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Parkia biglobosa (PB) is among the various underexploited nutritious plants. A comparative study was conducted on the effect processing PB has on the amino and fatty acid composition. Fermented (FPB), defatted (DPB), and protein isolates (PI) samples were prepared from Parkia biglobosa seeds using various processing methods, and evaluated using standard analytical protocols. The PI showed the highest significant total non-essential amino acids, essential amino acids, and conditionally essential amino acids when compared with FPB and DPB. In addition, the PI showed the highest significant (p < 0.05) total neutral amino acids, basic amino acids, total aromatic amino acids, and the lowest percentage cystine ratio of total sulphur amino acids and total amino acids in comparison with FPB and DPB. The PI also showed a better-predicted protein efficient ratio, essential amino acid index, biological value, protein content, and nutritional index than FPB and DPB. Furthermore, PI amino acid composition was compared favourably with the reference scores for a whole hen's egg, preschool child, and provisional scoring pattern. Arginine and histidine values of PI were higher than the recommended values. The FPB (42.29%) showed the highest polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with the DPB (41.94%) and PI (26.7%). The dominant saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were stearic acid (15.1 DPB), linoleic acid (42.29 DPB), and oleic acid (14.05 PI). The DPB (1.84) showed a better polyunsaturated to saturated (P:S) ratio than FPB (1.74) and PI (0.91). The results revealed that the processing methods improved the relative amino acid composition, whereas the fatty acid composition improved in DPB. Therefore, PI could serve as an alternative in the formulation of complementary foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic and untreated dyes discharged in wastewater effluents are a threat to an ecosystem. This study investigated dye degradation and detoxification efficiency of crude lignin peroxidase separately obtained from the cultures of Escherichia coli (LR0250096.1) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CP031449.2). The ability of the crude lignin peroxidase to degrade Malachite Green (MG), Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), Congo Red (CR), and Azure B (AZ) was evaluated at different operating conditions (enzyme, dye, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations; pH; temperature; and contact time). The ability of the degraded dyes to support the growth of bacteria was also investigated. The observed optimum operating conditions for lignin peroxidase extracts of the Escherichia coli on AZ were 20 mg/mL enzyme concentration, 50 mg/L dye, pH 7.0, temperature 50 °C, and 1.5 mM hydrogen peroxide within 20–50 min of incubation time and on MG were 20 mg/mL, 50 mg/L, 9.0, 30 °C, 0.1 mM, and 20 min, respectively. The enzyme extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on AZ demonstrated optimum operation conditions of 20 mg/mL, 50 mg/L, pH 9.0, 40 °C, 1.5 mM, and 50 min, respectively and on MG, they were 20 mg/mL, 50 mg/L, 6.0, 30 °C, 1.0 mM, and 20 min, respectively). The prepared enzyme showed an appreciable degradative effect on CR and RBBR compared with commercial lignin peroxidase. The degraded dyes were able to support the growth of two Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus), and two Gram-negative (Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli) bacteria, indicating the efficiency and the potential use of the enzyme complexes in the clean-up of industrial dyes' waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is no known cure for diabetes. Different pharmaceutical therapies have been approved for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), some are in clinical trials and they have been classified according to their route or mechanism of action. Insulin types, sulfonylureas, biguanides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, sodium–glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors, and incretin-dependent therapies (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: GLP-1R, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors: DPP-4). Although some of the currently available drugs are effective in the management of T2DM, the side effects resulting from prolonged use of these drugs remain a serious challenge. GLP-1R agonists are currently the preferred medications to include when oral metformin alone is insufficient to manage T2DM. Medicinal plants now play prominent roles in the management of various diseases globally because they are readily available and affordable as well as having limited and transient side effects. Recently, studies have reported the ability of phytochemicals to activate glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), acting as an agonist just like the GLP-1R agonist with beneficial effects in the management of T2DM. Consequently, we propose that careful exploration of phytochemicals for the development of novel therapeutic candidates as GLP-1R agonists will be a welcome breakthrough in the management of T2DM and the co-morbidities associated with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]