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Knowing the diet composition of a fish species provides a key to understanding their place in the marine food web. Between May 2021 and September 2022, 120 stomachs of horse mackerel with sizes between 8.0 and 15.5 cm (average length 11.43±1.35 cm), were sampled and analyzed. The identified prey were: fish (Engraulis encrasicolus - anchovy), copepods (Acartia clausi, Calanus euxinus), molluscs and annelids polychaetes. Regarding the value of the Relative Importance Index (RII), the copepod group dominated. This prey is probably characteristic of small size individuals that dominated the samples. Their diet was similar between years. The analysis of Fullness Index (FI) highlights an increase in the index according to length. There are no significant FI differences between the stations, month and years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biochemical analysis of fish tissue is considered a dependable indicator of the fish's quality, nutritional content, physiological condition, and environmental habitat. Alosa immaculata (Bennett, 1835) is a migratory fish species with great ecological and economic importance, which undergoes a remarkable journey during its migration. As A. immaculata embarks on its migration, the dynamic biochemical changes in its meat composition offer valuable information that contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the species' adaptation to the challenges posed by migration. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the meat biochemistry of Pontic Shad during the period of migration from three different points: Station 1 - Saint Gheorghe Branch, Station 2 - Sulina Branch, and Station 3 - Brăila, km 169 and km 197 of the Danube River. Significant differences (p<0.05) were recorded in the level of water, lipid, and ash, while no differences were recorded in the level of proteins (p>0.05). Notably, the lipid content in the meat samples from the Sulina exhibited the highest percentage, while the protein content in the samples from the St. Gheorghe arm surpassed that of the Sulina and Brăila, indicating differences in nutritional profiles that could be attributed to physiological adaptations during migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the main causes that can contribute to the decrease of fish stocks with economic value in the Danube River, based on an analysis of both the recorded fishing catches and the quantities of fish retained following the control actions carried out by the authorities with the right of inspection and control with the aim of combating fish poaching, as well as the normative regulatory acts in the field of fishing. A broader perspective involves analysing the environmental factors and their role in the decline of economically valuable fish species in the Danube. From the analysed data, it was found that following the specific actions organized and carried out by the competent authorities, significant quantities of fish with economic value, originating from illegal fishing, were confiscated, thus resulting in the fact that both the regulations that sanction acts of poaching and the capacity of the responsible authorities are insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish by-products have a great potential for use, both for the food industry and for other industries. Salmon and tuna are valuable species for the food industry, especially those sold as fillets or steaks, but the by-products have a low economic value or are turned into waste. The aim of this study is to obtain new foods by salmon and tuna by-products in order to integrate them into human consumption. Five types of biscuits were created with salmon and tuna byproducts added as salmon oil and fish meat. The products were made in the Bakery Pilot Station of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest. After creating the recipes and obtaining the products, the degree of consumer acceptance was established by performing tastings and completing evaluation tests. The evaluation criteria were: taste, aroma, color, general appearance and consistency (five-point hedonic scale). The results showed that the biscuits with salmon meat and dehydrated onion were the most appreciated by consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat is a major part of human diets for centuries, a source of protein and essential nutrients, but concerns have been raised about the potential negative health impacts associated with high meat consumption. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the current scientific evidence on the effects of meat consumption on consumer health. The review covers the evidence on the relationship between meat consumption and various health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. The review discusses the potential for promoting healthy meat consumption patterns and recommendations for consumers and policy-makers to reduce meat consumption and promote healthier dietary choices. Overall, the review highlights the complex relationship between meat consumption and consumer health, and the need for further research to better understand this relationship and inform public health policy and dietary guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the objectives of selection programs in bees is the conservation of the gene pool. The mother-daughter replacement induces a decrease in the rate of loss of sex alleles and the viability of the offspring compared to the population in which the replacement is random. The experiment was carried out in the 2022-2023 bee season. Two queen-breeding colonies and ten drone-breeding colonies were selected. Ten queens were reared from each queen rearing colony. From each drone breeding family, the semen obtained from ten mature drones was collected and homogenized. Each queen was inseminated with the semen obtained by homogenization. Queens were introduced into orphaned colonies of equal strength. In the bees resulting from these colonies, morphological and behavioural characters were measured and compared with those of the parental population. According to the statistical results, the difference between the average of the studied characters of the parental population and the descendant population was very significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth rate and productive performance of animals depends on various factors among which the feeding system is one of the most important factors. The nutritional needs of animals on organic farms can be covered through three sources: grazing, food produced within the own holding and the purchase of additional feed. The purpose of the work is to follow the effect of sheep and goat feeding technologies through the installation according to the requirements of ecological agriculture of cultivated pastures, which can be used both for animal grazing and for obtaining fodder, either dry or fermented. A maximum production of fodder obtained in one's own holding must be one of the main objectives of the breeder, so the selected crops must be determined according to the real needs of the holding. To achieve these goals, farmers who practice organic farming rely on recognized agricultural practices, such as maintaining the welfare and health of the animal herd through free-range systems and modern knowledge, such as monitoring nutrient levels to track the optimal growth of animals at different stages of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hempseed has an excellent antioxidant content and is a rich source of essential amino acids and n-3 fatty acids. The objective of this paper consists on evaluating the hempseed Jubileu variety effects on performance, nitrogen (N) balance. The prediction of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions was done as well. For 3 weeks of trial, a total of 15 pigs (39 kg ± 0.32) were randomly allocated individually in digestibility cages. Following a 7-day adaption period, there were two balancing periods where urine and feces were quantitatively collected. Two types of diet were used: Control group received a classical diet and Experimental group which received the same diet, supplemented with 5% hempseed. The growth parameter and carcass quality were not significantly altered by hempseed addition; however, a slight increased of ADG and feed conversion was noticed. Due to the significantly decreased of N concentration in the urine, TNO value was lower as well (P<0.05). A decline of N digestibility was noticed for HS group diet (P<0.001). Average value of N2O estimated was lower in HS fed group (P = 0.03). In conclusion, hempseed is a proteo-oleaginous source, which can be added in pigs' diet with beneficial effect on performance, N metabolism indicators and N2O emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture operates according to a principle of rational use of nature's trophic base, being in strict correlation with the biological period of growth and development of the fish stock in an area unit. In practice, the period during which the biological material is developing (polyphagy period) is exploited on the one hand, and the period during which the food spectrum is differentiated on the other. This gives polyculture particular advantages over monoculture, thus broadening the possibilities for exploiting the natural food base, when the biological material populated has a different food spectrum. Expanding the food base of ponds leads to increased final productivity. Obtaining and maintaining live food over a longer period of time is the main goal, followed by the processes initiated to achieve phytoplankton and zooplankton production through the administration of different types of manure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is an annual legume tolerant to drought. Guar meal (GM) is a protein- and carbohydrate-rich co-product generated after the mechanical separation of the endosperm from the germ and hull of guar seed. GM has received considerable interest in animal feed as an alternative to soybean meal (SM). In this study, we aimed to assess the nitrogen (N) balance indicators, performance, carcass traits, and main greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from enteric fermentation (E-CH4) and manure (M-CH4 and N2O). Two tests were performed: (i) a biological trial on 45 pigs (15 animals/group) and (ii) a digestibility test in metabolism cages (N = 15, 5 replicates/group). Three different diets were given to the pigs: one diet was based on 0% GM (SM diet); in the second, GM-50%, GM replaced 50% of the SM; and the third was GM-100%, in which GM fully replaced the SM. The GM and SM diets were analyzed for their proximate composition. A model based on prediction equations was used to estimate the GHGs. GM up to 10% in the diets of finishing pigs did not significantly impact growth performance or carcass traits, although a slight increase in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was observed. GM up to 10% improved N digestibility (p < 0.0001), net protein utilization (p < 0.0001), the biological value of protein, coefficients of metabolizability, and the coefficient of the total tract's apparent digestibility. Irrespective of its dietary proportion, GM decreased total nitrogen output (TNO, p = 0.11). A highly significant impact was noted for N2O and E-CH4 (for DM, p < 0.0001), as well as a significant impact for E-CH4, expressed as g CO2 Eq (p = 0.007), and g CO2 Eq. LU (livestock unit, p = 0.005), also reported as ADG (p = 0.024). Manure, M-CH4, was not significantly influenced. In conclusion, GM can replace up to 100% SM and is thus a valuable byproduct that does not alter animal performance and can positively impact N2O and E-CH4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the evolution of fish production from commercial fishing in the Danube River during 2015-2021 and is based on the analysis of statistical data collected by the National Agency for Fisheries and Aquaculture as part of the data collection program. Production data were collected annually by authorized commercial fishermen, quantitatively and by species. During the analysed period, there is a quantitative decrease in the production of wild carp and raptors, and significant increases in catches of Asian carp species. Catches of Danube record annual fluctuations with decreasing trends in the analysed period. At the end, the causes of the catches decrease of commercial fishing are analysed and the fisheries management measures that must be taken, based on ecosystem principles, to protect and restore the declining fish populations in the Danube River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present socio-economic context and environmental sustainability trend it is a high accent on milk production related with increased milk yield per cow. This study aims to explore the influence of milking technology for Holstein dairy cows on "milk" productivity and quality, at the farm level. Over three consecutive years, the dynamics of milk quantity and its quality parameters (% fat, % protein, somatic cells count, % dry matter) were followed. The values of these parameters changed as a result of the increase of milkings frequency per day, from two in the first year of study, to three milkings per day in the following years. The results were statistically analyzed, from the point of view of significance, using the Fisher and Student tests. The comparative analysis of the 3 years of production shows that milk production had a positive evolution, both in terms of quantity and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research proposed to evaluate the influence of the seminal material on milk production. Also was studied seminal material from different countries in order to determinate if the origin influence as well, genotype - environment correlation. The study was carried out on Holstein cows from Romania and data provided by Holstein Ro association. For sires values were consulted international website, recognized worldwide, like dairybulls.com, where the data are published by CDCB (Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding) or INTERBULL. The cows that took part at the research were all at their first lactation, from farms located throughout Romania. After establishing the groups of contemporaries, the real production achieved on standard lactation was compared with the surplus amount of milk due to the sire's values, in order to see if the expected result was achieved. For avoiding error conclusions were compared cows from the same farm, same sire, in that working hypothesis the feeding influence is removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the efficient and sustainable use of water in recirculating aquaculture systems, in order to improve water quality, zeolite filters have been used by retaining ammonia. The efficiency of the filters was tested in systems with volumes of 220 liters of water, populated with batches of 36 carp seedlings (Cyprinus carpio) in summer I. Horizontal filters with zeolite bed and composite filters, obtained from a granular mixture of silicate glass and zeolite, were used when filtering the water. For the determination of ammoniacal nitrogen, the continuous concentration criterion (CCC) and the maximum concentration criterion (CMC) were used. After 24 and 48 hours of water filtration using clinoptilolite filters, it was found that the maximum permissible values of ammonia in the water were not exceeded. Ammonia is absorbed in relatively large quantity, zeolite improves the filtration yield, which recommends the use of these types of filters in controlled recirculating systems in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to calculate the growth and mortality rates of Alosa immaculata, an important species whose population is in decline. Sampling was realized every month, from March to June 2022 from Sulina Branch Mm 34-18. Each of the specimens that were captured was weighed and measured individually, with weights ranging from 150 to 450 grams and total lengths ranging from 25 to 39 centimeters. The ELEFAN program from FiSAT II was utilized to determine the parameters for the von Bertalanffy growth function, resulting in the values of L∞ = 36.75 cm and k = 0.66 yr-1. Using the linear regression analysis, the length-weight ratios were predicted based on log-transformed data using the equation W = a×Lb. The mathematical relationship between the length and weight for the Pontic shad was: W=0.0904×Lt 2.3198. The population of Pontic shad experienced high mortality rates, with a total mortality estimate at 1.83 and a natural mortality rate of 0.87. In addition, the calculated exploitation rate for the Pontic shad population exceeded the optimal value of 0.5, indicating slight overexploitation of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a comprehensive study of the strategic approach, in the context of global population growth, to create more food using current natural resources. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) can provide aquaculture products in much larger quantities using the same resources involved. Harnessing all the waste in the waters for this purpose brings multiple environmental and economic benefits. In the context of the circular economy, IMTA principles aim to significantly reduce waste and degrade the environment, but without restricting economic and social progress. In Romania, polyculture fish farming is practised to exploit all aquatic resources in fish farms. Each fish species is selected so that it can be nutritionally supported with natural feed from the environment, and various types of feed can be used to increase production. The results of the study can be used to improve the aquaculture development strategy, in the environmental sustainability context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed bibliographic study finds that fish is a very important human food, valued by its balanced content of protein, lipids, and biologically active components. From the up-to-date statistics, it finds out that fish represents an important percentage of human food and protein sources. However, fish, like many other animal food sources, represents a future problem. In the food industry, fish can be sold as such, preserved, or processed in different ways. During fish processing technology, fish by-products are also generated and this represents a problem for the food industry and for the environment also. Transformation of these by-products into different products or their use in other industrial applications can solve the problems and may become a sustainable solution for the industry. This bibliographic study represents the starting point of the food innovation process, by analyzing the actual use of the by-products as medicinal products, artificial pearls, fish skin, isinglass, glue, body oil, manure and guano, silage, soluble, flour, fins, biscuits, macaroni, sausage, ham, liver oil and others and finding new paths of developments in order to achieve the goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food production is experiencing nowadays the transition to "smart" products which are processed by new protective techniques or minimally processed; there is also an increasing interest in traditional foods, which are perceived as healthier, and more environmentally friendly. In this regard, EU agricultural policies are based on specific measures for the entire food chain, aimed at reducing food waste and increasing sustainability; this has an essential role in protecting the availability, accessibility, and quality of agri-food products. In this paper, we focused on presenting the main categories of foods and drinks protected by geographical indication schemes PDO (Protected Designation of Origin), PGI (Protected Geographical Indication), TSG (Traditional Speciality Guaranteed), GI (Geographical Indication) at the EU and Romanian levels. We presented the statistics based on eAmbrosia EU and the Romanian Ministry of Agriculture database, the procedure for registration, and the role of this certification for the producers, community reputation, and branding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At it is known, the development of larvae from worker bees or queen bees is identical during the first two days of the larval stage. Morphological differences appear starting from the third day of larval development. The food administered to the larvae ex-situ, at regular intervals, forms a dry film upon contact with the larva, under conditions of temperature and humidity similar to those in the hive. The food drying phenomenon is due to the temperature-humidity variation, in the hive these parameters are regulated and monitored by the nurse bees. In the study, different combinations of temperature and humidity values in the controlled environment were tested, so as to increase the number of queens obtained, by increasing food intake. As a conclusion, at a temperature between 35-36ºC and a relative humidity between 75% and 85%, it is possible to obtain 20-25% queens that reach maturity from total number of two days old age larvae from the start of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient breeding of dairy goats depends on the quality of the breeds and the number of high-producing animals, but it also depends to a large extent on the fertility of the goats, their ability to reproduce offspring with normal reproductive functions. Although goat research worldwide is older and more developed than in Romania, information on this species has been limited for a long time, as most research institutes have presented their results jointly for small ruminants, especially sheep and goats. Artificial insemination (AI) is an assisted reproductive technology that involves the manual placement of semen into the female's reproductive tract through means other than natural mating. This method facilitates the meeting of gametes, namely sperm and oocytes, resulting in the formation of offspring. The conventional method for artificial insemination (AI) in sheep and goats in Romania involves the use of fresh or chilled semen, which has provided satisfactory fertility outcomes. The implementation of genetic enhancement techniques and the utilization of imported semen that meets safety standards, necessitating the use of cryopreservation, have the potential to significantly improve milk yield. The objective of this study was to examine the dynamics of artificial insemination (AI) in goats within Romania and to generate a short-term forecast regarding the utilization of this biotechnology in the country's farming conditions. The analysis of the forecast data indicates a positive trajectory in the quantity of AI within the time frame of 2022 to 2026. Specifically, it is anticipated that the number of AI will rise from 2956 in 2023 to 3603 in 2026, signifying an approximate 18% increase. The upper confidence limit suggests that the range of AI could potentially reach between 4310 in 2023 and 6311 in 2026. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cypriniculture is the growth of cyprinids in a controlled environment. By planning and rationalizing feed and creating appropriate conditions to cover the needs of carp farming, this branch of aquaculture is made more efficient. Carp is a poikilothermic animal that does not consume energy to maintain body temperature. Thus, the administered food is converted into body mass more effectively than in other animal species. The feed conversion ratio shall not exceed 2. The action of lotion is differentiated from the one of raring by the process of populating the floating cages according to the weight category in which the carp individuals fall. The study involves the identification of an effective method of growing carps in floating cages, depending on the weight and amount of food administered. The technique of separating carp by lotting was proven to be more efficient compared to decreasing the number of individuals on floating cage. Carp individuals remained in the same weight category without large differences between them. This ensures the uniformity of biological material, and an economic beneficial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was the assessment of the water quality collected from Moara Domnească pond, in Ilfov County, on the basis of the following physico-chemical parameters: turbidity (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), chloride (Cl-), total hardness (TH), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), phosphate-phosphorus (P-PO43-) and nitrogen pollutant species: nitrate-nitrogen (N-NO3-), nitritenitrogen (N-NO2-), ammonium nitrogen (N-NH4+). Water sampling was performed during autumn (September) 2022 from 15 sampling points from surface layer (0.5 m). Based on the obtained results and according to Order 161/2006, water collected from Moara Domnească pond was classified in quality classes. Limnological surveys of physicochemical parameters were completed by high-resolution remote sensing imagery by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). For each flight performance, an orthomosaic of georeferenced RGB images was made and the different features of interest were monitored and quantified by an automatic identification. UAV imagery is a useful tool for environmental lake management. Reporting the coordinates of the sampling points on the orthomosaic it helps to interpret better the results, having an overview of the studied area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fodder for captive-bred trout contains ingredients such as fish oil, fishmeal, blood meal, peas, soybeans, wheat, oats, rapeseed, animal protein. The quality of the ingredients is the basis of healthy, mineralizing, protein and vitaminizing feeds. Excessive use of fishmeal in the market puts pressure on the fisheries sector, which is struggling to meet demand. Algae, crustaceans, aquatic plants, insects and seeds are ingredients that could replace fishmeal by helping the fishing industry as well as sustainability of the aquatic environment. In the process of feeding trout with new, experimental feed, research has highlighted the importance of several factors for the development and growth of fish. The level of protein in the feed directly affects the body weight of the trout and the replacement of fishmeal and fish oil with other types of flour and oils can lead to a change in the taste of trout meat. Feeding and control can be of particular importance in reducing losses and increasing environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the situation of some native game species in Giurgiu County, based on official assessments, using data from the Ministry of Environment. The analysis of the official data from the evaluations of sedentary game will give the possibility to assess if the data presented at the evaluations are correct and if the hunters' fears are justified. The analyses also took into account the creditworthiness keys of the hunting areas in order to perform a comparative analysis between the real and the optimal number. Following the analyses performed, and the resulting conclusions, some recommendations were formulated, among which we mention: the active involvement of the administrator of the national hunting fund by participating and supervising the evaluation actions of the sedentary game herds, or the obligation of the managers of the hunting areas to maintain an ascending trend until the optimum number is reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish is an important food in human nutrition, with high biological value, which does not produce adverse side effects, being easily digestible. In this study, it is examined how the Covid-19 Pandemic and the measures taken to limit the spread of the virus affect and transform the production costs of the carp raised on floating cages, having a direct effect on the sales price. The sector is expected to resume expansion known in 2019 over the next four years, although rising costs are a challenge to be overcome. As a result of comparison, we find a considerable increase in the production price, which is largely given by the increase in the feed price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper includes the results of experiments on the combat of philopod crustacean (Cyzicus sp.) which cause significant economic losses to the post-embryonic development of common carp and Asian cyprinids (silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp). To combat them, the effectiveness of the insecticide Proteus-OD 110 was tested, correlated with the application of technological procedures for the preparation of the ponds adapted for the growth of fish larvae. The experiments were conducted at S.C.D.P. Nucet, within the Mircea-Vodă experimental base. In order to ensure a profitable harvest, before the stocking of 3-5 days old fish larvae, the ponds were prepared according to the technological procedures. Disinfection and loosening of the bottom of the ponds was achieved by administering quicklime (CaO) in the amount of 200-1000 kg/ha and to increase the productivity of the ponds, manure (5000-10000 kg/ha) and rice bran were administered. In conclusion, in order to obtain optimal results in the period of post-embryonic development and growth in first year of cyprinids, we recommend that the technological instructions be adapted to each type of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune condition that patients have to deal for lifelong. It affects almost 1% of the general population and determines lifestyle and social changes due to diet control and restrictions. Gluten ingestion in patients with CD determines bloating, abdominal pain, constipation, nausea and vomiting conducting to anaemia, osteoporosis, neurological problems, herpetiform dermatitis can occur later in life. The incidence of CD increased especially for women (17.4 cases of 100,000 for one year); for men, the incidence is 7.8 per 100,000 people in one year. More and more children are also diagnosed with celiac disease, 21.3 per 100,000 person-years compared to 12.9 per 100,000 in adults. Wheat allergy, gluten sensitivity and celiac disease represent medical conditions that are correlated with cereal consumption and become of increased interest for consumers in order to have an appropriate diet or a preventive one. Gluten free diet (GFD) become more popular among consumers and its popularity is increasing, health practitioners started to question if there is a real health benefit for everyone or just a medical nutrition therapy for those in need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of the bee brood (the stage of the decapitated larva) is directly influenced by the ability of the nurse bees to secrete royal jelly. The secretion of the main precursors of royal jelly is made in the hypopharyngeal glands, located in the bee's head. After the nursing stage (bee capable of raising new generations of larvae), the hypopharyngeal glands regress and are responsible only for the secretion of invertases that ensure the transformation of nectar into honey. The study aimed to establish the degree of variation in the viability of the brood, correlated with the feeding with royal jelly from nurse bees, fed on diets with low protein intake (low in pollen). The study conducted in an apiary with 20 bee families, Apis mellifera carpatica, in autumn, with a lack of pollen in nature. A positive correlation established between the two factors studied. The degree of development of the hypopharyngeal glands that influence the condition of bee larvae as well as their viability. Monitoring in practice the level of protein in the feeding of nurse bees and the periods with greater or lesser need may be a criterion for determining the strength of bee families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein contained in raw milk. It was found that the highest content of lactoferrin is found in human milk, but the milk of other species also contains this protein (cow, goat, buffalo, sow, mare, mouse). Lactoferrin may improve the immune system or provide an iron supplement. It has the task of transporting iron, appreciated for the first time as a mediator of iron absorption. Potential applications of lactoferrin have prompted scientists to develop this nutraceutical protein for use in animal feed, human food and pharmaceutical applications. It is known that there are currently concerns in the world about obtaining a higher amount of lactoferrin from the milk of different animal species. This paper is a review that aims to highlight the biologically active role of lactoferrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report said that without immediate and deep emissions reductions across all sectors, limiting global warming to 1.5°C is beyond reach. According to a new IEA (International Energy Agency) analysis, CO2 emissions rose by 6% in 2021 to 36.3 billion tonnes, their highest ever level, as the world economy rebounded strongly from the Covid-19-pandemic crisis. The direct greenhouse gas emissions (COx, CH4, NOx) come mostly from agriculture (crops cultivation) and the livestock sector. Indirect reduction of CO2 emissions in livestock farms and the food and beverage industry can involve using electric motors with high energetic efficiency. Electric motors represent worldwide, around 50% of electricity consumption. A recent study highlights that if the world's 300 million industrial motor-driven systems were replaced with optimized, high-efficiency equipment, global electricity consumption could be reduced by 10%. This paper analyses the International and European Commission Regulations for efficiency and the new Ecodesign measures for electric motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shad (Alosa spp.) is an important fish species and has high economic value. Commonly, it is found in the Black Sea basin and is represented by four species and one subspecies: Alosa maeotica, Alosa tanaica, Alosa immaculata, Alosa caspia, which are distributed in the Black Sea. For the Romanian fishery sector, the Pontic shad (Alosa immaculata) is an important fishery resource. The attractiveness of the Pontic shad fishery, both in the sea and especially in the Danube River (during the migration period), depends on the seasonal nature of this activity but also the interest of consumers for these species. Consumers' interest for Pontic shad is due to both the flavor of the meat and its nutritional qualities. According to IUCN, Pontic shad is estimated as a vulnerable fish species, stocks being affected by the construction of the Iron Gates I and II hydroelectrical dams. In this context, this paper aims to present an overview of the current stocks state of the Pontic shad in the context of environmental and exploitation conditions in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatty acids in milk from various species of domestic animals have many important benefits for the human body. The physical chemical characteristics of milk are influenced by many factors: animal nutrition, lactation period, storage conditions and treatments to which it has been subjected. Milk fat is directly determined by the characteristics and the different proportion of fatty acids in its composition. The fat contains over 70 different fatty acids, which sets it apart from all other animal fats. Fats are of vegetable and animal origin, vegetable fats are generally liquid (oils) and animal fats are solid (lard, butter). Fatty acids are of two types saturated and unsaturated. The saturated ones have only simple sigma type bonds (butyric, capronic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic acid, etc.). Unsaturated acids contain a pi bond and have longer chains (palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, etc.). It was found that cow's milk has a low fatty acid content of about 2-3%. This paper is a review of the fatty acid content of milk from different species and their importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cattle are the most widespread category of domestic animals, with a special importance for the economy and agriculture of any country. Cattle produces 96% of the world's milk consumption, over 30% of meat and 90% of leather production. An important category in cattle is the "dairy cow", considered a living plant that transforms feed into animal products with a special nutritional value for human consumption. It is also an increasingly powerful "animal machinery", whose efficiency and productivity depend on its genetic background, diet and management. The present study showed that the level of protein in food can influence milk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Holstein-Friesian breed is the best known and most representative breed that produces large quantities of the best quality milk. A healthy Holstein calf weighs 40 kg at birth. Holstein bulls can weigh up to 1180 kg. The growth and development of calves are influenced by environmental conditions, but also by feed. For this study, the calf breeding group from the 0-3 months category was used. Calves were tested from a nutritional point of view, both in terms of the lactating diet and the concentrate mixture at different protein levels. The consumption of the mixture of concentrates per animal was measured, following the development of calves in this category and metabolic problems. The rations were differentiated by protein level. It was found that there are statistically significant differences in feed consumption due to the different ratios applied and the type of milk administered according to the feeding schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]