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The field of organogermanium in chemistry has recently attracted attention. Thanks to the inherent features of germanium (Ge), introducing Ge‐based substituents into organic frameworks has enhanced bioactivity and optoelectronic properties of molecules. Herein, the synthesis of multi‐functionalized organogermaniums using Ge(II) salts is reported. The germacycles having an allylboron moiety, which is derived from the (4+1) cycloadditions of the butadienes bearing a boronic ester moiety with Ge(II) salts, can be applied to further allylboration of aldehydes with perfect diastereoselectivity. The obtained allylated adducts enable access to π‐extended organogermaniums with the retention of the stereocenters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous organic polymers (POPs) as electrode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are attracting increasing attention. However, the application of porous organic radical polymers (PORPs) with unique properties in SIBs is still in an infancy. Herein, two 3D germanium‐based POPs with conjugated diacetylene units (Ge‐DA) and acetylene units (Ge‐A) are designed and synthesized. Carbon radicals in Ge‐DA are verified by electron paramagnetic resonance and the resonance structure is calculated by density functional theory, showing a lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level (−5.46 eV) and a narrow energy gap (ca. 1.64 eV). In contrast, Ge‐DA as an anode for SIBs shows superior electrochemical properties to that of Ge‐A counterpart, including a higher specific discharge capacity of 349 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1, excellent cyclability with a capacity of 112 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 for at least 5000 cycles and high rate performance of 135 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1, proving that the different electronic structures of the diacetylene and monoacetylene units affect the properties of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low-valent germanium and tin hydrides, [LMH; L = {(ArHN)(ArN)-C＝N–C＝(NAr)(NHAr); Ar = 2,6-Et2-C6H3}; M = Ge; (Ge-1), Sn (Sn-2)] bearing bis-guanidinato anions are employed as catalysts for chemoselective reduction of heterocumulenes via hydroboration reactions. This protocol demonstrates that a wide range of carbodiimides (CDI), isocyanates, isothiocyanates, and isoselenocyanates undergo partial reduction, yielding the corresponding N-boryl formamidine, N-boryl formamide, N-boryl thioformamide, and N-boryl selenoformamide products, respectively. Isocyanates and isothiocyanates are further converted into N-boryl methyl amines through hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reactions in the presence of catalyst Ge-1. Additionally, catalyst Sn-2 exhibits excellent inter and intra-molecular chemoselectivity over other functional groups. Based on stoichiometric experiments, a plausible catalytic cycle for chemoselective hydroboration of heterocumulenes is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germanium (Ge), a congener of carbon, possesses unique properties that hold extensive potential for applications across multiple domains. Recent years have seen significant progress in the development of carbon‐germanium bond formation strategies, particularly those for more challenging C(sp3)−Ge bonds. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in C(sp3)−Ge bond forming methodologies, with particular emphasis on (1) the versatility of transition‐metals, including iron, nickel, copper, rhodium and palladium, as catalysts in broadening reaction scope and controlling selectivity; (2) the powerfulness of organic photocatalysis in achieving mild and selective bond formation, and (3) the sustainability of catalytic electrosynthesis in facilitating chemical oxidant‐/reductant‐ free conversions. Additionally, examples of (4) non‐catalytic strategies are also discussed. The representative scopes, as well as mechanistic proposals, of these protocols are highlighted. Through an overview on the current state of research, this review aims to offer insights into the catalytic construction of C(sp3)−Ge bonds, and provide perspectives on future research directions to address the current challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the antioxidant germanium (Ge) are promising tools for boosting bioactive compound synthesis and producing healthier foods. However, their combined effect remains unexplored. This study demonstrates the synergistic impact of AMF and Ge on the growth, metabolite accumulation, biological activities, and nutritional qualities of Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach), a globally significant leafy vegetable. Individually, Ge and AMF increased biomass by 68.1% and 22.7%, respectively, while their combined effect led to an 86.3% increase. AMF and Ge also improved proximate composition, with AMF–Ge interaction enhancing crude fiber and mineral content (p < 0.05). Interestingly, AMF enhanced photosynthesis-related parameters (e.g., total chlorophyll) in Ge treated plants, which in turn increased carbohydrate accumulation. This accumulation could provide a route for the biosynthesis of amino acids, organic acids, and fatty acids, as evidenced by increased essential amino acid and organic acid levels. Consistently, the activity of key enzymes involved in amino acids biosynthesis (e.g., glutamine synthase (GS), methionine biosynthase (MS), lysine biosynthase (LS)) showed significant increments. Furthermore, AMF improved fatty acid levels, particularly unsaturated fatty acids in Ge-treated plants compared to the control. In addition, increased phenylalanine provided a precursor for the production of antioxidants (e.g., phenols and flavonoids), through the action of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), resulting in improved antioxidant activity gains as indicated by FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH assays. This study is the first to show that Ge enhances the beneficial effect of AMF on spinach, improving growth and nutritional quality, with promising implications for agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The particular reactivity of the recently discovered class of the main group element polyhedral clusters, pyramidanes, remains largely unexplored. In this communication, we report the reaction of the germapyramidane with tert‐butyllithium leading to the rather unusual organogermanium compound [Li+(thf)2]⋅2−, as the product of the formal insertion of a Ge‐apex into the C−Li bond. This reactivity mode exemplifies unusual electrophilic behaviour of a pyramidane, which is a priori considered as a nucleophilic reagent. Being highly reactive, [Li+(thf)2]⋅2− readily undergoes reactions with electrophiles (MeI, EtBr), initially forming intermediate germahousenes, which isomerize to the thermodynamically more favourable germoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The synthesis and molecular structure of the triazole- containing organodigermane [(4,1-BnC 2 HN 3)Ph 2 Ge] 2 (C 2 HN 3 is 1,2,3-triazole-4,1-diyl) obtained under various conditions of the copper(i)–azide/alkyne cycloaddition are reported. Effective σ,π-conjugation in the compound between Ge–Ge, aryl and heterocyclic groups was established. The optical properties (absorption and fluorescence) of the digermane in MeCN and MeCN/H 2 O were evaluated, indicating the influence of the solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactivity of an isolable 2‐germapropadiene with acids, ketones, and amines was investigated. The reactions of 2‐germapropagiene 1 with hydrogen chloride and acetic acid afforded the corresponding dichlorogermane (2) and diacetoxygermane (3), respectively, indicating that the central germanium atom of 1 is electrophilic. The reaction of 1 with benzaldehyde proceeds via a formal [2+2] cycloaddition to afford the corresponding spiro compound (4). Moreover, 1 reacts smoothly with acetone to furnish germane 5, which contains a six‐membered ring involving two acetone molecules. Furthermore, 1 undergoes N−H bond insertion with methylamine or aniline to afford diamino germanes 7 and 8, respectively. The reaction of 1 with urea selectively afforded the corresponding N−H−insertion product (8). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the synthesis and reactivity of germaaluminocene compounds, which are complexes containing germanium and aluminum atoms. The behavior of these compounds is determined by the interaction between the electrophilic aluminum atom and the nucleophilic germanium center. The article describes the synthesis of specific germaaluminocene compounds and their characterization using various analytical techniques. It also discusses the chemical reactions and structures of these compounds, as well as their reactivity with other elements and transition metal complexes. The findings provide valuable insights into the properties and behavior of germaaluminocene compounds. This research was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. [Extracted from the article]

Salzmetathesereaktionen zwischen Dikaliumgermacyclopentadiendiiden und Aluminium(III)dichloriden ermöglichen die Synthese von Alumol‐Halbsandwichkomplexen des zweiwertigen Germaniums oder von Aluminylen‐Germol‐Komplexen. Deren Molekülstrukturen und ihre delokalisierte Bindungssituation, wie sie durch Dichtefunktionalrechnungen (DFT) belegt wird, erlauben gleichermaßen ihre Beschreibung als isomere Aluminagerma[5]pyramidane mit entweder dem Germanium‐ oder dem Aluminiumatom in der apikalen Position der pentagonalen Pyramide. Die Produktbildung und die Selektivität der Reaktion hängen von dem dritten Substituenten des Aluminiumdichlorids ab. Arylgruppen begünstigen die Bildung von Alumolkomplexen und der Cp*‐Substituent die der isomeren Germolkomplexe. Mit Aminosubstituenten am Aluminiumatom werden Mischungen beider Isomere erhalten, wobei der Austausch der Positionen der beiden Heteroatome im Pyramidan durch NMR Spektroskopie nachgewiesen wurde. Zudem können, ausgehend von Alumolkomplexen des zweiwertigen Germaniums, durch reduktive Eliminierung des Germaniums die entsprechenden Alumole erhalten werden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The germylone dimNHCGe (5, dimNHC=diimino N‐heterocyclic carbene) undergoes a [2+2] cycloaddition with isocyanates RNCO (R=4‐tolyl or 3,5‐xylyl) to furnish novel alkyl carboxamido germylenes 7 (R=4‐tolyl) and 8 (R=3,5‐xylyl), featuring a C−C bond between the former carbene carbon and the isocyanate moiety. Heating a mixture of 8 with 4‐tolyl isocyanate to 100 °C results in isocyanate metathesis, demonstrating reversible C−C bond formation on the reduced germanium compound. DFT calculations suggest that this process occurs via the reductive dissociation of isocyanate from 8 that regenerates the parent Ge(0) compound 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a main nosocomial pathogen exhibiting high rates of resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. Six pandrug-resistant A. baumannii (PDR-A. baumannii) were recovered from three patients in a Tunisian Intensive Care Unit (ICU) between 10th and 16th of May 2018 resulting in one fatal case and raising the possibility of an outbreak. On 18th of May environmental screening of ICU surfaces was carried out. On 22nd of May a fourth patient was infected with PDR-A. baumannii and died. A second investigation was carried out for environmental screening and PDR-A. baumannii was isolated from the respirator. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to EUCAST (2019) guidelines. MIC of colistin was determined by broth microdilution method. PCR was used to detect 14 beta-lactamases/carbapenemases and mcr (mcr-1 to mcr-5) genes. The genetic relatedness of PDR-A. baumannii isolates was determined by PFGE and MLST. Seven PDR-A. baumannii isolates were recovered from four patients, one MDR strain from wash basin, a PDR strain from hand sanitizer bottle and another PDR strain from respirator. All PDR-A. baumannii (n 5 9) harbored blaOXA-69 gene and none carried mcr. Moreover, seven carried blaGES and blaOXA-23 genes. PFGE identified four pulsotypes (A, B, C, and D) with the pulsotype A gathering seven PDR-A. baumannii isolates: six from three patients and one from hygiene sample. MLST revealed that all PDR-A. baumannii isolates of pulsotype A belonged to the pandemic clone ST2. Systematic screening of MDR and PDR-A. baumannii is highly recommended to limit dissemination of such strains in ICUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanol is a renewable, low-carbon chemical that can be obtained from biomass. GeO2 is the main source for producing Ge, which is an important semiconductor. The current study aimed to investigate the reduction of GeO2 and chemical vapor deposition of Ge using gaseous species generated by methanol pyrolysis. Mass measurement, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to determine the extent of the oxide reduction, and to characterize the products. CO and H2 were predicted as the major reducing agents derived from the methanol pyrolysis at 1000 K to 1200 K, in agreement with the experimental measurement. It was found that the mass loss in GeO2 increased to 85.5 pct as the reaction time and temperature were raised to 10 minutes and to 1200 K. The GeO2 reduction was insignificant at 900 K, in contrast to the thermodynamic prediction, essentially owing to the sluggish reaction kinetics. At 1000 K, the significant reduction of GeO2 to Ge, close to the thermodynamic equilibrium, was attained. At 1100 K to 1200 K, the experimental mass loss was more than the thermodynamics prediction. The discrepancy was explained by a mass-transport theory involving boundary layer in the gas phase over the powder bed. Ge films were deposited from the gaseous species generated upstream at 1200 K for 10 minutes on a Si (400) substrate held downstream in the reaction tube at 723 K to 923 K. Polycrystalline rough Ge thin films with pillar-like crystals were obtained when the substrate temperatures were 723 K and 823 K. At 923 K, a denser polycrystalline Ge film was grown probably owing to the enhanced Ge diffusion on the substrate surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of [HC≡C−GePh2−]2 (1) and a number of RCH2N3, this work described the synthesis of a series of novel heterocyclic digermanes, bitriazoles [1,4‐C2HN3(CH2R)GePh2−]2, 2–12 (R=Ph, p‐Tol, p‐C6H4NMe2, p‐C6H4OMe, p‐C6H4Br, m‐C6H4NO2, 2‐Naphth, CH2‐p‐OC6H4CHO, CH2‐p‐OC6H4COOMe, CH2P(O)(OEt)2, COOEt), difficult to produce by other methods. The structural peculiarities of these compounds were studied in detail by NMR spectroscopy and by XRD analysis (for 6, 9 and 10). The properties of 1–12 were studied by UV/vis and luminescence emission spectroscopy, electrochemistry and DFT calculations, indicating an effective conjugation in their molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Hydrogermylation of alkenes and alkynes provides a straightforward synthetic route to organogermanium compounds that have been found applications in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and material science. This paper reviews the advances in transition‐metal‐catalyzed hydrogermylation of unsaturated carbon‐carbon bonds, including alkenes, alkynes, dienes, and allenes, with the objective of providing readers with the status of the field. Progress, problems, and perspectives in this field are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Hydrogermylation of alkenes and alkynes provides a straightforward synthetic route to organogermanium compounds that have been found applications in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and material science. This paper reviews the advances in transition‐metal‐catalyzed hydrogermylation of unsaturated carbon‐carbon bonds, including alkenes, alkynes, dienes, and allenes, with the objective of providing readers with the status of the field. Progress, problems, and perspectives in this field are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium with several intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. The spread of carbapenemase-encoding genes, an acquired mechanism, enables carbapenem resistance in clinical settings. Detection of the carbapenemase-producer strains is urgent. Therefore, we aimed to characterize carbapenemase production in the clinical strains of P. aeruginosa at a tertiary-care center. (2) Methods: We included clinical strains of P. aeruginosa (from August 2011 to December 2018) with resistance towards at least one carbapenem. Strains were isolated in a tertiary-care center in Mexico City. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined by broth microdilution. Screening for carbapenemase-encoding genes was performed in all strains. Phenotypic assays (CarbaNP and mCIM) were conducted. Additional modifications to mCIM were also tested. (3) Results: One-hundred seventy-one P. aeruginosa strains out of 192 included in this study were resistant towards at least one of the carbapenems tested. Forty-seven of these strains harbored a carbapenemase-encoding gene. VIM (59.6%) and GES (23.4%) were the most frequently found carbapenemases in our study, followed by IMP (14.9%). (4) Among the most frequent carbapenemase genes identified, metallo-ß-lactamases were the most prevalent, which impair new treatment options. Searching for carbapenemase genes should be performed in resistant isolates to stop transmission and guide antimicrobial treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses sugar isomerization with organogermanium compounds. Organogermanium compounds markedly increase the aldose-ketose (glucose-fructose or lactose-lactulose) isomerization ratio, double the initial reaction rate, and significantly reduce the base-catalyzed degradation of sugars. ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis reveals that the affinity of organogermanium compounds with a 3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGP) structure toward ketoses is 20-40 times stronger than that toward aldoses; thus, such organogermanium compounds form complexes more readily with ketoses than with aldoses. Stable ketose complexes, which contain multiple cis-diol structures and high fractions of furanose structures, suppress the reverse ketose-aldose reaction, thereby shifting the equilibrium toward the ketose side. These complexes also protect sugar molecules from alkaline degradation owing to the repulsion between anionic charges. The increased rate of the initial reaction in the alkaline isomerization process results from stabilizing the transition state by forming a complex between THGP and a cis-enediol intermediate. The cyclic pentacoordinate or hexacoordinate THGP structures give rise to a conjugated system of germanium orbitals, which is extended through dπ-pπ interactions, thereby improving the stability of the complex. Based on these results, we have developed a bench-scale lactulose syrup manufacturing plant incorporating a system to separate, recover, and reuse organogermanium poly-trans-[(2-carboxyethyl) germasesquioxane]. This manufacturing plant can be used as a model of an alkaline isomerization accelerator for continuous industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to understand the main structural features and ways of formation of Ge-O bonds in organogermanium compounds under the conditions of ArnGeHal4-n (Hal = halide) hydrolysis. The structural types of these compounds were considered, providing 11 blocks (A–K). The molecular structures of the novel compounds [(p-FC6H4)3Ge]2O (1), [(p-F3CC6H4)3Ge]2O (2), and cyclo-[(p-F3CC6H4)2GeO]4 (3) were studied through XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis. The molecular structure of [(p-F3CC6H4)3GeO]4Ge (4), representing a novel structural type, was also investigated. The data presented in this study will be important in the design of materials with useful properties based on group 14 element derivatives with element–oxygen bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crystal-chemical analysis has been performed for germanium compounds whose structure includes GeCn coordination polyhedra using the intersecting sectors method and Voronoi–Dirichlet polyhedra. In the structures of organogermanium compounds, the germanium atoms have coordination numbers of 2–6 and 10 with respect to the carbon atoms. The influence of the coordination number and oxidation state of germanium atoms on the main characteristics of their Voronoi–Dirichlet polyhedra (VDP) was considered. The existence of a single linear dependence of the solid angles of VDP faces corresponding to valence and nonvalence Ge–C and Ge⋅⋅⋅C contacts on the corresponding internuclear distances was established. A stereo effect of the lone pair of electrons of Ge(II) atoms in the GeCn complexes (n = 2–6 or 10) found; it manifests itself as a displacement of the nuclei of Ge(II) atoms from the centers of gravity of their VDPs (0.15–0.58 Å) and as asymmetry of the coordination sphere. The deviation of the GeC3 complexes from planar geometry in the crystal structures was shown to be directly proportional to the displacement of the nuclei of Ge atoms from the centers of gravity of their VDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[NHC → GeN(Ar)Cu2NAr]2, the formal adduct of germanium analogue of organic isonitrile [GeNAr] with Cu(I) imide [(Cu2NAr)2] (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) was prepared from the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) stabilized acyclic germylene Ge[N(H)Ar]2 by reacting with two equivalents of nBuLi and CuCl(PPh3)3. As elucidated by X-ray crystal structural characterization, the two separated [GeNAr] moieties interacted with [(Cu2NAr)2] core in the side-on mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-L-Rhamnosidase (α-L-rhamnoside-rhamnohydrolase EC 3.2.1.40) showing specificity for terminal α-1,2-, α-1,4- and α-1,6-linked rhamnose residues, which oft en present in glycoconjugates and synthetic glycosides, can be successfully used in biotechnology for the hydrolysis of rhamnopyranoside residues present in some bioflavonoids, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and other glycoconjugates. Previously, we have shown that a significant part of the coordination compounds of various metals act as effectors of the activity of α-L-rhamnosidases. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of a number of newly synthesized coordination compounds of Ge(IV) and Ba(II), (Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) with gluconic acid on the activity of Penicillium tardum and Eupenicillium erubescens α-L-rhamnosidases. Methods. The objects of the study were Penicillium tardum and Eupenicillium erubescens α-L-rhamnosidases. α-L-Rhamnosidase activity was determined by the Davis method using naringin as a substrate. Coordination compounds Ge(IV) and Ba(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II),and Zn(II) with gluconic acid were used as enzyme activity modifiers. The synthesized complexes correspond to the formulas [M(H2O)6][Ge2(OH)2(C6H8O7)2]⋅nH2O (M = Ba(1), n = 2; Co 2, n = 4; Ni(3), n = 4; Cu(4), n = 4; Zn(5), n = 3). Results. The effect of coordination compounds 1-(5) on the activity of α-L-rhamnosidase in two strains of Penicillium tardum and Eupenicillium erubescens was studied depending on the exposure time and concentration of the effector. It was shown that compound (3) at a concentration of 0.01% (1 h incubation) led to a slight (by 5%) increase in the activity of P. tardum α-L-rhamnosidase. Compound 1 at a concentration of 0.1% led to a decrease in the activity of P. tardum α-L-rhamnosidase by 29% during the first hour, and after 24 h of incubation, a decrease in the inhibitory effect to 15% was noted. Compounds 2 and (4) activated the enzyme by 9-39% at 1h exposure. At a concentration of 0.1% and exposure time of 1 h, compound 1 increased the activity of E. erubescens α-L-rhamnosidase by 80%, while at a decrease in concentration to 0.01%, the activity increased only by 29%. In general, it should be noted that in most cases, an increase in the duration of incubation up to 24 h led to a decrease in the level of activation (or inhibition) and a return to the control values of enzyme activity. Conclusions. The variety of effects of metal coordination compounds on the activity of enzymes, depending on the nature of the cation and the origin of the enzyme, has been established. The involvement of Ba(II) had the greatest activating effect on the activity of E. erubescens α-L-rhamnosidase compared to other metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germanium is an essential microelement, and its deficiency can result in numerous diseases, particularly oncogenic conditions. Consequently, water-soluble germanium compounds, including inorganic and coordination compounds, have attracted significant attention due to their biological activity. The review analyzes the primary research from the last decade related to the anticancer activity of germanium compounds. Furthermore, the review clarifies their actual toxicity, identifies errors and misconceptions that have contributed to the discrediting of their biological activity, and briefly suggests a putative mechanism of germanium-mediated protection from oxidative stress. Finally, the review provides clarifications on the discovery history of water-soluble organic germanium compounds, which was distorted and suppressed for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Readily available, sterically, and electronically tunable sulfonamides have been developed as effective photoinduced hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysts for selective Si−H functionalizations of a broad range of silanes. N‐centered radicals, catalytically generated from sulfonamides by photoredox catalyzed single‐electron oxidation, are the key intermediates that enable an effective HAT process for silyl radical generation to achieve hydrosilylation of activated alkenes. Additionally, this catalytic system can also be applied for the activation of Ge−H bond for hydrogermylation of activated alkenes through hydrogen atom transfer by sulfonamide derived nitrogen centered radical. The ability to generate silyl and germyl radical using this photochemical HAT process offers new avenue towards the sustainable synthesis of organosilicon and organogermanium compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sensors have a broad range of applications including healthcare, process control, and air quality analysis. There are a variety of techniques for detecting VOCs such as optical, acoustic, electrochemical, and chemiresistive sensors. However, existing commercial VOC detectors have drawbacks such as high cost, large size, or lack of selectivity. Herein, a new sensing mechanism is demonstrated based on surface interactions between VOC and UV‐excited 2D germanium sulfide (GeS), which provides an effective solution to distinguish VOCs. The GeS sensor shows a unique time‐resolved electrical response to different VOC species, facilitating identification and qualitative measurement of VOCs. Moreover, machine learning is utilized to distinguish VOC species from their dynamic response via visualization with high accuracy. The proposed approach demonstrates the potential of 2D GeS as a promising candidate for selective miniature VOCs sensors in critical applications such as non‐invasive diagnosis of diseases and health monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates simple germanium-doped solid-core photonic quasi-crystal fiber (PQF) for biochemical sensing applications. The chemically stable thin gold film and eightfold rhombic triacontahedron photonic quasi-crystal structure subsumed in the improved external sensing approach using the finite element method (FEM) tool. The optimized rhombic PQF structure was numerically developed using 14,862 finite mesh elements. The FEM analysis shows high wavelength and amplitude sensitivity, low confinement loss, good figure of merit, high detection accuracy, and reasonable resolution at the refractive index (RI) values from 1.32 to 1.36. Based on the results, this unique rhombic PQF structure has advantages in the high sensitivity with low loss and ease of fabrication among the existing PQF and photonic crystal fiber sensors in biochemical sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Last years literature data and separate research results analysis was carried out concerning biological influence of Germanium compounds at laboratory and productive animals. The article states a comparative effect of mineral and organic Germanium compounds in chemical and biotechnological synthesis, as well as nanotechnological germanium citrate influence on the functioning of the immune, hematological, antioxidant, detoxification, reproductive and nervous systems of animals. The article displays a difference in influence of Germanium compounds on animal body depending on its form, dose and exposure. Benefits of using organic Germanium compounds in chemical, biotechnological and nanotechnological synthesis are highlighted based on a comparative analysis of the own research results, as well as other authors. Functioning analysis of a separate body organs, body systems as well as animal body in total was conducted after animals been exposed to short-term and long-lasting action of various Germanium compounds. Studies results for various Germanium compounds toxicity, their impact on animal productivity and product quality are stated based on the available literature. Comparison of influence effect for some drugs, biologically active additives and products containing Germanium compounds on the animal body was documented. Conclusions are made about the advantages of biological action of organic Germanium compounds, made by biotechnological synthesis using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Germanium citrate, obtained on the basis of nanotechnology, regarding the prospects of its use in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine.

Eleven new extremely bulky aryl/silyl substituted secondary amines, L1–11H, have been prepared. These incorporate a combination of one of the bulky aryl groups, C6H2{C(H)Ph2}2R‐2,6,4; R=Me (Ar*), Pri (Ar†); C6H2{C(H)(C6H3But2‐3,5)2}2Me‐2,6,4) (Ar#); or C6H2{C(H)(2‐naphthyl)2}2Me‐2,6,4 (Ar¥), and one of the silyl fragments, SiMe3, SiCy3 (Cy=cyclohexyl), SiPri3, Si(p‐C6H4But)3, or Si(OBor)3 (OBor=[(1S)‐endo]‐(−)‐borneoxy). Amines including the latter silyl group represent the first enantiopure examples of this ligand class. All amines are readily deprotonated with n‐butyllithium or KH. Reactions of five alkali metal amide complexes with GeCl2⋅dioxane have given monomeric amido‐germanium(II) chloride complexes, LxGeCl (x=1–4, 7). Treatment of two of these with KOBut afforded monomeric amido‐germanium(II) tert‐butoxide species, LxGeOBut (x=1 or 3). Reductions of two amido‐germanium(II) chloride systems with a dimagnesium(I) compound afforded amido‐digermyne species, LxGeGeLx (x=3 or 4), the X‐ray crystal structures of which show them to possess very short Ge−Ge bonds, with considerable implied multiple bond character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, the latest achievements in the field of multiply bonded organogermanium derivatives, mostly reported within the last two decades, are presented. The isolable Ge-containing analogues of alkenes, alkynes, 1,3-dienes, allenes, and vinylidenes are discussed, and for each class of unsaturated organogermanium compounds, the most representative examples are given. The synthetic approaches toward homonuclear multiply bonded combinations solely consisting of germanium atoms, and their heteronuclear variants containing germanium and other group 14 elements, both acyclic and cyclic, are discussed. The peculiar structural features and nonclassical bonding nature of the abovementioned compounds are discussed based on their spectroscopic and structural characteristics, in particular their crystallographic parameters (double bond length, trans-bending at the doubly bonded centers, and twisting about the double bond). The prospects for the practical use of the title compounds in synthetic and catalytic fields are also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

M1 macrophages are an important cell type related to tumor immunology and are known to phagocytose cancer cells. In previous studies, the organogermanium compound poly-trans-[(2-carboxyethyl)germasesquioxane] (Ge-132) and its hydrolysate, 3-(trihydroxygermyl) propanoic acid (THGP), have been reported to exert antitumor effects by activating NK cells and macrophages through the induction of IFN-γ activity in vivo. However, the detailed molecular mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, we found that macrophages differentiate into the M1 phenotype via NF-κB activation under long-term culture in the presence of THGP in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, long-term culture with THGP increases the ability of RAW 264.7 cells to suppress B16 4A5 melanoma cell proliferation. These mechanisms indicate that THGP promotes the M1 polarization of macrophages and suppresses the expression of signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRP-α) in macrophages and CD47 in cancers. Based on these results, THGP may be considered a new regulatory reagent that suppresses tumor immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we studied some ferroelectric properties of archetypal oxide uniaxial ferroelectric single crystals of Pb5Ge3O11 modified by Ba ions. They include dielectric, DSC, ferroelectric polarization, and electrocaloric effect (ECE) measurements. The measurements show that increasing Ba doping considerably influences all the measured parameters, mainly by lowering the Curie temperature, gradually diffusing the phase transition, and decreasing values of polarization as well as the coercive field. The decrease in overall ECE is influenced by decreasing polarization. Compared with the pure PGO single crystals, this decrease is from 1.2 K to 0.2 K. However, the effect of diffusing the phase transition increases the range of its occurrence (up to 30 K), which might be beneficial in applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germanium–polyamide 6 (Ge-PA6) fibers A, B and C containing germanium particles with sizes of D50 = 0.2, 2 and 7 μm were prepared using the melt spinning method. The effect of germanium particle size on the morphologies, mechanical properties, negative air ion (NAI) release and antimicrobial efficiencies of the two kinds of fibers were compared and analyzed. The NAI release and antimicrobial mechanisms of the Ge-PA6 fibers were also discussed. Results indicated that the germanium particles dispersed well inside the PA6 fiber substrate in the range of 1–3 wt%, and smaller particles help the fiber to obtain better diameter evenness and mechanical performance compared with larger ones. The stronger extranuclear electron activity and electrostatic voltage along the C -axis allow the fiber that contains smaller germanium particles to produce more NAIs compared to that containing larger particles. Some 780 and 1587 ions/m3 of NAIs could be produced by fiber A under the circumstance of 35°C and 40 N extrusion force when the germanium concentration was fixed at 3 wt%. The excellent NAI release property of the Ge-PA6 fiber endows it with inspiring antibacterial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans with a 12 h bacteriostasis rate of more than 90% at human body temperature. These results indicated Ge-PA6 fibers have great application potential in apparel and medical textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammasome activity is a key indicator of inflammation. The inflammasome is activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which activate the p38-NF-κB pathway and promote IL-1β transcription (signaling step 1). Next, extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activates the inflammasome (a protein complex consisting of a signal recognition protein, an adapter protein, and Caspase-1) and secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β (signaling step 2). Inflammasome activation causes excessive inflammation, leading to inflammasome-active diseases such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. A hydrolysate of the organogermanium compound Ge-132, 3-(Trihydroxygermyl) propanoic acid (THGP) can form a complex with a cis-diol structure. We investigated the inhibitory effect of THGP on inflammasome activity in human THP-1 monocytes. THGP inhibited IL-1β secretion and caspase-1 activation (signaling step 2) in an ATP-dependent manner. On the other hand, THGP did not suppress IL-1β secretion induced by only lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. In addition, as IL-6 is an ATP-independent inflammatory cytokine, THGP did not decrease its secretion. THGP also suppressed pyroptosis, which is a caspase-1 activity-dependent form of cell death. Therefore, THGP is expected to become a new therapeutic or prophylactic agent for inflammasome-associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A dual-photofunctional organogermanium compound based on a donor–acceptor–donor architecture that exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence and mechano-responsive luminochromism has been developed. The developed compound was successfully applied as an emitter for efficient organic light-emitting diodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derivatives of main group elements containing element–element bonds are characterized by unique properties due to σ-conjugation, which is an attractive subject for investigation. A novel series of digermanes, Ar3Ge-Ge(SiMe3)3, containing aryl (Ar = p-C6H4Me (1), p-C6H4F (2), C6F5 (3)) and trimethylsilyl substituents, was synthesized by the reaction of germyl potassium salt, [(Me3Si)3GeK*THF], with triarylchlorogermanes, Ar3GeCl. The optical and electronic properties of such substituted oligoorganogermanes were investigated spectroscopically by UV/vis absorption spectroscopy and theoretically by DFT calculations. The molecular structures of compounds 1 and 2 were studied by XRD analysis. Conjugation between all structural fragments (Ge-Ge, Ge-Si, Ge-Ar, where Ar is an electron-donating or withdrawing group) was found to affect the properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of intermolecular interactions is of great importance. This study attempted to quantitatively examine the interactions between acrolein (C3H4O) and fullerene nanocages, C60, in vacuum. As the frequent introduction of elements as impurities into the structure of nanomaterials can increase the intensity of intermolecular interactions, nanocages doped with silicon and germanium have also been studied as adsorbents, C59Si and C59Ge. Quantum mechanical studies of such systems are possible in the density functional theory (DFT) framework. The main part of this work is the study of various analyses that reveal the nature of the intermolecular interactions between the two components introduced above. The results of conceptual DFT, natural bond orbital, non-covalent interactions, and quantum theory of atoms in molecules were consistent and in favor of physical adsorption in all systems. Germanium had more adsorption energy than other dopants. The HOMO–LUMO energy gaps were as follows: C60: 5.996, C59Si: 5.309, and C59Ge: 5.188 eV at B3LYP-D3/6-311G (d) model chemistry. The sensitivity of the adsorption increased when a gas molecule interacted with doped C60, and this capability could be used to design nanosensors to detect acrolein gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Arsenic exists as As-O/S complexes in organics of the germanium coal deposits. • Hydrogen dissociated hydroxyls and thiols are preferential bonding sites for As. • S-containing groups without S–H bond are less likely to connect with As. • Destruction of O/S-bridged complexes is promising for organic As removal. A significant proportion of germanium (Ge), a critical metal for manufacturing chips and other high-tech equipment, is globally extracted from Ge-rich coal deposits. The hazardous trace element arsenic (As) is also abnormally enriched in the world-class Wulantuga and Lincang coal-hosted Ge deposits. However, the modes of occurrence of As in the Ge-rich coal remain unclear, although it is mainly incorporated in crystalline structures in other Ge deposits. In this study, the coordination and local structure of organically-associated As in coals are systematically investigated by applying the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This approach provides an insightful comprehension of the modes of occurrence of As and benefits the cleaner utilization of the germanium coal deposits. Based on experimental indications, model compounds of hydroxyl- (phenol, catechol, ethanol, acetic acid, and benzoic acid) and sulfydryl- (methyl mercaptan, ethanethiol, phenyl mercaptan, benzene-1,2-dithiol, and thiobenzoic acid) containing groups are investigated. The data indicate that As can exist in coal organics in various forms of As-O (hydroxyls) and As-S (thiols) complexes. To achieve best stabilization, arsenic can bind with five molecules of phenol (binding energy −7.19 eV), four molecules of ethanol/benzoic acid (−8.45 eV/−9.70 eV), or three molecules of catechol/acetic acid (−5.79 eV/−8.91 eV). Similarly, arsenic can bind with three sulfydryl-containing molecules to form most stable structures (−6.18 eV to −7.44 eV). Additionally, organic sulfur structures in coal that lack S–H bond are less likely to be the bonding sites for As due to significantly lower binding energies (−0.90 eV to −1.77 eV when As is bonded to one molecule of model compound). Hence, destroying O/S-bridged complexes is a promising method to remove organically-associated As from the coals in the Ge ore deposits, as well as other coals enriched in organic As. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3-(Trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGP), a hydrolysate of poly- trans -[(2-carboxyethyl)germasesquioxane] (Ge-132, also known as repagermanium), can inhibit glycation between glucose/ribose and amino compounds. In addition, THGP may inhibit glycation by inhibiting reactions that occur after Amadori rearrangement and inducing the reversible solubilization of AGEs. In this study, we first investigated the effects and mechanisms on the glycation of fructose and amino compounds by THGP, as a greater reactivity was obtained with fructose than with glucose. Unlike other anti-glycation materials, THGP can form a complex with fructose, the initial compound of glycation. THGP also inhibited the production of AGEs and suppressed the reduction of fructose in a reaction between fructose and arginine. These results indicate that THGP forms a complex with cyclic fructose possessing a cis -diol structure at a reducing end, and that it suppresses the ring-opening of fructose and the progress of the initial glycation reaction. We next tried to evaluate the suppressive effect of glucosyl hesperidin (GHes) and THGP on the reaction of glycation between fructose and collagen. Both compounds effectively reduced the production of AGEs individually, and the combination of them led to a synergistic suppression. Therefore, through combination with other antiglycation materials, THGP may cooperatively exhibit glycation-inhibitory effects and be able to suppress the AGE production. [Display omitted] • THGP forms a complex with fructose, one of the initial compounds of glycation. • THGP inhibited the production of AGEs and the use of fructose in glycation. • THGP cooperatively suppressed AGEs with glucosyl hesperidin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Tetrakis[(chloromethyl)dimethylsilylethynyl]silane and -germane were synthesized by the reaction of BrMgC CSi(CH 2 Cl)Me 2 with SiCl 4 /GeCl 4. Their structures were proved by IR, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis, and compared to the results of MP2/6-311G(d,p) calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A solvent extraction was applied using liquid ion exchange as a sensitive method to extract Germanium (IV) as anion complex K[GeO2(OH)2]-from basic media of KOH by used DB18C6 as a ligand dissolved in chloroform to form the ion pair association complex K-DB18C6+; K[GeO2(OH)2]-, the maximum wavelength of the extracted complex was λmax=290nm, and molar absorptive 1.269×103 L/mol.cm. the Beer's -lambert law was adhered to within the specified range (1-20)ppm. The limits of detection and quantity were 0.034 and 0.102 ppm, respectively. The research studied optimal conditions of extraction efficiency, such as KOH concentration, shaking time, methanol effect, and electrolyte effect. In addition, a new spectrophotometric method was utilized to determine the remain of Ge(IV) in aqueous solutions and to calculate its distribution ratio (D) using Janus green B. This method was more sensitive when comparing the results with previous studies. DB18C6 as a ligand was used to determine Germanium (IV) in some canned foods widely sold in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Germanium was extracted with a new orgnic phase YW100 + D2EHPA + N235. • Compared to the "YW100 + D2EHPA" traditional extraction system, 80% of the water solubility loss of YW100 was reduced and improved the phase separation performance. • The phase separation performance was improved. • The mechanism of germanium extraction and phase separation has been studied. In this study, germanium was selectively extracted using an organic phase containing 3% C7-9 hydroxamic acid (YW100), 15% Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), 35% Tri(octyl-decyl) amine (N235), and 47% kerosene from the Ge-slag sulfuric acid leaching solution. Then, the solution was stripped by the 1 mol/L NH4F solution to obtain a germanium extraction ratio of 99.4% and a stripping ratio of 96.2% after three extraction and stripping stages. The total organic carbon (TOC) was used to characterize the total organic matter amount in the raffinate. Compared to the "YW100 + D2EHPA" extraction system, the "YW100 + D2EHPA + N235" extraction system reduced 80% of the water solubility loss of YW100 and improved the phase separation performance. In addition, the mechanisms of germanium extraction and phase separation improvement were studied. The coordination number of YW100 and germanium is 3, while the coordination number of D2EHPA is 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Germanium is an element that occurs naturally in soil, animals and plants. In contrast to the inorganic form of this element, organic germanium compounds have low toxicity and many biological activities. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of two synthetic organic germanium compounds on the human pancreatic cancer cell line PAnC-1 in vitro. Material and methods: A resazurin reduction assay was performed to assess the effect of the investigated compounds on cell viability. The cytotoxic effect of the compounds on the cancer cells was analysed by assessing the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the culture medium. In addition, the influence of the germanium compounds on the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was analysed. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique using TEMPO spin probe containing free radicals was used to verify the antioxidant properties of the tested compounds. Results: The results of the study show that both organic germanium compounds have no effect on cell viability and are not cytotoxic to the cancer cell line PAnC-1 in vitro. In addition, the studied organic germanium compounds increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and exhibit the characteristics of free radical scavengers. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the investigated organic germanium compounds have an antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-porosity in amorphous Ge formed by swift heavy ion irradiation displays a peculiar self-organisation process. Initially almost randomly distributed pores grow with increasing irradiation fluence and segregate in layers orientated parallel to the sample surface. This self-organisation mechanism depends on the ion energy, thickness of the amorphous Ge layer and the angle of ion incidence and shows a characteristic length depending on ion energy and irradiation angle. Molecular dynamics simulations of individual ion tracks show that voids form due to the transition from the low-density amorphous to the high-density liquid phase, which also gives rise to a flow directed away from large pores and surfaces. The flow results in a characteristic distance from surfaces and larger pores, below which new voids do not form, and supports the formation of voids at the amorphous/crystalline interface. Simulations also demonstrate that, while direct impacts can reposition small voids, partial or nearby impacts promote their growth at the same location. These processes are plausible drivers for the self-organization. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have shown that two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as siloxene and germanane, as electrode in alkali metal ion batteries can lead to excellent performance. The improved electrochemical behavior of these 2D active materials could be due to the limited volume change during charge and discharge, based on an intercalation rather than an alloying mechanism. In addition, if Si is effective in reducing costs due to its low price and abundant resource reserves, its conductivity is low, while Ge can provide higher electronic conductivity than Si, but is more expensive. In this respect, in order to integrate their cheapness and excellent conductivity, we propose a series of layered materials (named siliganes, i.e. , Si 1-x Ge x , 0.1 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.9), which consist of 2D Si-Ge composites. Through a simple method, the Ca2+ cations were completely removed from the precursor Ca(Si 1-x Ge x) 2 , and the lamellar siliganes were obtained. The layered materials were tested in Na- and K- ion batteries. Based on the better electrochemical performance, we identified siligane_Si 0.1 Ge 0.9 as the best candidate. At a current density of 0.05 A g−1, its reversible capacities of the Na ion and K ion cells were 276 mAh g−1 and 132 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyoxime is the most widely used extractant in copper hydrometallurgy. However, due to the unstable structure of hydroxyoxime and the complex and harsh actual operating environment of the copper extraction system, the failure of hydroxyoxime in the copper extraction process due to degradation is of great concern. Currently, most studies mainly focus on verifying the influence of various potential factors on the degradation of hydroxyoxime extractants without considering the operation of the whole system, resulting in its failure problem not being effectively solved. In this paper, the operation of the extraction system was systematically analyzed with the issue of degradation failure of hydroxyoxime extractant in copper extraction and recovery process in the comprehensive recovery of gallium‑germanium copper in Shenzhen Zhongjin Lingnan Nonfemet Co., Ltd. Combining the effects of (i) acidity, (ii) copper ion concentration, (iii) NO 3 − and (iv) MnO 4 −, the effect of NO 3 − on extractant degradation was found to be more prominent, and the nitrification degradation (ND) rate was greatly affected by concentration and temperature. The MnO 4 − ion is a strong oxidant at high acidity. Its role on oxidation degradation (OD) of hydroxyoxime extractants was limited during the actual operation, overturning the common perception that strong oxidizing MnO 4 − is the leading cause of OD of hydroxyoxime extractants. Controlling the operating temperature of the extraction process is essential to prevent extractant degradation. In addition, GC–MS and FITR analysis of complex degradation products further validated the hydroxyoxime ND mechanism, which is of great practical significance for controlling the degradation of hydroxyoxime extractant in the copper extraction and recovery process from the origin. [Display omitted] • The effect of factors on the actual degradation of hydroxyoxime extractants was evaluated. • MnO 4 − has limited degradation of the extractant due to instability at high acidity. • Stable source of NO 3 − nitro-degradation of extractant >10% after 10 times of stripping cycle. • The degradation failure mechanism of hydroxyoxime was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional semiconductor detectors such as silicon and germanium are easily affected by ambient temperature and charge-particle ion's radiation. They can't work stably in harsh environments such as high temperature and strong radiation for a long time. In this paper, 4H-silicon carbide detectors based on a Schottky barrier diode (SBD) were fabricated and the combined influences of high temperatures and heavy ion irradiation on 4H–SiC detectors have been investigated. With no radiation, the 4H–SiC detectors have excellent I–V characteristics performance during a temperature range of 30–200 °C. Even at an ambient temperature of 200 °C, the leakage current of the 4H–SiC detector was only 107 nA at the full depletion voltage. Then 280 KeV C4+ heavy ions were used to irradiate the 4H-silicon carbide detectors, and the performances of the irradiated detectors were studied for different radiation doses from 1 × 1013 to 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 in a certain higher ambient temperature environment. For the fully depleted 4H-silicon carbide detectors in an ambient temperature of 140 °C, both the I–V characteristics and the energy resolution have shown a certain radiation damage at the radiation fluence of 1 × 1015 ions/cm2, while a significant deterioration was observed when the radiation fluence is up to 1 × 1016 ions/cm2. It means that the 4H–SiC detectors can withstand an irradiation dose of 1 × 1015 ions/cm2 at 140 °C. The time-dependent I–V curves were also investigated for the irradiated detectors for a standing time up to 192 h, and it's found that the irradiated detectors had minor changes in the leakage currents during a long time standing. A PN junction model with current and voltage equations was used to explain the phenomenon that the reverse leakage current increases with the increase of temperature. The surface recombination model was also used to explain the deterioration of I–V characteristics and energy resolution after irradiation. • 4H–SIC detectors have good high temperature resistance. • No radiation, SiC detectors have excellent performance at 30–200 °C. • Less than 1e14/cm2 C4+, performances of detectors basically unaffected at 140 °C. • 4H–SiC detectors can withstand an irradiation dose of 1 × 1015 ions/cm2 at 140 °C. • Surface recombination model used to explain the deterioration after irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]