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Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) affects different patient populations that require unique considerations in their management. However, no HS guidelines for these populations exist., Objective: To provide evidence-based consensus recommendations for patients with HS in 7 special patient populations: (i) pregnancy, (ii) breastfeeding, (iii) pediatrics, (iv) malignancy, (v) tuberculosis infection, (vi) hepatitis B or C infection, and (vii) HIV disease., Methods: Recommendations were developed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system to ascertain level of evidence and selected through a modified Delphi consensus process., Results: One hundred nineteen expert consensus statements are provided for the management of patients with HS across these 7 special patient populations., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Dr Alhusayen has received personal fees from Abbvie, Bausch health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fresenius kabi, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz, and UCB; investigator fees from Abbvie, Bausch health, Incyte, and Janssen outside the submitted work. Dr Alavi has served as a board member of HSF; consulted and received institutional fees for Admirall, BI, Incyte, InflarX, leo, Novartis, UCB; received principal investigator fees for BI and Processa. Dr Alikhan has been on an advisory board for Novartis. Dr Aleshin has received consulting fees from Santa Ana Bio and Abbvie; served on advisory board for Novartis; received research funding from UCB. Dr Bahashwan has received honoraria from Janssen. Dr Daveluy has been a speaker, researcher, and consultant for Abbvie, UCB, Novartis; Researcher: Pfizer, Sanofi, and Regeneron. Dr Goldfarb has participated in clinical trials with Abbvie, Pfizer, Chemocentryx, and Incyte and served on advisory boards and consulted for Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim and Sonoma Biotherapeutics; receives research support from Novartis and DeepX Health. Dr Garg is an advisor for AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Incyte, Insmed, Novartis, Pfizer, Sonoma Biotherapeutics, UCB, Union Therapeutics, and receives honoraria. Dr Gulliver has received grants/research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Novartis, and Pfizer; received honoraria for ad boards/invited talks/consultation from AbbVie, Actelion, Amgen, Arylide, Bausch Health, Boehringer, Celgene, Cipher, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, PeerVoice, Pfizer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Tribute, UCB, Sun Pharma, and Valeant; has received clinical trial study fees from AbbVie, Asana Biosciences, Astellas, Boerhinger-Ingleheim, Celgene, Corrona/National Psoriasis Foundation, Devonian, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Galderma, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sun Pharma, and UCB. Dr Jaleel is an investigator for UCB and Eli Lilly; reports consulting for Eli Lilly and Chemocentryx and receives honoraria; has received funds from Pfizer and UCB for research fellow support; received funds from Dermatology Foundation, Skin of Color Society, Duke Strong Start Physician Scientist Award, and NIH K12; and is a board member for Skin of Color Society. Dr B. Kimball has received honoraria or consulting fees from Abbvie, Alumis, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Evoimmune, Innovaderm, Janssen, Novartis, Moonlake, Pfizer, Priovant, Sanofi, Sonoma Bio, Target RWE, UCB, Union Therapeutics; is on the board of directors of Almirall. Instution has received grants from Abbvie, Admirx, Anapyts Bio, Aristea, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Janssen, Moonlake, Novartis, Pfizer, Prometheus, Sanofi, Sonoma Bio, and UCB. Dr G. Kirchhof has received advisory board/consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Bausch, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Recordati, Sanofi-Genzyme, Therakos, UCB Biopharma; speaker's bureau/honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Bausch, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Recordati, Sanofi-Genzyme, and UCB. Dr Kirby is an employee of Incyte Corporation; is on the advisory board for AbbVie, Incyte, Novartis, UCB; is a consultant for AbbVie, Alumis, DermTech, Guidepoint, Incyte, Insmed, Janssen, Moonlake, Novartis, and UCB. Dr Lev-Tov is a founder, owns stock, and has a podcast for Learnskin.com; has consulted for Insmed, NextScience, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, and Vomaris; is a clinical trialist for Incyte, Medline, Molnlyke, Moonlake, Novartis, Pfizer, Sigvaris, Tissue Tech, and UCB; receives research grant support from Essity, Next Science, Sigvaris, and Vomaris. Dr A. Lowes has served on the advisory boards for Abbvie, InflaRx, Janssen, Novartis, UCB, Viela Bio; consulted for Almirall, BSN medical, Incyte, Janssen, Kymera, Phoenicis, and XBiotech. Dr Lara-Corrales has received grants/research support from Abbvie, Clementia, Eli Lilly, Timber, Arcutis, EB Medical Research Foundation, EB Research Partnership, Physicians Services Incorporated (PSI) Foundation, SkIN Canada, La Roche Posse, Sanofi Genzyme, Regeneron, Mayne Pharma, Brystol Myers, and Alexion; has received honoraria or consultation fees from Sanofi Genzyme, Abeona, Avicanna, Ipsen, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Union Chimique Belge's (UCB) and Abbvie; participated in company sponsored speaker's bureau for Sanofi Genzyme, Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Alexion; is a board member of DeBRA Canada, Camp Liberte and Children International Summer Villages (CISV). Dr Micheletti has received consulting fees from Vertex and research funding from Acelyrin, Amgen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Cabaletta Bio, and InflaRx, all outside the submitted work; he is also a Section Editor for JAMA Dermatology. Dr Okun has consulted for AbbVie, Azora Therapeutics, Bluefin Biomedicine, Boehringer Ingelheim, Incyte, Novartis, Phoenicis, Regeneron, and Vyne Therapeutics. Dr Orenstein has received consulting fees from UCB and Novartis; has received grant support from Pfizer; is an Associate Editor for Dermatology; is a board member of the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation. Dr Poelman has received grant support from UCB, Pfizer, Amgen; consulting fees from Abbvie, Novartis, UCB, Sandoz, Bausch health, Incyte, Janssen; is an investigator for clinical trials for Abbvie, Incyte, Moonlake, BioJamp; is president of the Canadian Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation. Dr Piguet has received grants from AbbVie, Bausch Health, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, L'Oréal, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, Sandoz, Sanofi, and Bristol Myers Squibb; received payment or honoraria for speaking engagement from Sanofi; participated on an advisory board for LEO Pharma, Novartis, Sanofi, and Union Therapeutics; received equipment donation from L'Oréal. Dr Porter has received consulting fees from Novartis, Janssen, UCB, Pfizer, Trifecta Clinical, Alumis, Incyte, Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Sonoma Biotherapeutics, and Prometheus Laboratories; her institution has received grants from Anaptysbio, Novartis, UCB, Pfizer, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Abbvie, Incyte, Eli Lilly, Regeneron, Moonlake Therapeutics, Sonoma Biotherapeutics, Sanofi, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Oasis Pharmaceuitcals, Bayer, and Prometheus Laboratories. Dr Resnik: Speaker's Bureau, Abbvie, Novartis. Board member, Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation. Dr Sibbald has received honoraria from Abbvie, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Incyte, Pfizer, and Sanofi; grant support from Pfizer. Dr Shi is on the board of directors for the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation (HSF); is an advisor for the National Eczema Association; is a stock shareholder of Learn Health; has served as an advisory board member, investigator, speaker, and/or received research funding from Sanofi Genzyme, Regeneron, AbbVie, Genentech, Eli Lilly, Novartis, SUN Pharma, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Incyte, Boehringer Ingelheim, Almirall, Alumis, Aristea Therapeutics, Menlo Therapeutics, Dermira, Burt's Bees, Galderma, Kiniksa, UCB, Bain Capital, Target-PharmaSolutions, Altus Lab/cQuell, MYOR, Polyfins Technology, GpSkin and Skin Actives Scientific. Dr Sayed is an investigator for AbbVie, ChemoCentryx, Incyte, InflaRx, Novartis and UCB Pharma; has received consultancy fees from AbbVie, Alumis, Astrazeneca, InflaRx, Sandoz, Incyte, Logical Images, Sanofi, Sonoma Biotherapeutics, and UCB Pharma; is a speaker for AbbVie and Novartis; is the secretary of the HS Foundation and member of the European HS Foundation. Dr Wong is a consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, Bausch Health, BioJamp, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli-Lilly, Galderma, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, and UCB; has received speaker fees from Abbvie, Eli-Lilly, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB; is a board member for the Canadian HS Foundation. Dr Zaenglein has received research grants from Abbvie, Galderma, Dermavant, Incyte, Palvella; has received consulting fees from UCB, Ortho Dermatologics, and Dermavant; is an Editor-in-Chief of Pediatric Dermatology. Dr Veillette has received honoraria for presentations for AbbVie, BioJAMP, Celltrion, Janssen, Novartis, Sanofi, Bausch Health, Pfizer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Incyte, and UCB; has received consulting fees from Abbvie, Bausch Health, BioJAMP, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Galderma, LEO Pharma, Janssen, Novartis, Sandoz, Pfizer, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, UCB, and Boehringer-Ingelheim; is an investigator for Sanofi, AnaptysBio, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Abbvie, Amgen, Bausch, Merck, Pfizer, and Incyte; is a board member of the Canadian HS Foundation. Dr L. Hsiao is on the Board of Directors for the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation; has consulted for AbbVie, Aclaris, Boehringer Ingelheim, Incyte, Novartis, and UCB; is a speaker for AbbVie, Novartis, Sanofi Regeneron, UCB; is an investigator for Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Incyte. Dr B. Naik has received grant support from AbbVie; received consulting fees from 23andme, Abbvie, Aristea Therapeutics, Nimbus Therapeutics, Medscape, Sonoma Biotherapeutics, DAVA Oncology, Boehringer Ingelheim, UCB, and Novartis; received investigator fees from Pfizer; holds shares in Radera, Inc; is an Associate Editor for JAMA Dermatology and a board member of the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation. Drs Lenczowski, Lam, and Author Dienes have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2025 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Although deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) induces motor benefits in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD), the size and duration of the effects of STN-DBS on motor axial (e.g., postural instability, trunk posture alterations) and gait impairments (e.g., freezing of gait - FOG) are still ambiguous. Physical therapy (PT) effectively complements pharmacological treatment to improve postural stability, gait performance, and other dopamine-resistant symptoms (e.g. festination, hesitation, axial motor dysfunctions, and FOG) in PwPD who are non-surgically treated. Despite the potential for positive adjuvant effects of PT following STN-DBS surgery, there is a paucity of science available on the topic. In such a scenario, gathering the opinion and expertise of leading investigators worldwide was pursued to study motor rehabilitation in PwPD following STN-DBS. After summarizing the few available findings through a systematic review, we identified clinical and academically experienced DBS clinicians (n=21) to discuss the challenges related to PT following STN-DBS. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was used and based on the results of the systematic review along with a Delphi method. Thirty-nine questions were submitted to the panel - half related to general considerations on PT following STN-DBS, half related to PT treatments. Despite the low-to-moderate quality, the few available rehabilitative studies suggested that PT could improve dynamic and static balance, gait performance and posture. Similarly, panellists strongly agreed that PT might help in improving motor symptoms and quality of life, and it may be possibly prescribed to maximize the effects of the stimulation. The experts agreed that physical therapists could be part of the multidisciplinary team taking care of the patients. Also, they agreed on prescribing of conventional PT, but not massage or manual therapy. Our results will inform the rehabilitation and the DBS community to engage, publish and deepen this area of research. Such efforts may spark guidelines for PT following STN-DBS., Competing Interests: A.F. has received payments as consultant and/or speaker from Abbott, Boston Scientific, Ceregate, Inbrain Neuroelectronics, Medtronic, Iota and has received research support from Boston Scientific, Medtronic. K.D.F. reports receiving research support and fellowship support from Medtronic and Boston Scientific and research support from Functional Neuromodulation. CRB has received support from the NIH (UH3 NS119844) and has served as a consultant for NeuraModix. J.K.K. is a consultant to Medtronic, Boston Scientific, aleva and Inomed. A.A.K. is a consultant to Medtronic, Boston Scientific and Teva. A.M.L. is a consultant to Abbott, Boston Scientific, Insightec, Medtronic and Functional Neuromodulation (Scientific Director). EM has received an educational grant from Boston Scientific and honoraria from Medtronic and Newronika. M.S.O. serves as Medical Advisor in the Parkinson’s Foundation, and has received research grants from NIH, Parkinson’s Foundation, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Parkinson Alliance, Smallwood Foundation, the Bachmann-Strauss Foundation, the Tourette Syndrome Association, and the UF Foundation. M.S.O. ‘s research is supported by: R01 NS131342 NIH R01 NR014852, R01NS096008, UH3NS119844, U01NS119562. M.S.O. is PI of the NIH R25NS108939 Training Grant. M.S.O. has received royalties for publications with Hachette Book Group, Demos, Manson, Amazon, Smashwords, Books4Patients, Perseus, Robert Rose, Oxford and Cambridge (movement disorders books). M.S.O. is an associate editor for New England Journal of Medicine Journal Watch Neurology and JAMA Neurology. M.S.O. has participated in CME and educational activities (past 12–24 months) on movement disorders sponsored by WebMD/Medscape, RMEI Medical Education, American Academy of Neurology, Movement Disorders Society, Mediflix and by Vanderbilt University. The institution and not M.S.O. receives grants from industry. M.S.O. has participated as a site PI and/or co-PI for several NIH, foundation, and industry sponsored trials over the years but has not received honoraria. Research projects at the University of Florida receive device and drug donations. A.S. received consulting fees from Abbott, Zambon, and Abbvie, and speaker honoraria from bsh medical communication, Abbott, Kyowa Kirin, Novartis, Abbvie, and Alexion, GE Healtcare. The institution of AS, not AS personally, received funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Brunhilde Moll Foundation, and Abbott. L.T. received occasional payments as a consultant for Boston Scientific, L.T. received honoraria as a speaker on symposia sponsored by Boston Scientific, AbbVIE, Novartis, Neuraxpharm, Teva, the Movement Disorders Society und DIAPLAN. The institution of L.T., not L.T. personally, received funding by Boston Scientific, the German Research Foundation, the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Otto-Loewi-Foundation and the Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung. Neither L.T. nor any member of his family holds stocks, stock options, patents or financial interests in any of the above-mentioned companies or their competitors. L.T. serves as the president of the German Neurological Society without any payment or any income. V.V.V. received occasional payments as a consultant or speaker on symposia from Boston Scientific and Medtronic. J.V. reports grants and personal fees from Medtronic, grants and personal fees from Boston Scientific, personal fees from Abbott outside the submitted work. J.V. was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, Project-ID424778381, TRR 295) – J.V. received consulting and lecture fees from Boston Scientific, Medtronic and Newronika, research grants from the German Research Foundation, the German Ministry of Research and Education, Boston Scientific and Medtronic, lecture Honoraria from UCB, Zambon, Abbott. A.P. and S.M. are founders and shareholders of Newronika Spa, Italy. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Importance: If history teaches, as cardiac pacing moved from fixed-rate to on-demand delivery in in 80s of the last century, there are high probabilities that closed-loop and adaptive approaches will become, in the next decade, the natural evolution of conventional Deep Brain Stimulation (cDBS). However, while devices for aDBS are already available for clinical use, few data on their clinical application and technological limitations are available so far. In such scenario, gathering the opinion and expertise of leading investigators worldwide would boost and guide practice and research, thus grounding the clinical development of aDBS., Observations: We identified clinical and academically experienced DBS clinicians (n=21) to discuss the challenges related to aDBS. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire along with a Delphi method was employed. 42 questions were submitted to the panel, half of them being related to technical aspects while the other half to clinical aspects of aDBS. Experts agreed that aDBS will become clinical practice in 10 years. In the present scenario, although the panel agreed that aDBS applications require skilled clinicians and that algorithms need to be further optimized to manage complex PD symptoms, consensus was reached on aDBS safety and its ability to provide a faster and more stable treatment response than cDBS, also for tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease patients and for those with motor fluctuations and dyskinesias., Conclusions and Relevance: Despite the need of further research, the panel concluded that aDBS is safe, promises to be maximally effective in PD patients with motor fluctuation and dyskinesias and therefore will enter into the clinical practice in the next years, with further research focused on algorithms and markers for complex symptoms., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest M.G., N.V.M., S.O., T.B., E.S., Y.T., C.H., P.L. declare no conflict of interest. M.A.P is a consultant for Boston Scientific, Insightec, Medtronic and Abbott. She has received reimbursement of travel expenses to attend scientific meetings by Palex, Boston Scientific and Medtronic. She has received speaker honoraria from Palex. G. Deuschl G.D. has served as a consultant for Boston Scientific and Cavion and as DSMB member for Functional Neuromodulation. He has received royalties from Thieme Publishers and funding from the German Research Council (SFB 1261, T1). A.F. has received payments as consultant and/or speaker from Abbott, Boston Scientific, Ceregate, Inbrain Neuroelectronics, Medtronic, Iota and has received research support from Boston Scientific, Medtronic. R.M.F. has received speaker honoraria from the Spanish Neurological Society research foundation, Insightec, Palex, Bial and Zambon; has a consulting agreement with Treefrog Therapeutics; has received Reimbursement of travel expenses to attend scientific meetings by Palex, Zambon, the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, the IAPDRD and the World Parkinson Congress; and has received research funding from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain for health research projects (PI21 Proyectos de investigacion en salud, AES 2021). C.G.S. has received lecture honoraria from Exeltis, Zambon, Palex, Insightec, Fundacion ACE, Societa Italiana Parkinson e Disordini del Movimento and Asociacion Madrilena de Neurologia, and reimbursement of travel expenses to attend scientific conferences from Boston Scientific and Esteve. J.K.K. is a consultant to Medtronic, Boston Scientific, aleva and Inomed A.A.K. is a consultant to Medtronic, Boston Scientific and Teva. S.L. is a consultant for Iota Biosciences and has previously received honorarium from Medtronic. S. L. research is support by NINDS NIH grants R01NS131405, K23NS120037 and Wellcome discovery award 226645/Z/22/Z A.M.L. is a consultant to Abbott, Boston Scientific, Insightec, Medtronic and Functional Neuromodulation (Scientific Director). M.S.O. serves as Medical Advisor in the Parkinson Foundation, and has received research grants from NIH, Parkinson Foundation, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Parkinson Alliance, Smallwood Foundation, the Bachmann-Strauss Foundation, the Tourette Syndrome Association, and the UF Foundation. M.S.O. ‘s research is supported by: R01 NS131342 NIH R01 NR014852, R01NS096008, UH3NS119844, U01NS119562. M.S.O. is PI of the NIH R25NS108939 Training Grant. M.S.O. has received royalties for publications with Hachette Book Group, Demos, Manson, Amazon, Smashwords, Books4Patients, Perseus, Robert Rose, Oxford and Cambridge (movement disorders books). M.S.O. is an associate editor for New England Journal of Medicine Journal Watch Neurology and JAMA Neurology. M.S.O. has participated in CME and educational activities (past 12–24 months) on movement disorders sponsored by WebMD/Medscape, RMEI Medical Education, American Academy of Neurology, Movement Disorders Society, Mediflix and by Vanderbilt University. The institution and not M.S.O. receives grants from industry. M.S.O. has participated as a site PI and/or co-I for several NIH, foundation, and industry sponsored trials over the years but has not received honoraria. Research projects at the University of Florida receive device and drug donations. J.L.O. received consulting payments from Abbott, Acorda, Jazz, Adamas, AcureX and Aspen as well as research or training grants from Biogen, Boston scientific, Medtronic, Neuroderm, Runelabs, Abbvie, Merz, Amneal and Acadia. A.S. received consulting fees from Abbott, Zambon, and Abbvie, and speaker honoraria from bsh medical communication, Abbott, Kyowa Kirin, Novartis, Abbvie, and Alexion, GE Healtcare. The institution of AS, not AS personally, received funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Brunhilde Moll Foundation, and Abbott. P.A.S. is compensated for time spent on the data safety and monitoring board for Neuralink, Inc. L.T. received occasional payments as a consultant for Boston Scientific, L.T. received honoraria as a speaker on symposia sponsored by Boston Scientific, AbbVIE, Novartis, Neuraxpharm, Teva, the Movement Disorders Society und DIAPLAN. The institution of L.T., not L.T. personally received funding by Boston Scientific, the German Research Foundation, the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Otto-Loewi-Foundation and the Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung. Neither L.T. nor any member of his family holds stocks, stock options, patents or financial interests in any of the above-mentioned companies or their competitors. Lars Timmermann serves as the president of the German Neurological Society without any payment or any income. G.T. received financial support from Boston Scientific and Medtronic; Research agreement with RuneLabs and Medtronic not related to the present work V.V.V. received occasional payments as a consultant or speaker on symposia from Boston Scientific and Medtronic. J. Volkmann JV reports grants and personal fees from Medtronic, grants and personal fees from Boston Scientific, personal fees from Abbott outside the submitted work. JV was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, Project-ID424778381, TRR 295) - JV received consulting and lecture fees from Boston Scientific, Medtronic and Newronika. Research grants from the German Research Foundation, the German Ministry of Research and Education, Boston Scientific and Medtronic. Lecture Honoraria from UCB, Zambon, Abbott. A.P. and S.M. are founders and shareholders of Newronika Spa, Italy.

Accurate tracking of the same neurons across multiple days is crucial for studying changes in neuronal activity during learning and adaptation. Advances in high-density extracellular electrophysiology recording probes, such as Neuropixels, provide a promising avenue to accomplish this goal. Identifying the same neurons in multiple recordings is, however, complicated by non-rigid movement of the tissue relative to the recording sites (drift) and loss of signal from some neurons. Here, we propose a neuron tracking method that can identify the same cells independent of firing statistics, that are used by most existing methods. Our method is based on between-day non-rigid alignment of spike-sorted clusters. We verified the same cell identity in mice using measured visual receptive fields. This method succeeds on datasets separated from 1 to 47 days, with an 84% average recovery rate., Competing Interests: AY, JC, AL, MO, AC, TH No competing interests declared, (© 2023, Yuan et al.)

Accurate tracking of the same neurons across multiple days is crucial for studying changes in neuronal activity during learning and adaptation. Advances in high density extracellular electrophysiology recording probes, such as Neuropixels, provide a promising avenue to accomplish this goal. Identifying the same neurons in multiple recordings is, however, complicated by non-rigid movement of the tissue relative to the recording sites (drift) and loss of signal from some neurons. Here we propose a neuron tracking method that can identify the same cells independent of firing statistics, that are used by most existing methods. Our method is based on between-day non-rigid alignment of spike sorted clusters. We verified the same cell identity in mice using measured visual receptive fields. This method succeeds on datasets separated from one to 47 days, with an 84% average recovery rate., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests.

The spontaneous firing of neurons is modulated by brain state. Here, we examine how such modulation impacts the overall distribution of firing rates in neuronal populations of neocortical, hippocampal, and thalamic areas across natural and pharmacologically driven brain state transitions. We report that across all the examined combinations of brain area and state transition category, the structure of rate modulation is similar, with almost all fast-firing neurons experiencing proportionally weak modulation, while slow-firing neurons exhibit high inter-neuron variability in the modulation magnitude, leading to a stronger modulation on average. We further demonstrate that this modulation structure is linked to the left-skewed distribution of firing rates on the logarithmic scale and is recapitulated by bivariate log-gamma, but not Gaussian, distributions. Our findings indicate that a preconfigured log-rate distribution with rigid fast-firing neurons and a long left tail of malleable slow-firing neurons is a generic property of forebrain neuronal circuits., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Naturally log-scaled quantities abound in the nervous system. Distributions of these quantities have non-intuitive properties, which have implications for data analysis and the understanding of neural circuits. Here, we review the log-scaled statistics of neuronal spiking and the relevant analytical probability distributions. Recent work using log-scaling revealed that interspike intervals of forebrain neurons segregate into discrete modes reflecting spiking at different timescales and are each well-approximated by a gamma distribution. Each neuron spends most of the time in an irregular spiking 'ground state' with the longest intervals, which determines the mean firing rate of the neuron. Across the entire neuronal population, firing rates are log-scaled and well approximated by the gamma distribution, with a small number of highly active neurons and an overabundance of low rate neurons (the 'dark matter'). These results are intricately linked to a heterogeneous balanced operating regime, which confers upon neuronal circuits multiple computational advantages and has evolutionarily ancient origins., (© 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Physiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Physiological Society.)

Background: Preterm birth or shorter gestation is a common adverse pregnancy outcome. Pregnancy-specific anxiety is robustly associated with risk for shorter gestation. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) dysregulation, indicated by diurnal cortisol index variability [slope, area-under-the-curve (AUC) or cortisol awakening response (CAR)], could mediate associations between pregnancy-specific anxiety and shorter gestation. The purpose of this study was to explore whether diurnal cortisol index variability mediates associations between pregnancy-specific anxiety and gestational length., Methods: A sample of 149 women from the Healthy Babies Before Birth study reported pregnancy-specific anxiety in early pregnancy. Saliva samples were taken at three times during pregnancy, for two days each, at wake, 30 min post wake, noon, and evening. Diurnal cortisol indices were calculated using standard approaches. Pregnancy cortisol index variability was calculated across pregnancy timepoints. Gestational length was derived from medical charts. Covariates were sociodemographics, parity and obstetric risk. Mediation models were tested using SPSS PROCESS., Results: There was a significant indirect effect of pregnancy-specific anxiety on gestational length via CAR variability, b(SE)= -0.102(0.057), .95CI [- 0.227,- 0.008]. Higher pregnancy-specific anxiety was associated with lower CAR variability, b(SE)= -0.019(0.008), p = .022, and lower CAR variability was associated with shorter gestation, b(SE)= 5.29(2.64), p = .047. Neither AUC or slope variability mediated associations between pregnancy-specific anxiety and gestational length., Conclusion: Lower CAR variability during pregnancy mediated the association between higher pregnancy-specific anxiety and shorter gestational length. Pregnancy-specific anxiety could dysregulate HPA axis activity, as indicated by lower CAR variability, demonstrating the importance of the HPA axis system in regulating pregnancy outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest The authors have no financial or personal conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is clinically and pathologically heterogenous, with symptoms often refractory to first-line treatments. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of refractory OCD provides an opportunity to adjust and individualize neuromodulation targeting aberrant circuitry underlying OCD. The tailoring of DBS therapy may allow precision in symptom control based on patient-specific pathology. Progress has been made in understanding the potential targets for DBS intervention; however, a consensus on an optimal target has not been agreed upon., Areas Covered: A literature review of DBS for OCD was performed by querying the PubMed database. The following topics were covered: the evolution of DBS targeting in OCD, the concept of an underlying unified connectomic network, current DBS targets, challenges facing the field, and future directions which could advance personalized DBS in this challenging population., Expert Opinion: To continue the increasing efficacy of DBS for OCD, we must further explore the optimal DBS response across clinical profiles and neuropsychiatric domains of OCD as well as how interventions targeting multiple points in an aberrant circuit, multiple aberrant circuits, or a connectivity hub impact clinical response. Additionally, biomarkers would be invaluable in programming adjustments and creating a closed-loop paradigm to address symptom fluctuation in daily life.

Cortical computations require coordination of neuronal activity within and across multiple areas. We characterized spiking relationships within and between areas by quantifying coupling of single neurons to population firing patterns. Single-neuron population coupling (SNPC) was investigated using ensemble recordings from hippocampal CA1 region and somatosensory, visual, and perirhinal cortices. Within-area coupling was heterogeneous across structures, with area CA1 showing higher levels than neocortical regions. In contrast to known anatomical connectivity, between-area coupling showed strong firing coherence of sensory neocortices with CA1, but less with perirhinal cortex. Cells in sensory neocortices and CA1 showed positive correlations between within- and between-area coupling; these were weaker for perirhinal cortex. All four areas harbored broadcasting cells, connecting to multiple external areas, which was uncorrelated to within-area coupling strength. When examining correlations between SNPC and spatial coding, we found that, if such correlations were significant, they were negative. This result was consistent with an overall preservation of SNPC across different brain states, suggesting a strong dependence on intrinsic network connectivity. Overall, SNPC offers an important window on cell-to-population synchronization in multi-area networks. Instead of pointing to specific information-coding functions, our results indicate a primary function of SNPC in dynamically organizing communication in systems composed of multiple, interconnected areas., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Pimavanserin is currently the only antipsychotic approved for Parkinson's disease (PD) psychosis, yet its relative safety compared with treatment alternatives has not been thoroughly assessed., Objectives: This study aimed to compare hospitalization and mortality risk in Medicare beneficiaries with PD receiving new prescriptions of pimavanserin or quetiapine for PD psychosis., Methods: The study identified new users of pimavanserin and quetiapine from a 15% national sample of Medicare fee-for-service claims collected between May 1, 2016, and December 30, 2018. All-cause hospitalization and mortality were assessed in time-to-event regression models. Standardized mortality ratio weighting balanced pimavanserin and quetiapine users on baseline characteristics. Follow-up was censored at discontinuation, switch, disenrollment, or the end of the study period., Results: There were 844 new pimavanserin users and 2505 new quetiapine users. The adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for hospitalization at 30, 90, 180, and 365 days for pimavanserin versus quetiapine users were 0.59 (0.43-0.81), 0.56 (0.44-0.72), 0.63 (0.52-0.77), and 0.70 (0.60-0.83). The most common reasons for hospitalization were traumatic injury and sepsis. Hospitalizations for heart-related issues were higher with pimavanserin ( P  < 0.05). The adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality at 90, 180, and 365 days for pimavanserin versus quetiapine users were 0.73 (0.48-1.13), 0.80 (0.58-1.10), and 0.94 (0.74-1.19)., Conclusions: Risk of hospitalization was lower in pimavanserin users compared with quetiapine, and no difference in mortality was observed between pimavanserin and quetiapine. An active comparator analyses with treatment alternatives provided the most clinically relevant information for patients and physicians., (© 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.)

Cutaneous damage caused by hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an important contributor to disease burden, independent of active lesions. Outcome measures used to specifically assess damage are becoming commonplace in the assessment of inflammatory diseases. However, no standardized method for assessing HS damage currently exists. The purpose of this study was to review outcome measures in HS that include constructs of both active disease and damage, review damage-specific instruments used in other inflammatory and destructive diseases, and review instruments used to assess scars of various aetiologies. This ultimately provides insight into how attributes of different tools can be applied to develop an outcome measure specific to HS damage. What is already known about this topic? Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin condition, which causes consequent cutaneous damage and scarring. Damage caused by HS is highly prevalent and an important contributor to its morbidity. Damage is an important component of inflammatory diseases that has proven its utility in a number of outcome measures; however, no standardized method for assessing HS damage currently exists. What does this study add? This narrative review assesses outcome measures used to measure damage in other inflammatory and destructive diseases. Instruments used to assess damage in other diseases can provide a starting point for the development of a damage outcome measure for HS., (© 2022 British Association of Dermatologists.)

Sleep disturbances are a common and unmet health problem in Latinx. While Latinx report similar sleep disturbances as non-Hispanic Whites [NHW], Latinx suffer from these disturbances to a greater degree than their NHW counterparts. Sleep disturbances are associated with increased risk of chronic health conditions, which Latinx experience at high rates. Research also points to significant sleep differences within Latinx. Given that Latinx are a rapidly growing population in the United States, sleep disparities between Latinx and NHWs and sleep differences within Latinx warrant further investigation. While research on Latinx sleep is growing, the last narrative review on US Latinx sleep health was published by Loredo and colleagues in 2010. Our narrative review expands on Loredo et al.'s work, adding the literature on Latinx sleep published since 2010 (N = 70). A total of 78 peer-reviewed articles related to young to middle-aged (i.e., 18-65 years) healthy Latinx adult sleep were identified in three databases-PsycInfo, PubMed/Medline, and Web of Science. With the socioecological model as framework, this review (1) summarizes current evidence pertaining to sleep health in healthy, community dwelling, urban Latinx adults; (2) discusses measurement challenges related to investigating Latinx sleep disparities and differences; and (3) discusses potential contributors to Latinx sleep. The prevalence of short sleep duration, long sleep duration, and poor sleep quality is high among Latinx; there are differences by Latinx subgroup. Our review identifies several multi-level influences associated with poor sleep: SES, sexual minority status, racial discrimination, access to care, neighborhood environment, and shift work. N = 250/250., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating chronic inflammatory skin disease that presents as exquisitely tender abscesses, draining fistulae, and sinus tracts. HS can lead to significant impairments in patients' quality of life, especially for children and adolescents who face challenges related to self-esteem and physical and emotional development. Severe long-term physical sequelae of inadequately treated HS include extensive scarring, urogenital strictures, immobility, and squamous cell carcinoma; emotional sequelae include depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Many of the devastating long-term sequelae associated with HS can be prevented with early recognition and proper collaborative management. This article reviews strategies to aid pediatricians in early diagnosis of HS and provides clinical pearls for management and prevention of disease flares. [ Pediatr Ann . 2022;51(3):e123-e127.] .