2019, the air-LUSI instrument has been successfully deployed on over ten lunar spectral measurement flights at altitudes of roughly 21 km. This paper presents the simplified double gimbal design that was capable of recently tracking the Moon with a root mean square tracking error of less than 0.1°.

Published
2022
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37. Comparative Experience of Short-wavelength Versus Long-wavelength Fluorophores for Intraoperative Molecular Imaging of Lung Cancer

Author

Kennedy, Gregory T., primary, Azari, Feredun S., additional, Chang, Ashley, additional, Nadeem, Bilal, additional, Bernstein, Elizabeth, additional, Segil, Alix, additional, Din, Azra, additional, Marfatia, Isvita, additional, Desphande, Charuhas, additional, Okusanya, Olugbenga, additional, Keating, Jane, additional, Predina, Jarrod, additional, Newton, Andrew, additional, Kucharczuk, John C., additional, and Singhal, Sunil, additional

Published
2022
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44. Repeated intravenous cardiosphere-derived cell therapy in late-stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy (HOPE-2): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial

Author

McDonald, Craig M, primary, Marbán, Eduardo, additional, Hendrix, Suzanne, additional, Hogan, Nathaniel, additional, Ruckdeschel Smith, Rachel, additional, Eagle, Michelle, additional, Finkel, Richard S, additional, Tian, Cuixia, additional, Janas, Joanne, additional, Harmelink, Matthew M, additional, Varadhachary, Arun S, additional, Taylor, Michael D, additional, Hor, Kan N, additional, Mayer, Oscar H, additional, Henricson, Erik K, additional, Furlong, Pat, additional, Ascheim, Deborah D, additional, Rogy, Siegfried, additional, Williams, Paula, additional, Marbán, Linda, additional, Butterfield, Russell, additional, Connolly, Anne, additional, Muntoni, Francesco, additional, Joyce, Nanette C., additional, Evans, Maya, additional, Abedi, Mehrdad, additional, Surampudi, Prasanth, additional, Jhawar, Sanjay, additional, Dayan, Jonathan G., additional, Anthonisen, Colleen, additional, Goude, Erica, additional, Nicorici, Alina, additional, Sarwary, Omaid, additional, Prasad, Poonam, additional, Baek, Jayoon, additional, Newton, Andrew, additional, Johnson, Hannah, additional, Kusmik, Kyle, additional, Filar, Lauri, additional, Edmondson, Angie, additional, Rybalsky, Irina, additional, Chouteau, Wendy, additional, Giordano, Anthony F., additional, Rodriguez, Aixa, additional, Anderson, Kristan, additional, Wezel, Germaine, additional, Vega, Melisa, additional, Duke, Julie, additional, Collado, Jorge, additional, Civitello, Matthew, additional, Wells, Julie, additional, Pyzik, Erika, additional, Rehborg, Rebecca, additional, Brown, Michelle, additional, Van Eyk, Jennifer, additional, and Rogers, Russell G., additional

Published
2022
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46. Old school, still cool.

Author

Newton, Andrew

Abstract

The article discusses the enduring popularity and increasing value of the Porsche Carrera GT, a sports car that was produced from 2003 to 2006. The Carrera GT is praised for its combination of modern features, such as carbon construction and high speed, with old-school elements like a manual transmission and lack of electronic aids. The car's value has steadily risen over the years, with a significant increase in the past decade. However, there has been a slight decrease in value since the end of 2022, possibly due to a safety recall and changes in insurance coverage. Despite this, the Carrera GT remains highly sought after, with prices ranging from £1.1m to £1.4m. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024

47. How hybrid hypercars have fared.

Author

Newton, Andrew

Subjects
HYBRID electric cars
Abstract

This article discusses the market performance of three hybrid hypercars: the LaFerrari, McLaren P1, and Porsche 918. These cars were released over a decade ago and set benchmarks for performance and technology. The LaFerrari is the most valuable, followed by the McLaren P1 and Porsche 918. However, the McLaren P1 has experienced the sharpest decline in value and faces competition from newer models. The Porsche 918 is the most affordable and easiest to maintain. The article raises questions about the long-term value and durability of these cars, as well as the upcoming halo cars from each manufacturer. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024

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